{
    "type": "FeatureCollection",
    "metadata": {
        "layerid": 2481,
        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance",
        "description": "<p>Kaytetye and Warumungu people tell the story of the overland telegraph, one of the focal points in this conflict: Satour, Kieran Mpetyane (director) <em>The Truth About the Telegraph</em> Garuwa, 2024<br><a href=\"https://garuwa.com/the-truth-about-the-telegraph\">https://garuwa.com/the-truth-about-the-telegraph</a></p>\r\n<p>Events in this conflict will be added as Australian Wars and Resistance research continues.</p>",
        "warning": "<p>Contains descriptions of colonial violence. Historic sources may contain racist attitudes and language.</p>",
        "ghap_url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481",
        "linkback": null
    },
    "features": [
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    133.897,
                    -21.531
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Barrow Creek (1)",
                "description": "Peter Vallee (2004, pp 103-109) wrote: 'Six months before [the Barrow Creek Telegraph Station attack #2, which was Feb-April 1874], the Kaititj had experienced a dispersal at the hands of the telegraph staff. \"We now know where the natives camp is & I want your authority to close off the office one day so as to go out & try & disperse the whole tribe \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd they are about 15 miles west from station & may do much more harm if not specifically checked\"',  JC Watson at Barrow Creek wired to Charles Todd in Adelaide on July 16 1873\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdThere is no reply from Todd on this file, but note that the request was not for permission to conduct a dispersal, but for approval to do it at public expense.\nWomen were abducted and taken to the Telegraph Station, leading to an Aboriginal attack to retrieve them, which in turn led to the Barrow Creek (2) massacre.\nWilson (2000, pp 270-271) noted that Aboriginal oral history indicates that the [Barrow Creek (2)] attack was provoked after the Europeans at the telegraph station had abducted women from the local Aboriginal people. In retaliation, the Aborigines considered 'that mob robben-bout we fella of -of native girl, Ah, we'll have to fight for that mob now'. 'That's what bin happen. They bin fight then. They spearem that mob, because they had rifle'. Subsequently, the Aboriginal view of the attack was that 'Yeah. They [Europeans] bin killem whole lot [of Kaytetye]. Shootem'.",
                "id": "te15b6",
                "source": "Wilson, 2000, pp 270-271; Vallee, 2004, pp 103-109.",
                "datestart": "1873-07-18",
                "dateend": "1873-07-31",
                "udatestart": -3043908292000,
                "udateend": -3042785092000,
                "latitude": "-21.531",
                "longitude": "133.897",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1012",
                "Source_ID": "1012",
                "LanguageGroup": "Kaititja",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Government Official(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Jemelke",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b6",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15b6",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b6"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15b6",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b6"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    133.898,
                    -21.532
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Barrow Creek (2)",
                "description": "Kaititja men attacked the Barrow Creek Telegraph Station in retaliation for telegraph workers raiding and 'dispersing' the Kaititja camp and abducting women. In the course of the Kaititja attack, Station Master James Laurence Oliver Stapleton and Linesman John Franks were killed.\n\nOver the next six weeks, Police Trooper Samuel Gason '...with assistance from a constable from The Peak and staff from the Barrow Creek and Tennant Creek Telegraph Stations...carried out four punitive expeditions against Aboriginal people between Taylor Creek and Central Mount Stuart' (Barrow Creek Telegraph Station Heritage Assessment Report, 1995, p 10). \n\nThe number of people killed varies between sources. Some say that although 11 were officially recognised as killed, a higher death toll is likely and others say that 'the number of Aboriginal lives taken in reprisal for the station attack was between 50 and 90, possibly higher' (Nettelbeck & Foster 2007, p 7; Bell 1983, p 63). \n\nOne man put the figure at about 90 at Skull Creek alone (Reid 1990, pp 64-65). Kimber (1991, p 6) noted that 'MJ O'Reilly, who \"got to know a member of this tribe\" in c 1919, understood from the Aborigines that the telegraph station had greatly offended them because it had been built \"on one of the tribe's most sacred spots\"'. \n\nStill later, TGH Strehlow, as a result of discussions with  Aboriginal people in the region,  suggested that 'white men of bad character', not of the telegraph station staff, had abducted young Aboriginal women and raped them; in retaliation the Aborigines attacked the white men available to them rather than the actual criminals (Strehlow cited in Kimber 1991, p 6). \n\n'As old-timer Alec Ross related many years later, the response was swift: \"They sent out messages on the wires everywhere, and the police and parties of men came up from The Tennant and The Alice and from lots of other places. And I can tell you, they did some pretty serious shooting too \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd taught the blacks a lesson they've never forgotten\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd and for quite a few more months blacks would get shot in twos and threes in the whole of this district. The blacks had needed a good lesson and they got it right in the neck; they never attacked another white man along the Line after that\"' (Ross cited in Bradley, 2019, p 9).",
                "id": "te15b7",
                "source": "BCHAR, 1995; <i>South Australian Register</i>, 25 June 1874, p 4 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article39819933\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article39819933</a>; <i>The Stringer</i>, 20 April 2013, np <a href=\"http://thestringer.com.au/the-killing-times-2214#.XLBRNKQRWUm\">http://thestringer.com.au/the-killing-times-2214#.XLBRNKQRWUm</a>; Nettelbeck & Foster 2007; Bell 1983, p 53; Wilson 2000, pp 270-71; Reid, 1990, pp 62-65; Mulvaney, 2003, pp 44-51; Hartwig, 1965, pp 265-276; Kimber, 1991, p 6; Bradley, 2019, p 9; Roberts, 2005, pp 113-114; Daly, 1887, pp 225-226; Vallee, 2007, pp 103-109; <i>NTTG</i> 12 September 1874,  p 3 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3143233\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3143233</a>; <i>SA Gazette</i> No 29 of 1874, pp 1335-37.",
                "datestart": "1874-02-22",
                "dateend": "1874-04-10",
                "udatestart": -3024986692000,
                "udateend": -3020925892000,
                "latitude": "-21.532",
                "longitude": "133.898",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=700",
                "Source_ID": "700",
                "LanguageGroup": "Kaititja, Anmatyerre, Warumungu, Alyawarra, Warlpiri",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "50",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Government Official(s), Mounted Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Jemelke",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b7",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15b7",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b7"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15b7",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b7"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    133.972,
                    -24.62
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Mount Burrell",
                "description": "Justice John Mansfield's Frances Well Land Claim Report No 64 (2016, p. 10) records that 'By 1877, the claim area and surrounding country had been taken up by pastoralists. The pastoral lease now known as Maryvale was at that time called Mount Burrell. Three pastoralists unsuccessfully tried to run sheep, cattle and horses there. TGH Strehlow and other anthropologists spoke to those who remembered or had heard about these early days and recorded that there was often violence between the original Mount Burrell pastoralists and the local Aboriginal people. The local people resented the intrusion of the pastoralists and speared their cattle. In retaliation, the pastoralists carried out shootings in the Aboriginal camps. Other oral reports suggest that Aboriginal women were kidnapped by early white settlers'.",
                "id": "te15b8",
                "source": "Mansfield, 2016, Report, Frances Well Land Claim No 64 2016, <a href=\"https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/publications/tabledpapers/856030dd-db65-48f4-8ac6-0e4cfc748b8f/upload_pdf/PMC001_16_Frances_Well_ACCESS_1509.pdf\">https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/publications/tabledpapers/856030dd-db65-48f4-8ac6-0e4cfc748b8f/upload_pdf/PMC001_16_Frances_Well_ACCESS_1509.pdf</a>",
                "datestart": "1875-01-01",
                "dateend": "1879-12-31",
                "udatestart": -2997943492000,
                "udateend": -2840263492000,
                "latitude": "-24.62",
                "longitude": "133.972",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1001",
                "Source_ID": "1001",
                "LanguageGroup": "Luritja",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "No police district at that stage",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "15",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Rtetyikale or Tepethetheke",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b8",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15b8",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b8"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15b8",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b8"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    133.781,
                    -23.762
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Attack Gap",
                "description": "See also <a href=\"./detail.php?r=931\">Blackfellows Bones Bore</a> and <a href=\"./detail.php?r=718\">Wirmbrandt and Rembrandt Rocks</a> massacres. Sid Stanes, discussing the Anna's Reservoir attack, continued his story in respect of reprisals that followed: 'Out at Attack Gap, that is at Temple Bar. Creek goes through that hill. The blacks had been sticking up cattle and had attacked Figg and Coombs [sic]\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdThose blacks were all the same tribe. Those in pursuit were out scouting and they found out that this mob was up on the hill, camped up on the top of the hill. They went and waited until they woke up in the morning, first one got up and stretched on the skyline. They were trapped and the whole lot were shot as they could not get away' (Trish Lonsdale Collection, Reel 22, Side 2, p b10). Both Anna's Reservoir and Attack Gap were under lease by the Willowie Pastoral Company, which was managed by William (Billy) Coulthard. It is likely that this party was headed by Coulthard. Kimber (1991, p 14) wrote: 'Another attack, and follow up punitive expedition, occurred 15 kilometres south west of Alice Springs at a site later known as Attack Gap. An old mate of mine, the late Walter Smith, told me that the Aborigines had attacked a supply wagon, driving off the teamsters (they cut the traces and rode the wagon horses into Alice Springs) and then taking all of the supplies. This immediate success was short-lived, for the largest party of whites ever assembled then rode out. One of the patrol members was later to recall: \"[We] went a bit too far. It was the biggest fight we ever had up here. We made a tidy mob when we all got together...about twenty all told - eight or nine cattle men, some of the chaps from the Overland Telegraph an' a mob of police from the Alice. The 'nigs'...poor devils...met us at the top of the valley.. [We] rounded 'em up on that razorback hill over there. Then we let go. We ran a cordon round the hill an' peppered 'em until there wasn't a 'nig' showing...Poor devils...There must have been 150 to 170 of 'em on that hill and I reckon that few of 'em got away...But what could we do? We had to live up here. That was the trouble of it\".'",
                "id": "te15b9",
                "source": "Sid Stanes, Trish Lonsdale Collection, NTRS 3414/Part 1; Kimber, 1990; Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, 2002 <a href=\"https://depws.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/249038/annas_pom.pdf\">https://depws.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/249038/annas_pom.pdf</a>.",
                "datestart": "1884-08-07",
                "dateend": "1884-09-07",
                "udatestart": -2695025092000,
                "udateend": -2692346692000,
                "latitude": "-23.762",
                "longitude": "133.781",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=926",
                "Source_ID": "926",
                "LanguageGroup": "Anmatyerr",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Port Augusta",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "150",
                "VictimDescription": "Warrior(s)",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockmen/Drover(s), Police, Vigilante/Volunteer(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b9",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15b9",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b9"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15b9",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15b9"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    133.139,
                    -22.585
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Wirmbrandt and Rembrandt Rocks",
                "description": "See also <a href='detail.php?r=931'>Blackfellows Bones Bore</a> and <a href='detail.php?r=926'>Attack Gap</a> massacres. Sid Stanes (Lonsdale Collection, Reel 25 side 1, pb 28), an old cattleman, recalled in an oral history interview: 'When they killed [sic] Harry Figg out there, they brought all the stock in from Frew River, The Reservoir, The Stirling, they shot a lot too. [Mounted Constable Erwein] Wurmbrandt shot a lot of those blacks. He was shooting them wholesale and he was recalled and Cowle took his place'. This part of the reprisal took place 'off the 30 Mile to a rock on the bottom end of Napperby [Station]' according to Harry Tilmouth (Trish Lonsdale Collection NTRS 3414/P1, p 10). He said: 'This rock is now called Rembrandt's Rock but was originally named Wurmbrandt's Rock because Mounted Constable Wurmbrand 'was a pretty savage chap and that is where the turnout took place, I believe'. Kimber (10 Sept 2003) reported the number to be 15. The nature of Stanes's and Tilmouth's descriptions suggests the actual total was many times higher. (There are two 'Rocks' in the same area, both incorrectly spelt: Wirmbrandt Rock and Rembrandt Rock.)",
                "id": "te15ba",
                "source": "Traynor 2016; Kimber, D. 10 September, 2003, <i>Alice Springs News</i>  <a href=\"http://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/1032.html\">http://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/1032.html</a>; Nettelbeck & Foster, 2007, p 16; Wilson, 2000, p 272; Morrison <a href=\"https://www.australianfrontierconflicts.com.au\">https://www.australianfrontierconflicts.com.au</a>; <i>Adelaide Observer</i>, September 20,  1884 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160101265\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160101265</a>; <i>NTTG</i>, October 25, 1884, p 2 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3156621\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3156621</a>; Perkins, 1975, p 19; NT Archives Service NTRS 3414/Part 1 \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Sid Stanes, Lonsdale Collection  Reel 25, side 1; NTRS 3414 \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Reel 26, side 1 - Harry Tilmouth; Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, 2002 <a href=\"https://depws.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/249038/annas_pom.pdf\">https://depws.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/249038/annas_pom.pdf</a>.",
                "datestart": "1884-08-07",
                "dateend": "1884-09-07",
                "udatestart": -2695025092000,
                "udateend": -2692346692000,
                "latitude": "-22.585",
                "longitude": "133.139",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=718",
                "Source_ID": "718",
                "LanguageGroup": "Anmatyerr",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "100",
                "VictimDescription": "Warrior(s)",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Mounted Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Anmatjere",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15ba",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15ba",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15ba"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15ba",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15ba"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    134.48,
                    -23.06
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Blackfellows Bones Bore",
                "description": "See also <a href='https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=926'>Attack Gap</a> and <a href='https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=718'>Wirmbrandt and Rembrandt Rocks</a> massacres. Harry Figg (stockman) and Thomas Coombes (cook) were attacked at Anna's Reservoir Homestead, which was owned by the Willowie Pastoral Company headed up by William (Billy) Coulthard. Attackers crept into Coombes' room and speared him eight times then set the roof alight. Figg emerged from the homestead, shooting four dead, before being speared between the shoulders. Both were wounded and badly burnt. They escaped to a stock camp 50 miles away and survived (Traynor, 2016, pp 120-121). The attack on Figg and Coombes took place on August 7 (South Australian Advertiser, 11 Aug 1884  p 4). The attack was carried out by Anmatjere people in an attempt to drive colonists away from their land. \n<br>\nOne reprisal party was headed by Mounted Constable William Willshire. Willshire, with Constable Charlie Brookes, two Aboriginal trackers and four volunteers (Alec Ross, Harry Price, Summard and McBeth) set off in pursuit of the attackers, reporting that they had had three encounters with groups of Aboriginal people involving shooting, on 29 August, 5 September and 7 September, and killed a total of four (named) Anmatjere men (Adelaide Observer, 20 Sep 1884, p 31). \n<br>\nA second reprisal party was led by Mounted Constable Thomas Daer (Adelaide Observer, 20 Sep 1884, p 31). It is thought that Daer's party was involved in the subsequent Blackfellows Bones Bore massacre. Justice Olney noted in 1993: 'In the late nineteenth century the killing of livestock by Aborigines on Undoolya and surrounding areas resulted in a massacre of Aborigines at Itarlentye in the Harts Range. The place is remembered by whites as \"Blackfellows Bones Bore\". In about 1890, CJ Dashwood, the Government Resident at Darwin, drafted a Bill to stop the slaughter of Aboriginal people, the \"Blackfellows Bones\" massacre being but one example. The Bill was blocked by the Legislative Council, the sentiment being that the development of, and pursuit of commercial profit from, the land could not proceed unless Aborigines were \"subdued\"' (Olney 1993, pp 8-9). \n<br>\nCharles Perkins (1975, p 19) also referred to it: 'There are two good examples amongst the many hundreds that one could choose to illustrate the atrocities that were carried out by white society through the police. A massacre took place at an area called \"Blackfellows Bones\" near Mt Riddock (just north of Alice Springs) which involved the shooting of Aborigines by police. The people who were involved were mainly from Mum's own family, including her mother, her mother's sister, and a number of aunts and uncles. Mum's mother was very young at that time. She managed to escape but her sister was captured. An Aboriginal mother was shot while still bearing a child and carrying another child in her arms. An Aboriginal boy was shot next to her also. There were an unknown number of Aboriginal people killed in this incident which was in retaliation for cattle which were speared by some other Aboriginal people in another area.' \n<br>\nKen Tilmouth Penangk, an Anmatyerr man, recounted an oral history that seems to refer to this massacre, 'The people ran into lots of other Aboriginal men, but it was too late. And right there the whitefellas started shooting. The men tried in vain to defend themselves with their spears. They didn't know anything about guns. They thought that they were like spears. They fled in fear, but the whitefellas chased them and kept shooting. They ran them down with their horses. There would have been more men for Ilkewartn and Atwel countries, but the poor things were shot out. My father's father and my mother's father were shot, the poor things. The young fellas kept on running \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd they ran a really long way. But some of the whitefellas kept on traveling on and shooting. Some hid in caves, but they were shot inside the caves. They were finished off right there, the poor buggers. Two of my grandfathers were there inside a cave and they were both shot. ... The bones of the dead were spread everywhere. You can see them everywhere \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd they didn't bury the dead. Nothing. They just left them lying out in the open. Poor things. They were left lying there just like bullocks. All the shields and things were out in the open' (Penangk in Bowman 2015, pp 91-92).",
                "id": "te15bb",
                "source": "Bowman, 2015, pp 91-92 <a  href=\"https://www.clc.org.au/every-hill-got-a-story/\">https://www.clc.org.au/every-hill-got-a-story/</a>; Olney, 1993, pp 8-9; Perkins, 1975, p 19; <i>Adelaide Observer</i>, 20 September 1884, p 31 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/160101265/18940147\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/160101265/18940147</a>; Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, 2002, pp i, ii, 1 <a href=\"https://depws.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/249038/annas_pom.pdf\">https://depws.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/249038/annas_pom.pdf</a>; The South Australian Advertiser, 11 Aug 1884, p 4 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/35965489/2214273\"> https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/35965489/2214273</a>.",
                "datestart": "1884-08-07",
                "dateend": "1884-09-22",
                "udatestart": -2695025092000,
                "udateend": -2691050692000,
                "latitude": "-23.06",
                "longitude": "134.48",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=931",
                "Source_ID": "931",
                "LanguageGroup": "Anmatyerr, Arrernte",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "75",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Itarlentye",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bb",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15bb",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bb"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15bb",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bb"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    132.578,
                    -23.58
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Mount Sonder",
                "description": "Mounted Constable Erwein Wurmbrand and trackers Dick, Jemmy, Tommy, Charley and two settlers, William Craigie and James Norman, went to Glen Helen station in response to complaints about the attempted murder of three Glen Helen employees,  Messrs McDonald, Schleicher and Miller. At Hermannsberg mission station, three suspects were taken into custody, chained by the neck.  En route back to Glen Helen they allegedly tried to escape, Wurmbrand reporting that  the 'prisoners are dead'. The party continued on to Mount Sonder where four Aboriginal men were shot dead.  No arrests were made. Camps were destroyed.\nWilson (2000, p 273) wrote that 'The party then returned to Alice Springs where Wurmbrand made much of the shortage of rations that caused him to abandon the patrol rather than the deaths of his suspects. \nAnother interpretation has been put on these deaths. H.J. Schmiechen tells how a missionary from Hermannsburg, Schwarz, hearing that the men had been shot, searched for and located the bodies still in their chains. Schwarz argued that \"this made the troopers excuse that they [the Aborigines] were attempting an escape seem highly inadequate for the severe action he had taken.\"' Roberts (2005, p 113) wrote: 'On another occasion, Wurmbrand claimed that he shot one man and wounded others at the foot of Mount Sonder, but a station hand who was with him told the missionaries that seventeen Aboriginals had been shot dead.' Traynor (2016, p 122) wrote, 'So his [Willshire's] newly arrived replacement Erwein Wurmbrand rode out to Glen Helen on 12 November with two white men, William Craig and James Norman, and four black trackers. James McDonald and Theodor Schleicher from the station joined them. Wurmbrand seized four Aboriginal men at Hermannsburg on 1 December but released one when the missionaries vouched for him. He chained the other three by the neck and took them up the Finke where he and his men shot them. He went on to pursue other suspects and reported shooting four more near  Mount Sonder.' And Kimber (1990, p 15) made this observation, 'When one considers all of the official reports, independent accounts and strongly circumstantial evidence of punitive expeditions which occurred in 1884-1885 in Anmatjera territory, the early Aboriginal success in their attack on Anna's Reservoir was certainly but a pyrrhic victory. I find no reason to disbelieve Spencer and Gillen's observation that as a result of this initially successful attack the Anmatjera were \"nearly wiped out.\"' Traynor (2016, p 123-24) noted that William 'Bill' Benstead of the Willowrie Pastoral Company and a stockman named Lennon joined Wumbrand, each corroborating the figure of 17.",
                "id": "te15bc",
                "source": "Nettelbeck, 2004, pp 190-206; Nettelbeck & Foster, 2007, pp 34-35; Wilson, 2000, p 273; Roberts, 2005, p 113; Traynor, 2016, p 122, 123-24; Kimber, 1990, p 15.",
                "datestart": "1884-12-01",
                "dateend": "1884-12-21",
                "udatestart": -2685002692000,
                "udateend": -2683274692000,
                "latitude": "-23.58",
                "longitude": "132.578",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1068",
                "Source_ID": "1068",
                "LanguageGroup": "Arrernte",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "17",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Mounted Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Rwetyepme",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bc",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15bc",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bc"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15bc",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bc"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    133.368,
                    -23.998
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Owen Springs",
                "description": "Alec Ross, Manager of Undoolya Station from 1880, wrote in <i>The Register</i>, (Adelaide) in 1928 (p 6): 'The same trouble was experienced at Owen Springs and all the places mentioned on the Finke. We petitioned to the South Australian Government to allow the police officer at Alice Springs to organize a body of black trackers to assist the trooper in stopping the cattle killers. This was granted, and six of the best boys from southern stations were placed under MC Wurmbrandt who had them well drilled in a short time. It had a wholesome effect, and cattle killing came to an end. I have known the blacks in those days to spear 13 head of cattle at Simpson's Gap, and never took a steak off any of them. To my knowledge, they were never cruelly treated by the whites. It was the custom to kill cattle frequently for the natives, hoping that this would prevent them from spearing so many on the run. It had no effect, as they seemed determined to drive every settler out of the country, but in the native police \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd like the old saying, \"Set a rogue to catch a rogue\" \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd they found that there was no getting away from these boys, and they soon became quiet and useful.' \n\nSid Stanes (Trish Lonsdale Collection, Reel 22 side 2), an old Central Australian stockman, said this in an oral history: 'When they killed Harry Figg out there [1884, Anna's Reservoir] they brought all the stock in from Frew River, The Reservoir, The Stirling, they shot a lot too. Wurmbrandt [sic] shot a lot of those blacks. He was shooting them wholesale and he was recalled and Cowle took his place'.",
                "id": "te15bd",
                "source": "NTRS 3414/Part 1, Sid Stanes, Reel 22, Side 2 (Trish Lonsdale Collection); <i>The Register</i>, (Adelaide) September 26, 1928, p 6 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56761342\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56761342</a>; Wurmbrand police record, NT Police Historical Society <a href=\"https://www.ntpmhs.com.au/post/wurmbrand-erwein\">https://www.ntpmhs.com.au/post/wurmbrand-erwein</a>; Roberts T 'The Brutal Truth' <i>The Monthly</i>, November 2009; Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, 2002 <a href=\"https://depws.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/249038/annas_pom.pdf\">https://depws.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/249038/annas_pom.pdf</a>.",
                "datestart": "1887-01-01",
                "dateend": "1887-12-31",
                "udatestart": -2619252292000,
                "udateend": -2587802692000,
                "latitude": "-23.998",
                "longitude": "133.368",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=749",
                "Source_ID": "749",
                "LanguageGroup": "Arrernte",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Port Augusta",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "VictimDescription": "Warrior(s)",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Mounted Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bd",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15bd",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bd"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15bd",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bd"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    135.446,
                    -21.167
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Elkedra",
                "description": "In her PhD thesis (2006) on the life of Alexander Donald (Pwerle) Ross, Whitebeach interviewed a descendant, Don Ross, who said: 'Old Frank MacDonald, old Scotsman, was with [the other] mob, with the Coulthards, those brothers. They went to Elkedra, that mob. A thousand cattle each, I think they had. Frank MacDonald worked out there at Elkedra for a while. Alyawarr lived out there. They'd kill you, all right, so they [white cattlemen] used to shoot them [Alyawarr]. He [Frank MacDonald] used to see them coming down with the firestick. They were looking for him, to kill him. And I said, \"Did you shoot at 'em'?\" He said, \"Did I? I threaded the bastards, just like putting thread through a needle\". He got through the lot, he reckoned. He stopped a while [at Elkedra], then drifted away from there. He was gone by the time Riley and Kennedy had Elkedra' (Ross cited in Whitebeach, p 175).\nGroom, cited in Bell (1978, p 36, fn 12), said: 'In the 1880s, the Willowie Pastoral Company took up the lease at Elkedra. The station was abandoned after an incident with the local Aborigines which convinced the manager that he was not welcome within their country.' William (Billy) Coulthard was the Manager of Elkedra in the Frew River region for the Willowie Pastoral Co.  \nTrish Lonsdale's oral history interview with Bill Riley (Reel 3) includes: 'He [Billy Coulthard] was greatly impressed with the Frew River and the reason they left there was the blacks were too bad and any cattle they did not kill \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd and they did not kill them to eat, either\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdThe blacks were trying to hunt them out of the country. In fact, old Billy [Coulthard] had more boomerang marks on him than any blackfella I have seen. The blacks were trying to murder them. \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdThe reason they left there was on account of the blacks\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdthey sent in a report to their company and there was only one thing to do and that was to start to shoot, but the Willowie Pastoral Company decided that rather than resort to murder they would abandon the whole project. It would be something inside of four years that the whole thing would last.'",
                "id": "te15be",
                "source": "NT Archives Service, NTRS 3414, Trish Lonsdale Collection, Reel 3, Bill Riley; Bell, 1978, p 36; Whitebeach, 2006, p 175; Luke, 2019 <a href=\"https://indigenousx.com.au/truth-telling-to-reimagine-our-nations-histories/\">https://indigenousx.com.au/truth-telling-to-reimagine-our-nations-histories/</a>",
                "datestart": "1889-01-01",
                "dateend": "1897-12-31",
                "udatestart": -2556093892000,
                "udateend": -2272183200000,
                "latitude": "-21.167",
                "longitude": "135.446",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=925",
                "Source_ID": "925",
                "LanguageGroup": "Alyawarr",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "40",
                "VictimDescription": "Warrior(s)",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Pastoralist(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Imperrenth",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15be",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15be",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15be"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15be",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15be"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    133.382,
                    -22.719
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Ryan's Well",
                "description": "Ryan's Well was sunk as a stock well in 1889 by Ned Ryan's team who had a contract with the SA Water department, hence the name. The date of this massacre is unclear, but is referred to by Pastor Friedrich Wilhelm Albrecht, who arrived in Central Australia in 1926, in these terms (1981, pp5-6): 'Still, off and on, we found quite old people, perhaps 70 or 80 years of age, yet still able to walk quite long distances. During the winter months, we sometimes found whole groups with a cough. After they had come to know that we had medicine better than their witch doctors had to offer, they lined up soon after we had arrived at a camp, asking for medicine. One morning, after most of the people had received a dose of Fryars Balsam in a little water, one tall, strong man came up. Looking in the medicine glass, into which I put some drops the medicine which made the (illegible) curdle, he hesitated. Then, after looking at me very intently, he piped up \"Might be paason (meaning poison)\". I replied: \"Him poison alright.\" Another intense look, when I tried to remain as unmoved as possible, he continued: \"Me takem all same.\" This little incident is related to show how these primative [sic] people had gained confidence quickly with white people, even if some of them had been with white people and had made some unpleasant and in the case of the Ryans Well massacre, even horrifying experiences.'  \nThe South Australian Museum holds information that Pastor Albrecht estimated that 30 people were massacred.",
                "id": "te15bf",
                "source": "Northern Territory Government (1999) 'Ryan's Well Historical Reserve Plan of Management'; Albrecht, FW (1981) 'Following God's Tracks in Central Australia' (typed manuscript), pp 5-6; SA Museum 'Ryan's Well incident as related by Pastor Albrecht.' Series 662/086, 1925-1929.",
                "datestart": "1890-01-01",
                "dateend": "1890-04-01",
                "udatestart": -2524557892000,
                "udateend": -2516781892000,
                "latitude": "-22.719",
                "longitude": "133.382",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1092",
                "Source_ID": "1092",
                "LanguageGroup": "Arrernte",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bf",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15bf",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bf"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15bf",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15bf"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    134.916,
                    -20.757
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Frew River",
                "description": "From an oral history with Sid Stanes (Trish Lonsale Collection, Reel 15, side 1, p 50), about Frew River Station: 'They were not there more than 2 or 3 years I don't think. Had a great stockade round the place. Eventually the blacks hunted them out. They used to shoot the blacks, of course, but there were too many of them\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdthey built this bloody high stockyard right round the place and they had a lot of dogs, Bloodhounds, tied up at night around the place\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd'. \n\nBell (1983, p 65) noted: 'The presence of eight Aboriginal women at the Frew River Station was mentioned by the <i>Adelaide Observer</i> (11 July 1891) as one possible reasons for the attack of June 1891 by Alyawarra and Wakaja. Further attacks occurred and by 1896 the ill-fated station was abandoned. Eylmann wrote \"The station dwellers are said to have always treated the Aborigines with the greatest severity and mercilessly shot down every cattle thief they could get hold of. When I was there, I found two human skulls in one piece, one which was pierced by a bullet\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\". Aboriginal attacks were kept at bay by the \"ferocity of a large number of kangaroo and blood hounds which were kept inside the palisades\".' \n\n<i>The Evening Journal</i> (6 July 1891, p 2) reported the event: 'So the blacks on the Frew River have made an attack on Mr. Coulthard and his men. This is just what was expected, and as preparations were made for a visit of this sort, I warrant they got a warm reception...an attack such as that which is reported to have taken place on June 24 was fully expected. When the Willowie Pastoral Company took possession the first thing Mr. Giles wisely insisted upon doing\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdbefore putting up any buildings\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdwas to build a barricade consisting of posts slanting outwards. The inside station buildings are inside this'. \n\nTrish Lonsdale's notes of her interview with Harry Tilmouth read: 'In the Frew River ones, he described to me that Bill Coulthard came in unexpectedly from the camp to the station which had a picket fence all round and they had some dogs that they used to let loose and the cook was the only person there and these natives knew that the cook was there alone. The dogs were very restless and at midnight, Coulthard got up as he felt that there was something wrong and he saw the lubra, there was a lubra helping in the Station, she was assistant to the cook, and she was talking finger [sign] language and Coulthard found looking through his glasses another native on a hill doing likewise, this I think was before dusk. It was later at midnight that the dogs were restless and this finger language aroused his suspicions and then about midnight when the dogs became noisy he took out his guns, revolver and shotgun, and found outside about 30 or more natives with their fire sticks all round the outside of the barricade waiting to attack. He fired amongst them and they scattered. Later when Wurmbrand was on the scene and they were tracking them, in fact they were tracking one another, the natives were tracking the white men and the white men were tracking the natives. They got to the stage where the white men doubled back on their tracks. The natives always attacked at dawn. The white man never camped on his dinner camp at night. They always moved on and camped. This time, they doubled back on their tracks about half a mile. In the early hours of the morning the natives were coming up following the tracks and waiting for them on the double track. They got them all. They later came across some lubras and children and Wurmbrand said, \"They are our enemies; they must go\". Coulthard said \"No, let's take them back to the station\". Wurmbrand said: \"No. They are our enemies\". And they went to a man. The same thing happened out at the Reservoir. They got down onto a waterhole and they were destroyed' (Tilmouth cited in Trish Lonsdale Collection, Reel 26, p 19). \n\nNOTE: The NT Police History Association records that Wurmbrand resigned on 30 November 1888 so he could not have been involved in this massacre as a serving police officer; he may have been sworn in as a Special Constable. Lonsdale's sources were referring generally to Central Australia and the Willowie Pastoral Company during the 1880s when Wurmbrand was present in Central Australia.",
                "id": "te15c0",
                "source": "NTRS 3413 \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Lonsdale, Patricia \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Records relating to research interviews with Centralians 1963-1986; Bell, 1983, p 65; <i>Evening Journal</i>, July 6 1891, p. 2 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198412624\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198412624</a>; NTRS 3414 \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Trish Lonsdale Collection \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Reel 26, Harry Tilmouth, p19; Reel 3, Bill Riley, p 11; Whitebeach, 2006, p 175; <i>Adelaide Observer</i>, July 11, 1891, p 34  <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160181892\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article160181892</a>.",
                "datestart": "1891-06-24",
                "dateend": "1891-06-24",
                "udatestart": -2477988292000,
                "udateend": -2477988292000,
                "latitude": "-20.757",
                "longitude": "134.916",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=750",
                "Source_ID": "750",
                "LanguageGroup": "Alyawarr, Wakaya, Kaytete and Warumungu",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Port Augusta",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Pastoralist(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Litwelepenty",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c0",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15c0",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c0"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15c0",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c0"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    131.576,
                    -24.231
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Kings Canyon",
                "description": "The Watarrka National Park Joint Management Plan (2010, p 14) includes this extract: 'One Traditional Owner recalls \"My father told us that at one time when he was young, his father and grandfather took him into the hills behind Lilla to hide from a white man who was shooting Luritja people around Kings Canyon. The Watarrka mob were sitting down there and policemen came and shot them. Just like that. My father told me that\".'",
                "id": "te15c1",
                "source": "Watarrka National Park Joint Management Plan, 2010 <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/10070/619652\">https://hdl.handle.net/10070/619652</a>\ufffd\ufffd",
                "datestart": "1894-08-01",
                "dateend": "1894-08-20",
                "udatestart": -2380010692000,
                "udateend": -2378369092000,
                "latitude": "-24.231",
                "longitude": "131.576",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1055",
                "Source_ID": "1055",
                "LanguageGroup": "Luritja",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "10",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Lilla, Watarrka National Park",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c1",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15c1",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c1"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15c1",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c1"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    136.083,
                    -21.876
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Ooratippra Station",
                "description": "William Coulthard's diary of 1903 (Coulthard, 1903) makes frequent references to a band of Aboriginal people killing horses and cattle around Ruby Gap (pp 23, 27, 37, 44, 45, 47, 93, 117, 118-121, 125, 126). On March 13 Coulthard first heard of the horse killing from Harding, who reported 2 Aboriginal people had stolen a rifle and cartridges and that the troopers had failed to apprehend them (Coulthard, 1903, p 33).\n<br>\nIn a letter on March 29th, Coulthard wrote that 'Albert has gone out with the trooper & their niggers to catch those other two that are killing horses & cattle as soon as any of the horses make back there these niggers kill them, they are getting quite plucky now as they think the whites are frightened of them, they told some of the other niggers to tell the whites to come & catch them & they will shoot the first one they see, they are saving cartridges to do it, they went down to Prossers place joins Uncle on the East & took all his flour & rations, he came into Arltunga in a great way, but Albert only laughed at the idea of getting shot, he went away prepared for three weeks trip, he says his nigger Sam will track them until he gets them as he has got a set on one of them, one of them is the ringleader that used to kill Uncles horses before, the blacks killed two others themselves, as they reckoned they were the cause of loosing so many friends through the horse filling business.' (Coulthard, 1903, pp 119-120)\n<br>\nOn April 1, Coulthard complained of the ineffectiveness of the troopers, and stated he and Albert would have a 'nigger hunt' without them, 'I heard in there that Albert & the trooper came back Monday from hunting those niggers, they found where they had killed two, but they were Hardings & not Uncles so they could do nothing had to come back for Harding to take out a Warrent for them what rot, they tracked them a good day & they were making towards Uncles country so we have a nigger hunt all to ourselves when we go out there mustering' (Coulthard, 1903, pp 44-45)\n<br>\nOn April 29 Coulthard wrote about the high cost the horse killing had, 'After we have gone through the horse muster they will know if they have enough for Adelaide & they will start in August with them to get down in September, so if you can get on without me till then I will stop & help them down, poor beggars they need a bit of help for instead of having a 1000 horses as they ought to, they have only about 400, what with the niggers & the drought. After we have finished the horses, Uncle is going out to Irratippara the station they had before where the niggers killed all the horses,' (Coulthard, 1903, p125) and the fear that they causes, 'Walkington & the other fellow are going out to Uncles old station I have always called it Irratipperaa it is Orratippera prospecting & to look for some of his horses that are out there he used to be with Uncle on the Frew so he came to see if Uncle would go with them as a lot of his have gone back, & they are frightened the niggers will get them. so he is going with them' (Coulthard, 1903, p126)\n<br>\nOn July 16, Coulthard encountered a group 20 Aboriginal warriors around Ruby Gap, 'After we had gone 5 or 6 miles we met about 20 wild niggers, they told the boys thev were going into Paddys hole to have a fight with the niggers in there, they were quite naked & had spears & Boomerangs & all sorts of Arms they looked a bit savage, they onlv stopped a few minutes talking to the boys then went on, we could see their track all the way to Ruby Gap, & we came across their fire near a waterhole, we got to the yards a little before Sundown, but too late to look round for horses, so we made our camp, & I wrote up this before I made the tea, had tea, got some bushes for a breakwind, made my bed & lay down on it. This is the time to make you think when you are all by yourself, & away out in the wild parts, I got mv rifle Uncles at least & put 6 cartridges in it, & lay it along side of me, then turned in about 7.' (Coulthard, 1903, pp 98)\n<br>\nSid Stanes, an old Central Australian stockman, said in an oral history, 'Then they went to Orratrippera [sic] and took up that, Coulthard and Wallis. Eventually the blacks killed 60 or 70 horses in one gap in the ranges there and the water was all in the ranges you see, springs. The stock used to go into water and the niggers used to get each side of the range. And as they came along bowl them out. The nigs cleaned up 60-80 horses. After Coulthard and Wallis cleaned up all the niggers that they could find, one of the boys they had with them, they shot all this mob and there was a kid left in the camp, a little one, one of these niggers got hold of him and banged his head in the ground\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdThen they got cleared out of there and that is when they took up Loves Creek. That is when I was a butcher boy at Arltunga, they came there with about 300 horses to Loves Creek. Undoolya had thrown that up, Paddys Hole and Arltunga, they had previously owned it and they had thrown that part up and only kept the west side of it, Alice Springs and Undoolya, Mt Undoolya, Bitter Springs, Mt Benstead and that is their boundary' (Trish Lonsdale Collection, NTRS 3414/Part 1).",
                "id": "te15c2",
                "source": "Trish Lonsdale Collection, NTRS 3414/Part 1 \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Sid Stanes; Diary of William Coulthard, 1903, NT Library: <a href=\"https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/449299/0/0\">https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/449299/0/0</a>",
                "datestart": "1902-08-01",
                "dateend": "1902-08-30",
                "udatestart": -2127636000000,
                "udateend": -2125130400000,
                "latitude": "-21.876",
                "longitude": "136.083",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1005",
                "Source_ID": "1005",
                "LanguageGroup": "Alyawarr",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "20",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Irretety Community Living Area",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Mid",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c2",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15c2",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c2"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15c2",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c2"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    130.416,
                    -20.599
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "The Granites",
                "description": "Alice Springs historian Dick Kimber wrote: \n'Major Jangala told the following account, which can be dated to 1911-1912. Major learnt it from his father. \n<br>\n'A Mounted Policeman with two Native Constables travelled from the Overland Telegraph Line out into Warlpiri country. He arrested six men near the Granites, and commenced the journey back to the Telegraph Line. One Warlpiri man, who had been resting in the shade about 50 to100 metres away when the arrests were made, had crawled and then run away while the arrests were being made, but when sure of his safety then returned and followed the patrol. \n<br>\n'He was able to obtain water and camp a short distance off the line of march because he knew the rockholes and soakages of the country. Very occasionally he \"finger-talked\" to the prisoners, suggesting possibilities of escape, but had to be extremely careful, and normally stayed out of sight except at sundown and sunrise.\n<br>\n'Each night the prisoners were chained to trees with neck-chains, one to a tree so that they could not readily contrive an escape. After a few days the policeman made a decision. He was friendly in manner as he gave each man along an almost straight line of trees some breakfast and a drink of water, and Major envisaged him saying to each prisoner, \"Sorry old man\". When they had finished their meal and drink, he and the Native Constables stood off at a short distance and shot them all. They took the chains off, left the men who were shot for the wedge-tailed eagles, falcons, crows and dingoes, and rode back towards the Overland Telegraph Line.\n<br> \n'The man who had been following the group fled, and became the teller of the story.\n\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\nI have no reason whatsoever to doubt Major Jangala's story. I knew him for years, travelled his country with him, and he was a man of strong character and integrity. I therefore do believe that an unknown policeman, not wishing to go through the trouble of long travel with Warlpiri prisoners and a court case, committed murder in the name of rough frontier justice well south-east of The Granites in about 1912' (Alice Springs News, 8 Oct 2003).\n<br>\nThis could have been a response to a story that appeared in the NT Times and Gazette on 25 November 1910 (p 2):\n'OUTRAGE BY NATIVES.\nA brief telegram was received in Darwin on Thursday morning from Hall's Creek, W.A., stating that a prospector named John Stewart was killed by natives at Granite Hill, 60 miles south east of Tanami, on the morning of 3rd inst., his head being battered to a pulp with a tomahawk. Stewart went to water horses at a soak three quarters of a mile from camp. He was armed with a Winchester rifle and revolver, fully loaded, which the blacks have taken and made off in a westerly direction. The police are endeavoring to make arrests. Stewart is supposed to have a brother and sister living at Spring Hill, Carag Carag, Victoria' (NTTG, 25 Nov 1910, p 2).",
                "id": "te15c3",
                "source": "Kimber, R 'Centre's rough frontier justice' in Alice Springs News, 8 October 2003, np:\n<a href=\"https://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/1036.html\">https://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/1036.html</a>\nNorthern Territory Times and Gazette 'Outrage by Natives', 25 November 1910, p 2:\n<a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3266329/829844\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3266329/829844</a>",
                "datestart": "1912-04-01",
                "dateend": "1912-04-30",
                "udatestart": -1822557600000,
                "udateend": -1820052000000,
                "latitude": "-20.599",
                "longitude": "130.416",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1087",
                "Source_ID": "1087",
                "LanguageGroup": "Warlpiri",
                "Colony": "NT",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Timber Creek",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Mid",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "Late",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c3",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15c3",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c3"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15c3",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c3"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    133.073,
                    -23.777
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Ellery Creek Big Hole",
                "description": "Speaking in 1981 during debate on the Pastoral Land Tenure Inquiry Report (the Martin Report), the Member for MacDonnell, Neil Bell MLA, said: '\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdlet me speak about one of my constituents who lives at Ayers Rock. She is an old lady now. Her name is Myana. I had the privilege during the campaign for the MacDonnell by-election to see her and prior to that I had listened to stories told about Myana. One of the interesting stories - perhaps a little bit terrible - is that Myana as a young girl witnessed from the top of ridges in the western MacDonnell Ranges the murder of 15 or 20 of her brothers and uncles. I am not talking about anything that is recorded. You will not find it in books; you will not find it in police files. It is to be seen nowhere. It is only in the minds of many of the people who live in that corner of the Northern Territory. The Conniston [sic] massacres have been written about but this wholesale slaughter is just one unrecorded incident that is buried deep in the consciousness of people who live in the MacDonnell electorate' (Northern Territory Parliamentary Record 1981, p 877).",
                "id": "te15c4",
                "source": "NT Parliamentary Record, 2 June 1981, p 877 <a href=\"https://parliament.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/367245/PR04-Debates-2-June-11-June-1981.pdf\">https://parliament.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/367245/PR04-Debates-2-June-11-June-1981.pdf</a>",
                "datestart": "1915-01-01",
                "dateend": "1915-12-31",
                "udatestart": -1735725600000,
                "udateend": -1704276000000,
                "latitude": "-23.777",
                "longitude": "133.073",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1011",
                "Source_ID": "1011",
                "LanguageGroup": "Arrernte",
                "Colony": "NT",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "15",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Udepata",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Mid",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "Late",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c4",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15c4",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c4"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15c4",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c4"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    134.19,
                    -19.648
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Tennant Creek",
                "description": "Read and Read (1991, pp 5-7) relate the story of Fred Booth Minmienadji who was in a droving party that arbitrarily shot \"wild blackfeller\" at night. Speaking about how many he'd personally shot, he said \"half a hundred\". An unnamed policeman ordered a \"big fire\". About 15 bodies were destroyed \"in the fire\". This event is recorded as occurring \"south of Tennant Creek\" in about 1917 when many white men were away during World War I. \n\nHeadon (1988, p 35-36) noted Minmienadji saying: \"The wild blackfeller. Oh, shot him, half a hundred. Just about night-time, one bastard run away. I shot him on the leg, fall arse over head. 'Where's some blackfeller?' old sergeant said. 'I shot one feller over here, crawl about on his knee. I must have broken his knee.' 'Oh, good. Where's 'nother fellers?' 'I shot him in the bloody head. Oh, he's in the creek, I think.'\"",
                "id": "te15c5",
                "source": "Read and Read, 1991, pp 5-7; Headon, 1988, pp 35-36.",
                "datestart": "1917-01-01",
                "dateend": "1917-12-31",
                "udatestart": -1672567200000,
                "udateend": -1641117600000,
                "latitude": "-19.648",
                "longitude": "134.19",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=711",
                "Source_ID": "711",
                "LanguageGroup": "Warlpiri, Warumungu",
                "Colony": "NT",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "50",
                "VictimDescription": "Warrior(s)",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockmen/Drover(s), Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Kargaru",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Mid",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "Late",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c5",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15c5",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c5"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15c5",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c5"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    132.272,
                    -24.078
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Bowson's Hole",
                "description": "Bowman quoted Tjuki Tjukanku Pumpjack's story (2015, p 89): '\"Out in the middle there, over there on Angas Downs, in the middle, this side of Wilpiya, naked Anangu showed up at an old waterhole. You know, they didn't know about trousers, don't know clothes. Those naked Anangu they came from the west, came along when there were rations. They started getting rations, clothing, everything. Nowadays they're a bit flash, almost whitefellas. Yes, they sat and ate, naked. They speared a lot of cattle. They didn't understand properly. You know, they were spearing cattle those naked men, long ago. And McNamara, he shot them. Pow! Pow! Long ago, this side of Areyonga. Today they say he shot many. It happened a long time ago. They come from that way, Ayers Rock way was their country\".' \n\nThis is corroborated by Rowse (1998, pp 63-64), who wrote: 'Bowman's memoirs, evidently written in the 1980s, do not reveal him to have been an advocate or practitioner of violence against Indigenous people, but he told Mervyn Hartwig in 1960 that, ultimately, \"good\" relationships had flowed from the shootings around Coniston. Guns are known to have been used in 1921, when the pastoralist McNamara killed an unknown number of people (estimates range from six to twenty-five) at Bowson's Hole \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd because a milking cow was speared'. From Pearce (cited in Davis and Prescott, 1988, np): 'It was also in about 1921 that McNamara shot a number of Aborigines (between six and 25, according to varying accounts) who had speared one of his milking cows\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdThe incident had a profound effect on the people of the region, and it is still spoken of with awe. There can be little doubt that its disturbing effect was profound at the time'. \n\nPalmer (2016, p 94) noted that 'Anangu know the incident as the \"Old [Angas Downs] Station killings\".'",
                "id": "te15c6",
                "source": "Bowman, 2015, p 89; Davis & Prescott, 1988, np; Long, 1989, pp 9-43; Rowse, 1998, pp 63-64; Palmer, 2016, p 94; Palmer, 2022, p 60.",
                "datestart": "1921-01-01",
                "dateend": "1921-12-31",
                "udatestart": -1546336800000,
                "udateend": -1514887200000,
                "latitude": "-24.078",
                "longitude": "132.272",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=941",
                "Source_ID": "941",
                "LanguageGroup": "Anangu",
                "Colony": "NT",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "15",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Pastoralist(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Areyonga",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Mid",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "Late",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c6",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15c6",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c6"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15c6",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c6"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    132.271,
                    -21.981
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Coniston (1)",
                "description": "In 1928 the region around the Lander River and Hanson River was 5 years into a drought. Few places were left where people and livestock could drink and Aboriginal people were increasingly spearing cattle for food. Prior to the Coniston massacres, colonists complained that Aboriginal people were increasingly audacious or 'cheeky' and it was reported that Aboriginal people known to colonists as 'Warramulla' around Tanami and the Granites goldfields who had gained a reputation for wildness and attacks were planning to drive colonists out of the region (Bradley, 2019, p 2 & Kimber, 2003-2004, Part 1). \n<br>\nOn 7 August 1928 a group of Warlpiri, Anmatyere and Kaytetye men led by Kamalyarrpa Japananglea, also known as 'Bullfrog', killed dingo trapper Fred Brooks at Yurrkuru, a Warlpiri, Anmatyere and Kaytetye camp about 14 miles (22 km) from the Coniston Station homestead. The killing took place in reprisal for Brooks's kidnapping one of Bullfrog's wives. After his body was found in a rabbit hole, Mounted Constable George Murray, who was a veteran of the Boer War and World War I, led a punitive expedition of eight armed men around the Lander River and among the ranges to the west. The expedition included 'Mounted Constable Murray, Stafford, Saxby, Briscoe, the 'half-caste' Wilson and three Aboriginal trackers, Paddy, Major and Dodger.' (Bradley, 2019, p 51). This expedition lasted 16 days.\nOn this first expedition the killing started at Coniston on 15th August when two Aboriginal men, Padygar and Willigar, came into the camp armed with boomerangs and spears. Paddy and Major attempted to arrest and chain them, and when they resisted, Murray shot Willigar in the head and Padygar was restrained (Bradley, 2019, pp 43-57). Willigar later died of the wound.\n<br>\nThe following day on 16 August, the expedition departed Coniston and returned on 31 August. Government Resident, J.C. Cawood, reported in a telegram to Canberra that 17 Aboriginal people were killed (Bradley, 2019, p 96). Mounted Constable Murray, later claimed that during this expedition he shot 1 prisoner resisting arrest at Coniston, then he killed 17 Aboriginal people at another camp, 'The firing broke out - I don't know who started it, but the whole 17 were dead when it finished.' Then 50 miles west in the Granites, two more were shot, and a prisoner died on the return journey (Northern Standard, 3 March 1933, p 5). They returned to Coniston with another prisoner, Arkirkra. \nAccounts in court proceedings and from various sources differ slightly in numbers and in the order of events, but these incidents remain consistent. There are also several days unaccounted for (Bradley, 2019, p72) and Aboriginal oral records of the period are specific about where further killings took place, though it is not clear on which expedition they occurred. It's likely those on the Lander as far north as Six Mile Soak and Tipinpa, and to the west were either part of this first or the second expedition. Bradley describes 6 locations where the expedition encountered Aboriginal people, north of Coniston along the Lander River, and westwards to the ranges beyond Cockatoo Springs and present day Yuendumu (Bradley, 2019, p xi & p 122).\n<br>\nConcluding this expedition, Mounted Constable Murray took the two prisoners, Padygar and Arkirkra, and a witness, a boy named Lala, from Coniston to Alice Springs (Bradley, 2019, p 74).",
                "id": "te15c7",
                "source": "Woodward, 1973, p 82;  Read & Read, 1991, pp 33-37; Bell 1993, pp 67-68; Toohey 1979; Edmond, 2013, p 104 <a href=\"http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/534259\">http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/534259</a>; Morrison <a href=\"https://www.australianfrontierconflicts.com.au\">www.australianfrontierconflicts.com.au</a>; Schubert, <i>NT News</i>, August 25, 2018, pp 24-25 <a href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-24/nt-police-apologise-for-state-sanctioned-coniston-massacre/10162850\">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-24/nt-police-apologise-for-state-sanctioned-coniston-massacre/10162850</a>; Wilson & O'Brien, 2003, pp 59-78; Bowman, 2015 <a  href=\"https://www.clc.org.au/every-hill-got-a-story/\">https://www.clc.org.au/every-hill-got-a-story/</a>; \nBradley, 2019, pp xi, 2, 43-57, 72, 74, 96, 122;\nKimber 2003-04, Part 1 <a href=\"https://alicespringsnews.com.au/2018/08/15/the-coniston-massacre-remembered/\">https://alicespringsnews.com.au/2018/08/15/the-coniston-massacre-remembered/</a>; \nMaking Peace with The Past <a href=\"https://digitalntl.nt.gov.au/10070/660392/0/4\">https://digitalntl.nt.gov.au/10070/660392/0/4</a>\nNorthern Standard 3 March, 1933, p 5 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48058883\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48058883</a>\nRobinson, 1945 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-410786254\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-410786254</a>;",
                "datestart": "1928-08-15",
                "dateend": "1928-08-31",
                "udatestart": -1305885600000,
                "udateend": -1304503200000,
                "latitude": "-21.981",
                "longitude": "132.271",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=708",
                "Source_ID": "708",
                "LanguageGroup": "Warlpiri, Anmatyere, Kaytetye",
                "Colony": "NT",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Barrow Creek",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Mounted Police, Settler(s), Stockmen/Drover(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Yurrkuru and other places",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Late",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "Late",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c7",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15c7",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c7"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15c7",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c7"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    131.828,
                    -22.855
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Central Mount Wedge",
                "description": "This massacre occurred at the time same Mounted Constable George Murray was leading the Coniston reprisals, but did not occur as part of the Coniston expeditions.\n\nKimber (2003, np) wrote that Fred Raggatt, then owner of Glen Helen, discovered that Warlpiri people had killed and butchered one of his draught horses. Raggatt, \"his only long-term mate George [Paddy] Tucker, Archie Giles of neighbouring Redbank station, and [Harry] Tilmouth [part-owner of Napperby Station] had followed their tracks.\" The likely number of people estimated by both Kimber and Warlpiri man Dinny Japaltjarri, was 10 to 15. \n\nHe continued: \"\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdthe families took their horse-meat and their fire-sticks into some rock shelters, perched a little way up on a range section west of Central Mount Wedge. Dinny believed that, as the station men approached, a draft of wind had caused the fire-sticks to flare and given their hiding place away. The station men had taken up position among the boulders beneath the rock shelters, from which there was no escape other than coming out into the open. Their rifles had poured the bullets in, and ricocheting bullets had been deadly. After a time the shouts of the men, and the screams of the women and children, ceased. No one ever came out of the rock shelters alive, and Dinny's family never used them again.\"",
                "id": "te15c8",
                "source": "Kimber, <i>Alice Springs News</i>, 12 November 2003, np. <a href=\"https://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/1041.html\"> https://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/1041.html</a>",
                "datestart": "1928-08-28",
                "dateend": "1928-08-30",
                "udatestart": -1304762400000,
                "udateend": -1304589600000,
                "latitude": "-22.855",
                "longitude": "131.828",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1083",
                "Source_ID": "1083",
                "LanguageGroup": "Warlpiri",
                "Colony": "NT",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Alice Springs",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "10",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Pastoralist(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Late",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "Late",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c8",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15c8",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c8"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15c8",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c8"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    133.669,
                    -21.741
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Coniston (2)",
                "description": "There is little information about the second Coniston massacre expedition, which occurred over 9 days from 4 September to 13 September, 1928.\n<br>\nAccording to Kimber, 'The prospectors Young and Carter, who had met Fred Brooks a few days before his murder, had reported the news of threatening Warlpiri to Sergeant Noblett, who had reported it to Cawood. Michael Terry had told of seeing Walmulla warriors in war-paint; shootings at marauders (without effect) by Randal Stafford and Jack Saxby on the 31st August; and passed on a further appeal from Randal Stafford for urgent assistance in dealing with those who were causing the depredations' (Kimber, 2003-2004, Part 10).\n<br>\nAlmost immediately after delivering the prisoners Padygar and Arkirkra to Alice Springs, Mounted Constable Murray was sent out again, to attend to complaints of cattle theft at Pine Hill, and 'For the period between 4 and 13 September, the list noted only that Murray had \"left Alice Springs to investigate alleged cattle killings at 'Pine Hill' and 'Coniston Stn'\", that he \"returned with two prisoners\" and that he had travelled 395 miles. That is, an average of some 44 miles per day' (Bradley, 2019, p 94).\n<br>\nHistorian Dick Kimber, who knew the area well and had interviewed numerous people in the area, reasoned that this expedition included police trackers Paddy and Major, one or two Pine Hill station volunteers, Randal Stafford, Jack Saxby, Alex Wilson and Billy Briscoe (Kimber, 2003-2004, Part 10). \n<br>\nBased on oral accounts, Kimber estimates 7 encounters in which killings are likely to have occurred: 'Oral histories, which can only be approximations in time, indicate that, as might be expected, the patrol travelled north along the Hanson River from Pine Hill, having three encounters; from Coniston travelled north along the Lander River country where two more encounters took place; then followed down the Lander and had two more encounters in the general Coniston area.' He estimates the minimum death toll to have been 12: 'On the basis of two deaths every other encounter, which is the lowest number of deaths at all other encounters, 12 more men are likely to have been shot. Many more are, in fact, likely to have died, but there is absolutely no written account from 1928 to indicate that any at all were shot.'\n<br>\nThe Alice Springs Police Station Day Journal recorded that from this expedition there were two prisoners, Ned and Barney (Bradley, 2019, p93) though they were not later tried for Fred Brooks's murder (Kimber, 2003-2004, Part 10), as were Padygar and Arkirkra.",
                "id": "te15c9",
                "source": "Woodward, 1973, p 82; Read & Read, 1991, pp 33-37; Bell, 1993, pp 67-68; Toohey 1979; Edmond, 2013, p 104; Morrison <A href=\"https://www.australianfrontierconflicts.com.au\">www.australianfrontierconflicts.com.au</a>; Schubert, <i>NT News</i>, August 25, 2018, pp 24-25 <a href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-24/nt-police-apologise-for-state-sanctioned-coniston-massacre/10162850\">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-24/nt-police-apologise-for-state-sanctioned-coniston-massacre/10162850</a>; Wilson & O'Brien, 2003, pp 59-78;\n\nBowman, 2015 <a  href=\"https://www.clc.org.au/every-hill-got-a-story/\">https://www.clc.org.au/every-hill-got-a-story/</a>; \nBradley, 2019, pp93-94, pp123-131;\nKimber 2003-04, part 10 <a href=\"https://alicespringsnews.com.au/2018/08/15/the-coniston-massacre-remembered/\">https://alicespringsnews.com.au/2018/08/15/the-coniston-massacre-remembered/</a>; \nMaking Peace with The Past <a href=\"https://digitalntl.nt.gov.au/10070/660392/0/4\">https://digitalntl.nt.gov.au/10070/660392/0/4</a>\nNorthern Standard 3 March, 1933 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48058883\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48058883</a>\nRobinson, 1945 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-410786254\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-410786254</a>;",
                "datestart": "1928-09-04",
                "dateend": "1928-09-13",
                "udatestart": -1304157600000,
                "udateend": -1303380000000,
                "latitude": "-21.741",
                "longitude": "133.669",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=709",
                "Source_ID": "709",
                "LanguageGroup": "Warlpiri, Anmatyere, Kaytetye",
                "Colony": "NT",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Barrow Creek",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Manager(s), Stockmen/Drover(s), Police, Pastoralist(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Late",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "Late",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c9",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15c9",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c9"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15c9",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15c9"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    133.544,
                    -20.968
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Coniston (3)",
                "description": "On 8 September, 1928, news emerged that William 'Nugget' Morton had been attacked by Aboriginal people and had barely survived. Nugget Morton was notorious among both colonists and Aboriginal people. He kept many women, and no Aboriginal men, as 'stockmen' at his homestead (Bradley, 2019, pp 86-88). Kimber records that 'His [Alex Wilson's] Halls Creek wife, an attractive young Aboriginal woman, was taken from him by Nugget who, when Alex protested, took up his stock-whip and whipped Alex so badly that he sliced open his back from shoulder to waist.' (Kimber, 2003-2004, Part Two). Having spoken to Nugget Morton in 1937, Strehlow recorded in his diary that, '\"Nugget\" was since employing as \"stockmen\" (he has no male abos working for him) one or two other little native girls, 9 or 10 years of age, whom he had raped. Another little girl he had given to his nephew \"Shrimp\", who was about 17 years of age' (Strehlow in Bradley, 2019, p 88).\n<br>\nPaddy Willis said: 'Well, Nugget Morton gathered up some women and took them to his camp, taking them from the old people. He used to take women... Well, the old people were worried about their women. They gathered together into a fighting group, before attacking Nugget Morton' (Paddy Willis in Bowen, 2015, p 92). \n<br>\nAccording to Nugget's account, the reason he survived the attack was that so many were attacking at once that they were in each other's way and none of them could land a blow. An exceptionally strong man, although injured he fought them off, shot one, and made his way to safety.\n<br>\nOn 16 September, another pastoralist, Tilmouth, had been droving 1500 bullocks between 2 soaks because of the drought and he too was attacked, and survived after shooting an Aboriginal man, Wangaridge (Kimber, 2003-2004, Part Ten and Bradley, 2019, p 114).\n<br>\nAfter Mounted Constable Murray returned to Alice Springs from his second clandestine expedition he spent some time at his own station at Barrow Creek, then with Murray, Morton, Wilson and a small Aboriginal boy, embarked on the 3rd Coniston massacre expedition (note that due to the obscurity of the 2nd expedition, some sources refer to the 3rd as the 2nd expedition) over 22 days from 24 September to 15 October.\n<br>\nIn an interview with Ernestine Hill, published in 1933, Mounted Constable Murray said that on this expedition he and Morton captured 3 boys and forced them to guide them: 'Morton and I rode out together secured three boys who were innocent and demanded that they guide us to the guilty group. For three days those boys fooled us, leading us miles to wurlies long abandoned and to dry soaks. They were young initiates and dare not disclose the secrets of the older men. During the night they actually burned their feet to raw blisters and pounded their toes to pulp so that they could not walk. We covered their feet with bags and made them go on - but to no purpose. At last I resorted to a ruse. Taking one of them out of sight, I fired twice into the dust. The other in quivering fright agreed at once to track the offenders' (Mounted Constable Murray in Northern Standard, 3 March 1955, p 5).\n<br>\nMorton and Murray's statements about what happened were so similar that Bradley (Bradley, 2019, p116) says they had colluded to agree what they would say. They admit to 3 incidents:\nFirst, at Tomahawk Waterhole, 40 or 50 miles north-west of Morton's main camp where 4 were shot. Second, they went back up the Lander to Boomerang Waterhole and to Circle Well and killed two people. Third, on the lower Hanson River Murray and Morton came upon 40 people and killed 8. This totals 14 people killed. There were no prisoners and there was no mention of wounded.\n<br>\nMounted Constable Murray's report on 19 Oct, said 'unfortunately a number of natives were killed' (Bradley, 2019, p120). Nugget Morton's attitude towards Aboriginal people is demonstrated in his own words: 'The police hadn't done their job half well enough for my liking; for the Government is always frightened of what the city folks will say when someone wants to teach these bush myalls a decent sort of a lesson... You might think thirty-four niggers to be a fair enough bag. Who knows? There might have been some more. But I'm not satisfied yet by a long way' (Morton to Strehlow in Bradley, 2019, p120).\n<br>\nAboriginal accounts of the 'killing times' include more sites than those reported by Murray and Morton. An account from Sonny Curtis Jappanangka, recorded in Bowman (2015, p 90) indicates that the third expedition pursued people beyond the Hanson as far as Kurundi Station: 'All the bad things had been happening at Jarra Jarra, Hanson River way, before I was born... They run away and some stopped at Greenwood [Station] and some kept going to Tennant Creek...  \nThe police and all, one lady, Kitty Napangardi, showed the police trackers where to go...\nDad was driving the packhorses and somewhere through, Kurundi Station, he was telling me, some of our people were cutting sugarbag by the side of the road, mind their own business hunting. My old man looked over and saw people, and told the woman, 'Don't tell them they are there.' But she did, she went up the front and told the police \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd and they shot the poor buggers. They were killing anybody, they weren't looking for people that did the damage over there. They were killing anyone, the government people were. Old people who lived along the Hanson Creek, they were happy, then after the shooting they scattered. But I tell you right now, today even, people are still living in the fear. They are not sure of white people, no trust for them still today...' (Sonny Curtis Jappanangka in Bowen, 2015, p 90).",
                "id": "te15ca",
                "source": "Bowman, 2015, p 90 <a  href=\"https://www.clc.org.au/every-hill-got-a-story/\">https://www.clc.org.au/every-hill-got-a-story/</a>; \nBradley, 2019, p121;\nKimber 2003-04, Part & Part 10 <a href=\"https://alicespringsnews.com.au/2018/08/15/the-coniston-massacre-remembered/\">https://alicespringsnews.com.au/2018/08/15/the-coniston-massacre-remembered/</a>; \nMaking Peace with The Past <a href=\"https://digitalntl.nt.gov.au/10070/660392/0/4\">https://digitalntl.nt.gov.au/10070/660392/0/4</a>\nNorthern Standard 3 March, 1933, p5 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48058883\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48058883</a>\nRobinson, 1945 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-410786254\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-410786254</a>;",
                "datestart": "1928-09-24",
                "dateend": "1928-10-15",
                "udatestart": -1302429600000,
                "udateend": -1300615200000,
                "latitude": "-20.968",
                "longitude": "133.544",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1045",
                "Source_ID": "1045",
                "LanguageGroup": "Warlpiri",
                "Colony": "NT",
                "StateOrTerritory": "NT",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Barrow Creek",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockmen/Drover(s), Police, Aboriginal Guide(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Jarra Jarra and other places",
                "War": "Central Desert",
                "Stage": "Late",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "Late",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15ca",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15ca",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15ca"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15ca",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15ca"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Central Desert War and Resistance (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    ],
    "display": {
        "popup": {
            "blockedFields": [
                "OBJECTID",
                "id",
                "title",
                "name",
                "udatestart",
                "udateend",
                "layer",
                "TLCMapLinkBack",
                "TLCMapDataset"
            ],
            "fieldLabels": {
                "placename": "Place Name",
                "StartDate": "Date Start",
                "EndDate": "Date End",
                "datestart": "Date Start",
                "dateend": "Date End",
                "latitude": "Latitude",
                "longitude": "Longitude",
                "state": "State",
                "lga": "LGA",
                "feature_term": "Feature Term",
                "source": "Source",
                "original_data_source": "Original Data Source",
                "linkback": "Link Back",
                "type": "Type",
                "description": "Description",
                "parish": "Parish",
                "warning": "Warning"
            }
        },
        "info": {
            "title": {
                "text": "Central Desert War and Resistance",
                "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2481"
            },
            "content": "<div class=\"warning-message\"><strong>Warning</strong><br><p>Contains descriptions of colonial violence. Historic sources may contain racist attitudes and language.</p></div><div><p>Kaytetye and Warumungu people tell the story of the overland telegraph, one of the focal points in this conflict: Satour, Kieran Mpetyane (director) <em>The Truth About the Telegraph</em> Garuwa, 2024<br><a href=\"https://garuwa.com/the-truth-about-the-telegraph\">https://garuwa.com/the-truth-about-the-telegraph</a></p>\r\n<p>Events in this conflict will be added as Australian Wars and Resistance research continues.</p></div><p><a href=\"https://docs.tlcmap.org//help/guides/guide/\" target=\"_blank\">Help</a></p>",
            "enableShareWidget": true
        }
    },
    "dataset_id": 2481
}