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    <name><![CDATA[Eumeralla War and Resistance]]></name>
    <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Listen</strong></p>
<p>Lovett-Gardiner, Iris&nbsp;<em>Chimney Flats </em>Victorian Collections, 2015&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tK1lRxlcv4&amp;t=147s" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tK1lRxlcv4&amp;t=147s</a></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>
<p>Events in this conflict will be added as Australian Wars and Resistance research continues.</p>
<p>At present this data combines massacre data generously shared from 2 projects:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Colonial Frontier Massacres, Australia, 1788 to 1930</em> <a href="https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/map.php" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/map.php</a> (This data includes massacres of 6 or more people only)</li>
<li><em>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</em> <a href="https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/4755c59ae93447a9b0acf9b2b0b265f6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/4755c59ae93447a9b0acf9b2b0b265f6</a>&nbsp;(This includes any recorded incident of conflict between colonists and Indigenous peoples, only within South Australia, with several incidents on the Victorian side of the border)</li>
</ul>
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      <name><![CDATA[Convincing Ground, Portland Bay]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[Some time between March 1833 and March 1834, north of Allestree, a group of whalers massacred Kilcarer gundidj people (Dhanwurd wurrung speakers) over claims to a beached whale. A journal entry of Edward Henty indicates that by 27 September 1835 this location had come to be known as 'Convincing Ground' (Peel, 2013).
<br>
Chief Protector GA Robinson first heard of the massacre in 1841 from settler Edward Henty during his first visit to Portland, along with two accounts of how the place got its name from Police Magistrate Blair and surveyor Tyers: 'He [Henty] said that some time ago, I suppose two or three years, a whale broke from her moorings and went on shore. And the boats went into get it off, when they were attack [sic] by the natives who drove them off. He said the men [whalers] were so enraged that they went to the head station for their firearms and then returned to the whale, when the natives again attack them. And the whalers then let fly, to use his expression, right and left upon the natives. He said the natives did not go away but got behind trees and threw spears and stones. They, however, did not much molest them after that. There is a spot on the north shore, where the big works are I think, which is called the "Convincing Ground" and I was informed that it got its name from some transactions with the natives of the kind just mentioned. So Mr Blair said. Mr Tyers however said it was because when the whites had any disputes they went on shore and there settled if by fighting. I however thing the former most feasibly, especially after what Mr Henty himself stated' (GA Robinson Journal 16 May 1841, in Clark 1998b, p 211).
<br>
The following day Robinson visited the Convincing Ground site and recorded the following observations: 'Now, the cause of this fight, if such an unequal contest can be so designated, firearms [are] certain death against spears, was occasioned by the whalers going to get the whalebone from the fish . . . which the natives considered theirs and which it had been so for 1000 of years previous, they of course resisted the aggression on the part of the white men. It was the first year of the fishery, and the whalers having used their guns beat them off and hence called the spot the Convincing Ground. That was because they [the whalers] convinced them [the natives] of their mistake and which, but for their firearms, they perhaps could not have done' (GA Robinson Journal 17 May 1841, in Clark 1998b, p 214).
<br>
Ten months later, on 23 March 1842, Robinson met 30 Aboriginal people from at least five clans in the region at Captain Alexander Campbell's station at Merri River near Port Fairy. Clark comments: 'Presumably these people informed him of the Convincing Ground massacre, for Robinson noted in his journal for that day that it was eight or nine years earlier that the collisions between the whalers and the Aborigines took place...The two survivors in 1841 were Pollikeunnuc and Yarereryarerer' (Clark 1995, p 19). In the official report to Superintendent La Trobe of his 1841 journey into Western Victoria, Robinson mentioned the massacre: 'Among the remarkable places on the coast, is the "Convincing Ground", originating in a severe conflict which took place a few years previous between the Aborigines and Whalers on which occasion a large number of the former were slain. The circumstances are that a whale had come on shore and the Natives who feed on the carcass claimed it was their own. The whalers said they would "convince them" and had recourse to firearms. On this spot a fishery is now established' (Robinson in Clark 1995, p 19).
<br>
In 2005, Michael Connor contested Clark's account of the massacre and the origins of the name 'Convincing Ground' (Connor 2005, pp140-155). He made three key claims: that Robinson first heard of the story of the massacre as 'an after-dinner story of violence which he then embroidered on' (Connor 2005, p140); that Robinson relied on second hand accounts and never interviewed any witnesses to the massacre; and that (following a comment by Major Mitchell) Aboriginal people cooperated with whalers rather than fought with them (Connor 2005 pp140-142) [note: a previous statement here that Connor claimed 'the name "Convincing Ground" was coined by Major Mitchell' has been removed].
<br>
Clark responded to the claims in 2011. He pointed out that Robinson was an experienced massacre investigator and cited as an example his extensive investigation of massacres in Tasmania (Clark 2011, p 85). Following Edward Henty's account of the Convincing Ground massacre, Robinson visited the site the next day and over the following months, sought further evidence from Aboriginal people and settlers, and then summarised his findings in the report to Superintendent La Trobe in 1842. Finally, Clark pointed out that the name 'Convincing Ground' was first used by Edward Henty in his diary in 1835, at least a year before Mitchell arrived at Portland Bay (Clark 2011, p 94). Clark concluded that the massacre probably took place in the whaling season between March 1833 and March 1834, that is, at least seven months before the Henty brothers arrived at Portland Bay (Clark 2011, pp 101-102).
<br>
In Major Mitchell's description of interactions between Aboriginal people and whalers they do not appear to be in amicable cooperation, but instead Aboriginal people avoided contact with whalers and sought only to manipulate them into beaching whales for their benefit: 'The natives never approach these whalers, nor had they ever shown themselves to the white people of Portland Bay but, as they have taken to eat the castaway whales, it is their custom to send up a column of smoke when a whale appears in the bay, and the fishers understand the signal. This affords an instance of the sagacity of the natives for they must have reflected that, by thus giving timely notice, a greater number will become competitors for the whale and that consequently there will be a better chance of the whale running ashore, in which case a share must fall finally to them' (Mitchell, 1839).
<br>
Clark summarised three stories of the origin of the place name, 'Convincing Ground': 'Blair's account that it related to a particular massacre; Tyers's account that it originated from the settlement of disputes between whalers; and JG Wiltshire's version connected with the explorer, Mitchell,' adding that, 'As we have seen, Wiltshire's version has been invalidated' (Clark, 1995 p 20).
<br>
Connor argues in favour of Tyers's account (Connor, 2005 p 140-156) showing that 'convincing ground' was a term for a place where 'prize or grudge fights are held' (Connor, 2005, p 142). He imagines an elaborate scenario of whalers rowing 6km back and forth to fight over a beached whale which they had little interest in. However, it is equally unreasonable to think that whalers would travel 6 kilometres from their anchorage to conduct a fight when they could easily fight where they were, where their boats were anchored. An 1845 map based on an 1840 survey made by Tyers and Masters in 1840 shows 4 huts in the location of Convincing Ground, though they are not labelled. They are probably very recent constructions as the whale fishery at Convincing Ground was not established until 1841 (Tyers & Masters, 1845). Whale boats were small, fast vessels equipped with both oars and sails. The whalers would have sailed, not rowed, and at 5 knots they could have gone to the head station at Portland and returned to Convincing Ground within two hours.
<br>
Mitchell's description shows that the heads of beached whales were economically valuable. An 1843 news article from Portland Bay shows that whalers were quick to seize any opportunity to capture whales that strayed too close to shore: 'Mr. Robertson, in charge of the Messrs. Henty's station at the Convincing ground, observed a whale, of the Hunchback species, which had, got inside a reef near the junction of the first river and was unable to extricate itself. Mr. Robertson, although there was no other person present, immediately dashed through the surf, up to the neck, and by means of a harpoon succeeded in despatching the monster' (The Colonial Observer, 4 March 1843, p 858).
<br>
This was not simply a beached whale or a 'castaway', but one which the whalers had done the hard and dangerous work of catching, for it had broken its mooring. It is reasonable to think that if driven off by Aboriginal people, and given the relationships between them were tense, that whalers would not give up the catch easily, even if only the head or bones were viable once on the beach.
<br>
For whalers a 'convincing ground' would be any location that a fight is carried out so it is less likely that the location was not so called as the designated location for all whalers to meet and fight. It is more likely that whalers applied it euphemistically to name this specific location where a fight occurred between whalers and Aboriginal people. Connor presents no evidence that whalers used this location for fights, and, among the earliest sources only provides Tyers' speculation on the reason for the name, while there is an earlier account from one of the first colonists in the region, Henty, that there was a conflict between Aboriginal people and whalers and both Robinson and Blair found it most credible that Convincing Ground was named for such a conflict. Although Henty, as recorded by Robinson, didn't use the place name in describing the conflict, Henty did use the place name in his journals.
<br>
Importantly, Connor ultimately doesn't conclude there was no fight between Aboriginal people and whalers as described in Henty's story. Connor's conclusions are only that the fight did not take place at Convincing Ground but was more likely at Double Corner, much closer to the Portland whaling settlement; that Convincing Ground was not named after the incident described by Henty (Connor, 2005, pp153 ��� 154), and that the story of a massacre at Convincing Ground has been embellished and exaggerated in subsequent accounts (Connor, 2005, pp 150-153).
<br>
While there has been much speculation around the origins of the name Convincing Ground, there seems no reason to doubt the earliest account given by Henty, recorded by Robinson, that it was named for this massacre.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15e0'>TLCMap</a></p>
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      <name><![CDATA[Murdering Flat]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[Sources are contradictory and confused about what happened on the Henty's Merino Downs run in 1838, but available information and context suggest it is more likely than not that a massacre known as 'Murdering Flat' occurred in response to the murder of a shepherd on the Henty's property.
<br>
The Henty family moved to the Portland Bay area after struggling to establish themselves at Swan River and King George Sound, and then in Van Diemen's Land. At Portland Bay in 1834 they were among the first Europeans (Labilliere, 1878) and in 1837 took up a large run further inland at Merino Downs (<i>Hamilton Spectator</i>, 29 November 1884 p2). Perhaps aware of the concerns of the reformist government in England when James Henty wrote to Governor Arthur in 1834 he included a memorial from Thomas Henty to Chief Secretary of State for the Colonies, which said, 'Four of his sons having had considerable experience in the management and treatment of the Natives at Swan River and King George's Sound; at which latter place they are better managed and under better control than in most others. A son of your Memorialist was living within three miles of the settlement at King George's Sound between one and five years, in the midst of whole tribes of aborigines totally unprotected and such was the good feeling kept up between them, that no instance of misconduct occurred among them; they were taught to labour for, and earn the food with which they were occasionally supplied' (Labilliere, 1878, ch1).
According to Francis (Frank) Henty, when they first moved to Merino Downs they established friendly relations with Aboriginal people: 'On first settling at Merino Downs you will naturally suppose that conflict would take place with the natives, but, fortunately for myself, I had personally less trouble than anyone. After the first few weeks they became friendly, and began to assemble at intervals, increasing their number until they reached several hundreds, having, apparently, collected all their, tribes around from the greatest distance they could manage, but how far a distance I was not likely to know' (<i>Hamilton Spectator</i>, 29 November 1884 p2).
Relations soon deteriorated: 'When out stations were formed they soon became familiar with the ways and loneliness of the shepherds, commenced thieving, and attacked the hut, where one shepherd, whose name was Heath, was cruelly murdered. Shortly afterwards another man was attacked in his hut near Merino. He, however, was prepared, and when the native entered the hut and laid hold of the gun with his left hand in the act of striking with the "lee angle" in the other, he got the contents of the gun through his chest...' (<i>Hamilton Spectator</i>, 29 November 1884 p2).
Frank Henty's statement that 'I am thankful to be able to say, gentlemen, that I was so fortunate as never to cause blood shed or injury to the natives in my life' (<i>Hamilton Spectator</i>, 29 November 1884 p2) implies that colonists in the area at the time were typically involved in killing or injuring Aboriginal people, and it was unusual that he had not personally killed or injured anyone.
<br>
In February 1839 Dr D.C. Collier wrote two letters to the Colonial Secretary about his experiences in Portland Bay suggesting a police force be sent there to catch runaway convicts and to protect Aboriginal people from whalers and the 'immense quantity of spiritous liquors being sold by Messrs Henty, the result of which is extremely calamitous. Hostilities commence and the pass word is "One must take the law in our own hands as the Government will give us no protection"' (HRV v.IIb, p628). In the second he reported, '...the late most awful and atrocious massacre committed upon the aboriginal native at Australia Felix by sheep and cattle herdsmen in the employ of Messrs Henty who have established themselves as whalers at Portland Bay and carrying on sheep grazing at Australia Felix... Owing to the many base acts committed by these stockmen towards the wives and daughters of these unhappy people... [Aboriginal people] murdered a hut-keeper who was guilty of the above mentioned infamy and also during his stay having shot a great number without motive, without reason, and without any cause, but that of being unable to take away their females... Upon the report of the murder of the hut-keeper being made to a Mr Edward Henty, he proceeds to Australia Felix, taking with him two armed men and all the powder and balls that could be found at their stores at the Bay. Upon their arrival Mr Henty issued his edict, armed, equipped, and ammunitioned to I believe the number of 14 men. They proceeded to take, as stated by them, their revenge and fell in the evening with a hut full. Upon their hearing the noise of some footsteps the Aborigines came out and an alarm was given the whole, and as they came out they were shot, and those stockmen that had no firearms were found with a pole at the end of which a one-half of a sheep shears was placed, and some of the unfortunate mothers, with infants in their arms, crying for mercy, were perforated through' (HRV v.IIb, p629).
<br>
In response to his letter Governor Gipps sent Captain Fyans with Mounted Police and a surveyor to investigate the allegation. Fyans and his group had a difficult journey and were watched and escaped spearing by Aboriginal people on the way to Portland (Fyans, 1986, p 225). In a letter to Colonial Secretary Thomson from Portland Fyans wrote, '... towards Port Fairy, the natives are numerous, and to all appearance in great agitation at our appearance, which to me fully proves of bad acts being committed on them' (Fyans, 1986, p 228).
<br>
In describing his investigation in his memoirs, Fyans wrote, 'The only Europeans in the country, Mr Henty and Mr Winter, these gentlemen had a difference regarding boundary lines, though not a living soul was to oppose their voracious wishes in taking and holding whatever they wished.' After two days at Merino Downs he added, 'Spending two days on this part of our mission, we left our friends, wishing them prosperity. Here again I was indebted to Mr Henty, who kindly provided us, restoring our commissariat' (p 229).
<br>
Collier's reputation was discredited by residents at Portland and by Fyans: 'Asking for the character and description of the Doctor, receiving the very worst possible, on the oath of many, I suspected that he was a downright imposter' (Fyans, 1986, p 229). Governor Gipps had also been suspicious of Collier's identity (HRV, vIIb, p 631).
<br>
While favouring the Henty's reputation over Collier's, who had gone to Van Diemen's Land at the time, and was not interviewed, Fyans does not state whether the massacre did or did not occur or whether the Hentys or their employees were involved.
<br>
Edward Henty made a sworn deposition on 11 June 1839 writing that, 'From my first arrival in 1834 to October 1838, we were on most friendly terms with the natives, with the exception of a disturbance in June 1838 at one of our out-stations. One native was shot by Joseph Bonsor, after receiving a severe blow with a waddy on the right temple... About the middle of October, my brother Mr John Henty sent in from the station, about 55 miles from this, stating that William Heath, shepherd, had been barbarously murdered by seven natives. I proceeded out with two men, armed.' At the scene they found the deceased shepherd. 'On the following day I proceeded with a party of five. We were armed. About 10 miles we came up with a number of women and four men... They informed us that the natives who committed the murder were about six miles ahead of us. We went on but did not find them. We returned home, since which time, I believe, it has never given any of my family the slightest consideration, and at the present time we are on the best of terms with the different tribes in this place.' Edward Henty further said his employees were free men from Van Diemen's Land, and that spirits were not provided to them and that he had little trouble with them (HRV vIIB, pp 631-632).
<br>
Trevor and Samuel Winter, on the Henty's neighbouring run, said in their sworn depositions that Charles Corrigan had shot a 15 or 16 year old Aboriginal boy in November. In October one of the Winter's men had been speared and '... a disturbance had taken place with the natives... The natives informed Mr Henty's people that two of their tribe had been killed. I made inquiry into the affair and could come to no conclusion... The reason of the natives calling at my place and the disturbance originated in a quarrel with Mr Henty's men. I have never heard of my natives being burnt, or that any considerable number have been killed' (HRV vIIb, p 635). He added that in other incidents overlanders led by Captain Hart had armed themselves to drive Aboriginal people out of the river and that William Jefry had been speared (HRV vIIb, p 635). The spearing of Jefry occurred in October during a stock raid involving 300 to 400 Aboriginal people: 'During my master's absence in October, from 300 to 400 natives came on the sheep... I went on the hill with Elliott and Corrigan to keep the natives off. They flung spears at us. I was speared through the shoulder and back' (HRV vIIb, p 637).
<br>
Based on the reputation of Collier, and these reports, Cannon says that 'Unless perjury on a grand scale took place, it appears that Dr Collier's allegations were grossly exaggerated versions of other incidents' (HRV vIIb, p 627). While Collier uses sensationalised language, it is reasonable to think that 'perjury on a grand scale' would occur in these circumstances. The region was almost exclusively populated by whalers who were notorious for abducting women and whalers were involved in the Convincing Ground massacre in 1833; by former convicts and runaway convicts who had a culture of not informing to police, and; by squatters in open defiance of the government who were desperate to succeed. Many of these people had come from Van Diemen's Land immediately following the 'Black War' and conflict had already broken out to the east on the overland from Sydney to Melbourne. Colonists in this area were typically complicit in violence against Aboriginal people. The Myall Creek massacres and executions had recently taken place so colonists expected to hang if they confessed to massacring Aboriginal people. The one killing of an Aboriginal person that Edward Henty admitted to was committed by Joseph Bonsor, who had already died in an unrelated accident (HRV vIIb, p 632). In this situation, an isolated complicit outlaw community stonewalling and dodging a visiting police investigator is to be expected and it would be strange if perjury on a grand scale did not occur (HRV vIIb p 632). Fyans wrote, '...in fact every fellow appears the master, and no doubt numerous bad and improper acts have been committed and hid from us. I have spoken to many of the men about here, almost without receiving a civil reply' (HRV vI, p253).
<br>
Most people in Australia at that time had dubious backgrounds, particularly in the unsanctioned frontier settlement at Portland, so it is highly unlikely a massacre could be reported by anyone other than someone with a dubious reputation. Collier was not interviewed and had no opportunity to defend his reputation or allegations. Whatever his background, in this social milieu, Dr Collier would not have made accusations lightly for fear of reprisal, and it is not surprising that he fled to Van Diemen's Land.
<br>
Fyans's account must also be read with caution. After a long and arduous journey, Fyans was treated with great hospitality by the wealthy Henty family and his party's supplies generously replenished, "There was nothing to be procured in the place, this worthy gentleman [Mr Henty] affording us every needful requisite' (Fyans, 1986, p 227). Fyans and the Henty family went on to become successful and respected members of colonial society. The Henty family was particularly wealthy and powerful by the time Fyans wrote his memoirs. On a separate occasion Fyans praised colonists, who had killed four Aboriginal people during a sheep raid at the Leigh River: 'I saw some four natives that had been shot dead. I investigated the affray, and gave much credit to the men for their good conduct' (Bride, 1898, p 115).
<br>
Fyans read Henty's journals and did not find any evidence in them that the Hentys were involved in a massacre: 'I have taken some depositions here and I have also read over carefully Mr Henty's Journal of all acts committed since 1934 to the present time' (p 255 HRV Ia). Edward Henty's journal notes nothing suggesting the massacre in October 1838 (Peel, 2013). At first glance it appears that in October 1838 Edward Henty might have been occupied with farm business every day except Sundays. However, Edward Henty later stated in his deposition in 1838 that he and a group of armed men had ridden out after William Heath had been killed. The journal makes no reference to the killing of William Heath. Edward Henty's deposition also mentions that Joseph Bonsor had shot an Aboriginal person in June 1838, and later shot himself by accident but the only mention of Bonsor in Edward's journal of 1838 is a list of supplies he was equipped with and that he took down a cooperage. Winter's deposition mentions killings related to Captain Hart's overlanding expedition to Adelaide but again, the only mention of Captain Hart in the journal relates to his arrival, departure and inventories. That Fyans read the Henty's journals and found nothing to incriminate them tells us nothing as the journals are concerned with routine farm business and arrivals and departures, and exclude noteworthy and violent incidents, even the deaths of their own shepherds that they detail elsewhere.
Although favouring Henty, Bassett acknowledges that although many of Fyans's reports of his expedition remain, Fyans's full report, which was to be made when he returned to Geelong, 'has not been found' (Bassett p 447). Bassett also suggests that 'the fact that official appointments were given not long after to both Edward and Stephen Henty is conclusive proof that Governor Gipps - no friend to squatters - was fully satisfied that Collier's sensational charges, so far as the Hentys were concerned, were false' (Bassett, p 447). Aside from the Myall Creek massacre no colonist was ever convicted of a massacre. Another possibility is that Gipps was artfully navigating the conflicting demands of the British Government in London and the realities of the frontier, including the threats of powerful squatters and the wealth they generated. The phrase 'so far as the Hentys were concerned' allows for a massacre having occurred on their property or by their staff, without their direct involvement in the killing.
<br>
That at least one of the Henty family was in favour of exterminating Aboriginal people in the region is revealed in Robinson's journals, several years after the event. In his journal entry of 20 May 1841 Robinson wrote that he encountered Mr Henty and Police Magistrate Blair, some time after the murder of Morton and that, 'They were under great excitement - thought the natives of this tribe should be exterminated... He, Blair, said he knew what he would do if he was governor. He would send down soldiers and if they did not deliver up the murderer he would shoot the whole tribe. I said it would not perhaps be so easy. Mr Henty said there would be no difficulty on the Glenelg as they had only the river to fly too [sic] and they could soon ferrit [sic] them out from among the rocks' (Clark, 1998b, p 222). That Henty not only agreed but had practical advice on how extermination could be carried out suggests that one of the Hentys could have been involved, or at least condoned, the earlier massacre at Murdering Flat.
<br>
A writer calling themself 'Vagabond', in a brief history of the region in 1885, wrote that, 'The handful of settlers then had to take the law into their own hands, and exacted summary retribution, which served as a warning for the future. "The Fighting Waterholes" was the name first given to the battle scene, but to the present generation it is known as "Murdering Flat." The blacks have all gone now...' (The Argus, 25 April 1885, p 4)
<br>
'Vagabond' conflated Murdering Flat with another massacre, Fighting Waterholes. This contributes to confusion in later accounts, though at the time, it was corrected by Francis Henty: 'The conflict alluded to, of which I necessarily heard soon after its occurrence, was, as "The Vagabond" rightly says, at the "Fighting Waterholes;" but these are at least eight or ten miles from the junction of Bryant's Creek with the Wannon, being situated to the north or north west of the Koonongwootoong station, taken up by and at that time in the occupation of the Messrs. White Brothers' and adds that 'The plain mentioned derived its name of the "Murdering Flat" from the fact that one of the first shepherds I had with me was cruelly murdered there, doubtless by the natives, though his death was not avenged in the manner described; neither am I aware that any conflict ever took place on the flat, which lies on the south side of the Wannon, at its junction with Bryant's Creek. I would reiterate what I have already stated in public - that I never fired a shot at, or injured an aboriginal, in my life' (The Argus, 16 May 1885).
<br>
Francis is again specific in stating only that he himself had never killed anyone. Aside from the Convincing Ground massacre 5 years earlier, the massacre at Murdering Flat would be the first inland massacre in a period of fighting commonly known as the 'Eumeralla Wars', one of the most intense concentrations of massacres in Australia. The events at Murdering Flat were followed by a dramatic escalation in violence, including the attack of a war party of hundreds of Aboriginal warriors at the Winters' property. There were five massacres in the immediate vicinity of Merino Downs in 1840, including 'Fighting Waterholes'.
<br>
Statements suggesting that the Hentys were uniquely on peaceful terms with Aboriginal people are contradicted, sometimes in their own words. In 1842 Fyans listed 19 pastoralists who had lost stock in raids, among them the Hentys. As well as the killing of their shepherd, S.G. Henty recalled, contradicting his brother Edward, that there was hostile resistance from their first arrival at Merino Downs to the extent they had difficulty retaining staff: '1837. It was not until the 3rd of August in this year that we succeeded in driving our first flock on to the Merino Downs Station a day that will be memorable in the recollection of the family of the writer as the natal day of his first-born son, Richmond. The remainder of our stock was sent up as fast as possible, with which we occupied the stations known as Muntham, Connell's run, and Sandford. At this time we had very great difficulty in retaining the services of any men, owing to the hostile disposition of the natives, to which many of our men's lives were sacrificed' (Bride, 1898, p263). While Francis Henty may not have been involved in the violence it is unreasonable to think that Aboriginal people singled out the Henty property for diplomatic immunity or that, having failed elsewhere and with no other recourse, that, under duress, the Hentys or their employees took no action to preserve their run, particularly when shepherds and flocks were attacked or killed.
<br>
In 1964 or 1965 local historian, E.R. Trangmar published a short talk he says was based on 10 books, 5 diaries and interviews with local residents descended from pioneers. Unfortunately, he didn't indicate which source he obtained specific details from. In it he distinguishes 5 massacres in the immediate area and provides clarifying information to avoid confusion between two incidents referred to as 'Murdering Flat' (Trangmar, 1964, p 5). According to Trangmar, 'Murdering Flat' was previously 'Clover Flat' and a cannon was used in the massacre (this is the 'Murdering Flat' discussed here). He doesn't name Henty or give a date. The other 'Murdering Flat' was a poisoning between Sandford Bridge at the junction of the Glenelg and Wannon Rivers. This second 'Murdering Flat' is about 10km west of Clover Flat (see Connell's Ford). These are both distinct from 'Fighting Waterholes', comprised of two massacres (see 'Fighting Hills' and 'Fighting Waterholes'), which 'Vagabond' had conflated with 'Murdering Flat'. Another was a poisoning at Wootong Vale. In Trangmar's account of Murdering Flat he wrote, 'While the blacks were holding a corroboree and feasting on some freshly killed stock they were fired upon by the settlers, using an old cannon loaded with bolts, nails, gravel and stones with telling effec.' (Trangmar, 1964, p 5)
<br>
Although Trangmar carefully distinguishes these massacres, it's not clear if the claim a cannon was used results from confusion. Colliers said that Edward Henty brought 'two armed men and all the powder and balls that could be found at their stores at the Bay' (HRV vIIb, p629) and it seems strange he would not have mentioned a cannon. However, it is possible a small, portable, cannon was readily available as Edward Henty was involved with whaling and many ships of the time were equipped with small cannon or 'swivel guns'. Edward Henty admitted that when he heard of the murder of two shepherds, he 'proceeded out with two men, armed' (HRV vIIB, pp 631-632). Historian Critchett wrote that the Hentys' neighbours, the Winters and the Wedges, both had swivel guns at their properties (Critchett, 1992). The Wedges took up a run at land previously occupied by the Hentys (Bride, 1898, p 162). It is reasonable to think the Hentys as whalers and farmers, had a swivel gun at their property, just as their neighbours did. Like Edward Henty, Chas Wedge wrote that 'Up to this time [1839] we had but little trouble with the aborigines' and added that, 'but they now began to attack our shepherds, whom they drove from their flocks'. He also mentions the overlanding to Adelaide such as the expedition mentioned in Winter's deposition during Fyan's investigation in 1839 (Bride, 1898, p 162). This suggests that amidst the escalating violence of late 1838 and 1839 a major event, beyond 'payback' killing of individuals, most likely the Murdering Flat massacre, triggered a large-scale resistance, involving war parties of hundreds of warriors raiding and killing colonists and thousands of livestock and the numerous massacres of the Eumeralla Wars.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15e1'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Mt Emu Creek]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[This massacre was organised in retaliation for the killing of some sheep by two Aborigines on what is now Glenormiston station, near Lake Terang, managed by Frederick Taylor. Ian D. Clark has written about this incident at great length: 'Having heard of the encampment' of between 45 and 52 Aboriginal men, women and children from three different clans in the gully on Mt Emu Creek, Frederick 'Taylor and two associates, James Hamilton and Broomfield, headed a party of shepherds with the intention of attacking them... As they approached the gully on horseback, the party formed an extended line with Taylor in the centre. They found the Aboriginal people asleep [suggesting that this was a dawn raid] and advanced shouting and immediately fired upon them, killing the whole group except 12 people. They afterwards threw the bodies in a neighbouring waterhole. One of the survivors was Woreguimoni, a Gulidjan, who had hidden in the long grass.' Another survivor, Karn (also known as 'Mr Anderson'), 'returned after [the killers] had left the scene and began to remove the bodies from the waterhole, placing them on the ground four deep, head by head. In the course of this, he was discovered by some of the Europeans, who took him and his wife and child... to Taylor's home station, where he and his family were given provisions so that they would stay nearby, and away from the waterhole.' They then sent a cart to the waterhole 'and the bodies [were] brought up to the home station, where they were conveyed to some other waterholes and thrown in... Two further survivors of the massacre, Bareetch Cuurneen - alias Queen Fanny, the "chiefess" of the clan - and a child, were pursued to Wuurna Weewheetch... a point of land on the west side of Lake Bullen Merri. With the child on her back she swam across to a spot called Karm karm, below present day Wuurong homestead, and escaped.' (Clark ID 1995, pp 105-118)
<br>
According to Clark, in another account of this massacre, another survivor, Wangegamon, a Djargurd wurrung man, saw his wife and child killed. 'After the bodies were thrown in the creek, the water was stained with blood. Grieving, he remained near the gully for two days... two days after the massacre two men named Anderson and Watson... asked Taylor why he had killed so many women and children. Anderson [Karn], Charles Courtney, James Ranslie and James Hamilton subsequently made some fires and burned the bodies. Two days after the cremation, Taylor, Watson and Karn returned with a sack and removed all the bones that had not been consumed by the fires' (Clark, 1995, pp 107-108). 
<br>
Taylor disappeared after this incident and apparently went to India but later returned to manage a station in Gippsland. He was replaced by a man named Symonds who took Assistant Protector Charles Sievwright to the scene of the crime in January 1840. Sievwright also interviewed one of the Aboriginal survivors, Tainneague, and decided that between 20 and 30 Aboriginal people had been killed in this incident while Edward Williamson, overseer at the Buntingdale mission, believed that the number was 35. GA Robinson was convinced that an entire tribe had been eradicated. Squatter Niel Black bought this run in late 1840 because it was already "cleared out" (see Kiddle, 1961, p 122).  Some of the Aboriginal survivors sought sanctuary at the Wesleyan Mission at Buntingdale and it is largely through the efforts of missionaries like the Reverend Benjamin Hurst and Francis Tuckfield, as well as Assistant Protector Charles Sievwright and Chief Protector GA Robinson, that so much is known about this massacre. The next owner of Glenormiston station, Niel Black, mentioned the massacre in a letter to TS Gladstone, September 9, 1840. Mary Shaw wrote about the massacre in her book 'Mt Emu Creek' (Shaw, 1969, p 27; Clark, 1995, pp 105-118).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15e2'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Wootong Vale]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[In a published talk presented in 1964 or 1965 historian E.R. Trangmar distinguished 5 massacres in Western Victoria. One of them is a brief mention of a poisoning with arsenic at Wooton Vale: 'Another case of murder occurred at Wootong Vale. The blacks asked for flour; they were given it but it was poisoned with arsenic. Seventeen died there.' (Trangmar, 1964, p 5) Though he doesn't cite the specific source for his statements, his list of sources for the presentation includes 8 published books, 5 diaries, and local residents descended from early colonists (Trangmar, 1964, p 1). He provides no date, so the year 1840 is estimated from it's being mentioned along with, and being close to, other massacres that occurred in 1840.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15e3'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Tahara Station]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[Following an Aboriginal attack on shepherds and carrying off some sheep at George Winter's station in late 1840, a reprisal party killed at least five Aborigines. On 12 January 1841, the Reverend Joseph Orton made the following entry in his diary: 'The alleged cause of the attack was the aggressions of the natives. The attack of the Europeans was equally atrocious and unjustifiable, the result of which was that according to the depositions at least five natives were killed. This occurrence was on a station of Winter's who appears to have taken active part in the performance' (Orton Papers 1840-1842, 12 January 1841, ML A1715 ).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15e4'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Fighting Hills]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[According to Jan Critchett (1990, p 127) and Ian Clark (1995, p 145),  in February 1840, the five Whyte brothers occupied  Koonongwootong station on Koroit Creek, 6.5 kilometres north of present day Coleraine.  On 8 March they gathered a party of nine men armed with double-barrelled guns, comprising the five Whyte brothers on horseback and four convict shepherds on foot, including Daniel Turner, William Gillespie and Benjamin Turner, and 'hunted down' the Aborigines in the area, killing at least 40 of them on the grounds that some 'had made off with 127 sheep'. According to Clark (1995, p 145) 'The massacre took place at the Hummocks,���a unique rocky outcrop dissected by a narrow gorge of the Wando River and became known as Fighting Hills'. 
Assistant Protector Sievwright was 9.5 kilometres from the scene and quickly heard about the massacre from Aboriginal survivors who told him that 41 of their clan had been killed (Orton Papers, 12 January 1841). According to Clark, realising that the massacre could not be covered up, John Whyte, the youngest of the five brothers, decided to ride to Melbourne and make a personal report to Superintendent La Trobe (Clark, 1995, pp 145, 147). En route, on 23 March, he called in at Glenormiston Station near Terang and told squatter Niel Black his version of the events. According to Black, Whyte said that 25 Aborigines had been killed (Journal of Niel Black 1840 in Clark 1995, pp147-148).
In April 1840, 'the sole Aboriginal survivor of the massacre, Long Yarra or "Lanky Bill", was killed by George MacNamara, one of Francis Henty's hut keepers at Merino Downs' (Clark, 1995, p 146).
When Sievwright, arrived at the Whytes' station in May 1840 to take depositions from the attackers, according to missionary Joseph Orton, he was surprised to find that the Whyte brothers and their shepherds freely admitted what had happened and that there was little variation in their accounts of the slaughter, except in their estimates of the number killed ��� between 30 and 80 (Orton Papers 12 January 1841, ML A 1715).
In June 1841, the Reverend Joseph Orton  examined the depositions of the Whyte brothers and summarised the course of events. He said that the men  stayed up late the night before, preparing cartridges for their double-barrelled guns and ' [e]arly the next morning they followed the tracks of the sheep to some low hills covered with tea-tree about ten kilometres away. They tied up their horses, and crept slowly into the trees. Hearing Aboriginal voices, they crawled up to the edge of the clearing on the edge of the creek, where a meal of mutton was being prepared by a large group of [Bungandtji speakers].  As the white men moved to surround the camp, they were spotted. The women and children fled as the men rushed to grab their weapons. A spear was thrown and the men started firing. Daniel Turner was speared through the thigh, and one of the Whytes received an accidental gun-shot wound on the cheek, prompting the other gunmen to become "savage to desperation"'. According to the Whyte brothers' statements, the [Bunganditji ]  tried valiantly to withstand the onslaught, one of them being shot nine times before he finally fell. Dozens more spears were thrown in what the Whyte brothers later described as lasting more than an hour, but none hit their targets' (Reverend Joseph Orton, 12 January 1841, ML A1715). 
In Melbourne, the Crown Prosecutor, James Croke, after examining the depositions of Daniel Turner, William Gillespie and Benjamin Wardle, considered that the Aborigines appeared to have been the aggressors in originally stealing the sheep and that William Whyte had killed two Aborigines only after a spear was thrown at him and John Whyte 'stated that no less than 200 spears were thrown and not less than 30 Aborigines were killed' (Whyte cited in Clark 1995, p. 149). Croke concluded that he could not accept the perpetrators' depositions on the grounds that they were self-incriminating and that in the absence of independent witnesses, he could not charge the men with anything (Croke cited in Clark 1995, p 149). 
In 1853,  squatter George Robertson, who moved into the area three days after the massacre, stated that 51 Aborigines were killed. 'They watched an opportunity, and cut off 50 sheep from Whyte Brothers' flocks, which were soon missed, and the natives followed; they had taken shelter in an open plain with a long clump of tea-tree, which the Whyte Brothers' party, seven in number, surrounded, and shot them all but one. Fifty one men were killed, and the bones of the men and sheep lay mingled together bleaching in the sun at the Fighting Hills.' (Robertson to La Trobe, 26 September 1853 in Bride, 1893, pp 30 - 31)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15e5'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Fighting Waterholes]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[As reported in Clark (1995, 152), after the massacre at Fighting Hills on 8 March 1840, the Aborigines returned to the Whyte Brothers' Konongwootong station a month later, and stole 'a number of sheep'. After unsuccessfully searching for a trail, 'to teach the Aborigines a lesson', the Whyte brothers and their stockmen separated���The Whytes rode to the nearest station to 'drown their disappointment' and the station hands, including Henry Skilton, William Fox, and two others, Henry and Bassett, 'returned to the home station. En route they passed the waterholes at which were camped some old men, women and children. They shot the entire camp' (Clark 1995, p 153).
<br>
William Moodie settled in the region in 1853, not long after the massacre, and wrote in his memoirs, 
'So far I have said very little about the blacks at Wando Vale. A few years before we went there they had received severe punishment and so had deserted that part of the country for a time. Reprisals were made after depredations committed at Konong Wootong and were carried out by a party organised by the Whyte brothers, first at the Fighting Waterholes and then by following the poor frightened creatures to the big ti-scrub in the Wando just below the station. A blackfellow told me about it years afterwards in his own way, "Blackfellow all runem along a scrub in creek, lubra look up 
scrub, white fellow shoot her down. Two hundred fine fat lubra shot". The number may not be reliable, as 
Jimmy when telling me, only held up his hands two or three times. Any way it was a rather inglorious victory for the Whyte brother's valiant army' (Moodie in Palmer, 1873, p 72).
<br>
According to local historian ER Trangmar, 'The place where Coleraine's water supply comes from used to be known as the "Fighting Waterholes." 
There a pitched battle was to have taken place between the angry mounted stockowners, the station hands, and 
the blacks. Naturally the weapons of the whites would take heavy toll, so the blacks quickly dispersed by slipping through the cordon of mounted men. When the whites reached their objective there was not a blackfellow there. 
The squatters rode to the nearest homestead and the men told to go 
home. The station hands came across camp of the old men, picanninies and 
women. They shot the lot. There was a great outcry at the time but no 
legal action was taken. The squatters sacked the men. 
After the massacre at the "Fighting Waterholes" the survivors asked to be 
allowed to leave the district of Konongwootong and Coleraine; the name 
of the tribe was Tarer-bur-er and their last chief was named Cart-ware-rer-coot. They went to "Murndal" and 
joined the Wanedeets on the Wannon 
river; They stayed there until they died out or went to the Condah Mission Station.' (Trangmar, 1956, p 8).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15e6'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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          <value><![CDATA[**]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[Eumeralla]]></value>
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        <coordinates>142.337,-37.876</coordinates>
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      <name><![CDATA[Mustons Station]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[According to Ian Clark, 'In either April or May 1840, Mustons station near Mount Rouse, and leased by Peter Aylward and Augustine Barton', was alleged to have been 'attacked' by 300 Aboriginal people who took a number of Aylward's sheep to the other side of the Serra Range. 'In June, Aylward took his revenge in an act of reprisal in which seven Aborigines were killed and many others wounded' (Clark 1995, p. 66). RW Knowles, Robert Martin's overseer at Mount Sturgeon station, was a perpetrator in the massacre as was Robert Tulloh from nearby Bochara Station at the junction of the Wannon River and Grangeburn Creek.  On 27 June 1841, Tulloh told Chief Protector GA Robinson that he was one of eight horsemen in the party (Robinson cited in Clark 1998b, p. 284). The group not only included Aylward and Knowles, but also stockman George Robinson.
Historian Jan Critchett (1990) examined the depositions each of the men gave on different days on different properties to produce this account: '[They] came across a large party of Aborigines... Aylward estimated the Aborigines to number nearly 300, Knowles [or Knolles] more than 150, Tulloh about 500... The Europeans, on horseback, fired on them and then retreated... As soon as the three men had reloaded their guns, they charged again with the Aborigines fleeing before them. The "engagement" lasted a quarter of an hour' (p. 124). Aylward reported that 'there must have been a great many wounded, and several killed ... saw two or three dead bodies'. Knowles reported: 'Some of the Natives must have been wounded, but I saw none dead' (Aylward and Knowles cited in Critchett, 1990, pp. 124-5).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15e7'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Mount Rouse]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[On 19 May 1840, overseer Patrick Codd was killed at Mount Rouse Station by five Aborigines of the Kolorer gundidj clan [Djab wurrung or Gai wurrung speakers], allegedly led by Taigara, also known as 'Roger the Russian', in retaliation for the murder of the Aboriginal warrior, Tuurap warneen. Taigara was later convicted and hanged for Codd's murder (Critchett, 1990, p 160) although Superintendent La Trobe was not convinced of his guilt on the grounds that there were no white witnesses at the murder (La Trobe to Gipps, 26 July 1842, cited in Shaw 1989, p 150).  Codd was overseer and bookkeeper for the Wedge Brothers at the Grange, Strathkellar, just above present day Hamilton. Five days before his death, Codd had 'gone across' to Mount Rouse station 'to superintend the stock there during the projected absence of the overseer, James M Brock' (Clark, 1995, p 62). Charles Wedge wrote to his father JH Wedge in England about what happened after the Aborigines had killed Codd: 'On the following day or soon after Codd met his death, the squatters in the neighbourhood went in pursuit of the natives; but, owing to the wetness of the season, they did not succeed in revenging themselves so far as they intended; however, I believe three or four suffered.... They [the squatters] are determined (as they pay for protection and receive none) to exterminate this hostile tribe, without such protection is given them as will enable them to live in comparative security' (Charles Wedge to JH Wedge, Enclosure in Russell to Gipps, 20 February 1841, HRA, I, xxi, p 242). On 29 April 1841, GA Robinson was told by Captain Campbell, storekeeper at Port Fairy, 'that in revenge for Codd's death, 20 had been taken' (Robinson's journal 29 April 1841, cited in Clark, 1998b, p 161).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15e8'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Victoria Valley]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[Following an earlier massacre in the Grampians (see the 'Grampians' massacre), on 28 August 1840 'the Aborigines drove off nearly 1,300 of Wedge's sheep in the care of Colin Isaacs' (Clark, 1995, p 157). A 'hunting party', comprising Charles and Henry Wedge, Joseph Read, Thomas Grant, William Marsh, John Cox and R.W. Knowles, recovered the sheep in the present day Victoria Valley and then killed 13 Aborigines (Orton Papers 12 January 1841, Orton Papers 1840-1842, ML A1715). When Assistant Protector Charles Sievwright took depositions from the killers and presented them to James Croke, the Crown Prosecutor, Croke 'formed the opinion that the Aborigines had perpetrated the "outrages" and ought to be punished. He considered the killings were in self-defence.' (Croke cited in Clark, 1995, p 157). 
<br>
In a letter to Governor Latrobe, Charles Wedge wrote,
"I, with my brothers, removed our stock to the country at the foot of the Grampians, now known as the Grange, on the creeks forming the river Wannon in the Australia Felix of Major Sir Thomas Mitchell... Up to this time we had but little trouble with the aborigines, but they now began to attack our shepherds, whom they drove from their flocks, which they took into the mountains known as the Victoria Range, where they disposed of many hundreds of them by killing, maiming by breaking three of their legs, and otherwise mutilating them in a cruel manner to prevent their escape, and resisting (their numbers giving them confidence) recovery. At this time they also killed a valuable horse and cow belonging to me, and drove away the whole of my milking cattle and working bullocks, some of which returned with spears in them ; and these depredations did not cease till many lives were sacrificed, and, I may say, many thousands of sheep destroyed." (Bride, 1899, p 163)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15e9'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Grampians]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA['On 12 August 1840, a further ten Aborigines were shot by Wedge and his brothers near the Grampians.' (Reece 1974, p 22, cited in Clark, p 157). In a list of killings of Aboriginal people, in the entry for 'Collisions with Messrs. Wedge' which records 10 deaths, Reece notes 'Depends partly on statements of Aborigines' (p222, Reece, 1974). This is a copy of 'Return of Aboriginal Natives killed by the Whites in the District of Port Phillip, distinguishing the numbers East and West of the River Hopkins' (V&P, 1844, 718). 
In a letter to Governor Latrobe, Charles Wedge wrote,
"I, with my brothers, removed our stock to the country at the foot of the Grampians, now known as the Grange, on the creeks forming the river Wannon in the Australia Felix of Major Sir Thomas Mitchell... Up to this time we had but little trouble with the aborigines, but they now began to attack our shepherds, whom they drove from their flocks, which they took into the mountains known as the Victoria Range, where they disposed of many hundreds of them by killing, maiming by breaking three of their legs, and otherwise mutilating them in a cruel manner to prevent their escape, and resisting (their numbers giving them confidence) recovery. At this time they also killed a valuable horse and cow belonging to me, and drove away the whole of my milking cattle and working bullocks, some of which returned with spears in them ; and these depredations did not cease till many lives were sacrificed, and, I may say, many thousands of sheep destroyed." (Bride, 1899, p 163)
See also the 'Victoria Valley' massacre.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15ea'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Connell's Ford]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[In November 1840, squatter Augustine Barton reported to Superintendent La Trobe that earlier that month, Thomas Connell, a hut keeper at the Henty Brothers' station at the junction of the Wannon and Glenelg Rivers, had fed damper laced with arsenic to 15 or 17 Bunganditj [Nundadjali or Wulluwwurrung] Aborigines, and that many of them had died. Barton said that the Aborigines had told him that 'Connell had divided the damper among the Aborigines who were visiting the station and that soon afterwards, the blacks were seized with violent pains in the stomach accompanied by retching' before they died (Enclosure in La Trobe to Robinson 27 November 1840, GA  Robinson Papers, Vol. 54). When news of the poisoning reached La Trobe in Melbourne, the Hentys sent Connell to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). On 3 June 1841, Chief Protector GA Robinson called in at nearby Tahara station and the lessee, George Winter, gave him the names of seven Aboriginal people said to have died from poison administered by one of Henty's employees (Robinson cited in Clark, 1998b, p 250).
In 1960, ER Trangmar, in his book, The Aborigines of Far Western Victoria, constructed a detailed account of the incident: 'A man named Connell, an outside overseer, was employed by the Henty brothers. He had a hut on the hill above the ford named after him. He got his rations delivered by dray once a month from the homestead. The blacks used to wait until he was out on the run and then rob his hut, particularly stealing his flour, which they learned how to use. Connell got very annoyed with the constant raiding so he mixed arsenic with half the flour and hid the other half. When he came home in the evening he found the poisoned flour had gone and blacks were dead by the dozen. They had mixed the flour on pieces of bark and partly cooked it in little cakes on the coals and had ravenously eaten it. A raging thirst was created, the natives went to the river to drink and tumbled head first into the stream, they were thus drowned as well as poisoned. It is stated that no graves were made, the bodies were put into the river. Connell hurriedly left the district and was never heard of again in these parts' (p 5).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15eb'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <Point>
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      <name><![CDATA[Burrumbeep Station]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[In July 1841, Chief Protector GA Robinson, on a tour of the Western District, heard that in November 1840, the hutkeeper employed by Horatio Spencer Wills, lessee of Lexington, La Rose and Moekpilly Stations, was killed by three Aboriginal men in revenge for killing a Wurrung or Jardwadjali [Pirtpirtwurrung speakers?] Aboriginal man and an Aboriginal woman. Wills, William Kirk, lessee at Burrumbeep station, and the overseer, Andrew Rutter, then attacked the Aboriginal camp and 'shot two women who had infants... the latter were left without milk' (Robinson, 29 July, 1841, cited in Clark, 1998b, p 336). At about the same time, Wills, AT Thompson, Capt. RH Bunbury and Capt. R Briggs, the lessees of other nearby stations, shot another three Aboriginal men and two women. Another report by Assistant Protector ES Parker suggests that a further three Aboriginal men were also shot by three other employees at Kirk's station. In all ten Aboriginal people were killed by squatters in this region at this time. It is possible that all three incidents were part of the same killing spree to disperse Aboriginal people from the station (Clark, 1995, pp 73, 77).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15ec'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Woodlands]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[John Francis, manager of WJT Clarke's run at Woodlands (around present day Crowlands), 'is said to have shot six or seven Aborigines there in June or July 1841; Clarke later wrote that the Aborigines had been "defiant" and had killed numbers of his sheep, "destroying them wantonly and slaughtering them for their support"'. But as historian AGL Shaw points out, 'Francis was a man who often had trouble with Aborigines, and as he was later killed by a white shepherd, it is possible he was hot-tempered and ''defiant" himself.' (Shaw, 1996, p 130) WJT Clarke later said "a number of blacks, I am sorry to say, were shot". (Shaw, 1996, p 134) Critchett lists the names of seven Aborigines who were shot by Francis.
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			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>142.308,-37.623</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Mount Sturgeon Station]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[On July 6, 1841, Chief Protector GA Robinson was informed by Robert W Knowles, the manager of Dr Robert Martin's Mount Sturgeon Station at the Wannon River, of a 'clash' with the Aborigines.                                                              'Knowles said that he lost some cattle a short time since and went after them. He came to a blacks' camp' and although they told him that the bullocks had gone on, 'he nevertheless rode into the camp and they threw spears at him and his stock keeper' (Robinson cited in Clark, 1998b, p 305). Knowles was convinced they had his bullock. Robinson wrote: 'This attacking the camp of the natives under the pretence of looking after stolen property is a system that ought not to be tolerated, it is provoking hostility and would not be allowed in civilised society' (Robinson cited in Clark, 1998b, p 305). The following day, Knowles told Robinson that 'sometime earlier, Superintendent La Trobe had intended to gaol him for 'killing natives' (Knowles cited in Clark 1998b, p 306).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15ee'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1841-06-01</begin>
        <end>1841-06-30</end>
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      <Point>
        <coordinates>142.505,-37.946</coordinates>
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      <name><![CDATA[Caramut Station]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA['Caramut Station had been occupied by Thomas Osbrey and Sidney Smith in November 1841' (Clark, 1995, p 35). On the evening of 24 February 1842, settlers Arthur D Boursiquot, and Robert Whitehead and employees John Beswicke, Joseph Betts, Richard Hill and Charles Smith, shot and killed six people from two Aboriginal families asleep 'in a clump of tea-tree beside a small tributary of Mustons Creek.' Two survivors who sought refuge at the Mt Rouse Aboriginal station, 25 kilometres from Osbrey's station reported the horrible event to Assistant Protector Charles Sievewright who immediately rode to Caramut station 'where he found the bodies of three women, (one who was pregnant), and a male child, and a fourth woman severely wounded' who subsequently died. After examining the bodies Sievewright allowed Pinchingannock to cremate the bodies. No one at Caramut would speak about the massacre, even though Sievewright offered 50 pounds reward for information and Governor Gipps quickly followed up with 100 pounds reward. On 15 May 1843, Christopher McGuinness a witness to the massacre went to Melbourne and told the whole story to Chief Protector of the Aborigines, GA Robinson. The perpetrators were arrested and charged and brought to trial but escaped conviction (Clark, 1995, pp 35-42). Historian Michael Christie (1979, p 50) believes the massacre was premeditated, and carried out to relieve the boredom of a summer evening.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15ef'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1842-02-24</begin>
        <end>1842-02-24</end>
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      <name><![CDATA[Eumeralla]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[On August 18, 1842 at Eumerella Station, Port Fairy, Western District, after 2 raids by more than 150 Aboriginal people a party of Colonists found and attacked the raiding party. '...on the 7th ultimo [August] a party of blacks, headed by Jupiter [Tarerer] and Cocknose [Tykoohe]...attacked my shepherd and drove off a flock of sheep...my superintendent and several of the men...went in pursuit of the marauders, and after a severe skirmish succeeded in recovering the property. On the 10th, the shepherds were again attacked by upwards of 150 blacks... a part of the blacks took possession of the sheep and the remainder attacked the shepherds, who were in a position of great danger, but being well armed, they were...able to keep their assailants at bay until assistance arrived, when the blacks made off, and the men obtained repossession of the sheep. On the 18th the blacks again attacked the shepherds...and drove off 1,014 sheep...a party went out to recover the sheep, and they described the road as strewed with dead carcases [sic]. About eight miles [20 kms] off the station they came up with the blacks, and it was not until they had overcome a vigorous resistance, during which three of the blacks were shot, and several others wounded, that they succeeded in recovering the remainder of the sheep, 511 having been killed or destroyed.' (BPP 1844, p 234; Hunter cited in Critchett, 1990, p 108). Carried out by employees of James Hunter. Historian Jan Critchett considers that on this occasion several Aboriginal people were wounded and later died (Critchett, 1990, p 250).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15f0'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1842-08-07</begin>
        <end>1842-08-18</end>
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        <coordinates>142.203,-38.209</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Tarrone Station]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Prior to the poisoning, 300 Aboriginal people lead by Purtkeun, one of five Yowen gundidj
clan leaders, raided Tarrone Station. Dr James Kilgour of Tarrone Station mustered 40 colonists from neighboring runs and attacked a camp, killing three or four Yowen or Tarrone gundidj people (Clark, 1995 p 43). According to Ian Clark (1995, pp 43-44): 'In October 1842, Dr John Watton, medical officer who had charge of the Mt Rouse protectorate station, investigated a case of alleged poisoning at James Kilgour's station' at Tarrone, 19 kilometres north of Port Fairy. Three Aboriginal men, three women and three children died from poisoning. Watton reported to Chief Protector GA Robinson, that 'it appears that the then overseer, Mr Robinson had sent away into the bush to some natives ... a quantity of what was supposed to be flour. Of this they partook, and were immediately seized with burning pains in the stomach, vomiting, sinking of the abdomen and intense thirst (which are the symptoms usually produced by arsenic); on the following morning three men, three women and three children were dead' (Watton cited in Clark, 1995, p 44). 'The bodies were burned, and Watton could not find any white witnesses. Despite the fact that Watton established that [overseer] Robinson had received a large quantity of arsenic just before the incident, there was not enough proof to convict Robinson or his associates' (Clark, 1995, p 44). 'On March 17, 1843, Superintendent La Trobe informed the Colonial Secretary in Sydney of the reported poisoning at Kilgour's station, noting that attempts to discover the responsible parties had proved ineffective' (La Trobe cited in Clark 1995, pp 44-45). GA Robinson recorded in his diary on 29 August 1842 that Kilgour lost his licence for reporting false information concerning the Aborigines (Clark, 1998c, p 89).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15f1'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1842-10-01</begin>
        <end>1842-10-28</end>
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      <name><![CDATA[Victoria Range]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[According to Clark (1995, p 160): 'In August 1843, a large group of Aboriginal warriors attacked WJ Purbrick's Koroite station on Konongwootong Creek, adjoining present day Coleraine, and drove off 180 sheep'. Captain HEP Dana, commandant of a detachment of Native Police stationed at Mt Eckersley, 'was notified of the alleged attack and with seven native police troopers, Dana followed the Aboriginal men into the Victoria Range' (Clark, 1995, p 160). According to the <i>Port Phillip Gazette</i> (August 26, 1843, p. 2), in the conflict that ensued, 'Captain Dana's troop fired simultaneously upon the savages four or five times, seven or eight of whom were shot dead on the spot, and many wounded; the remainder retreated to the scrub and it is supposed about twenty of their number have been shot in the affray'. 'About eighty sheep out of the number that had escaped being slaughtered, were driven back to the owner.' According to the same article, 'the settlers were 'in perfect ecstasies', declaring that a 'real service has been done for them' (<i>Port Phillip Gazette</i>, August 26, 1843 p 2).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15f2'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1843-08-06</begin>
        <end>1843-08-06</end>
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      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Budj Bim]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[A group of Aboriginal people killed colonists and stole sheep, strategically using stony and swampy country, difficult for horses, in the Budj Bim area to evade pursuit. Clark suggests this was the group lead by Koort Kirrup, 'According to Dana, they were the same people who had killed McKenzie and his employee, and Martha Ward. If this is correct, they were probably the Pallapnue gundidj under the leadership of Koort Kirrup.' (Clark, pp 46-47)
<br>
Captain Henry Dana and Native Police with Mr Edgar pursued them into the wetlands near Mt Eccles (formerly 'Mt Eeles') and killed eight to 10 Aboriginal people. From the descriptions of places and terrain provided it appears that Dana and the Native Police approached from the west, having been at '"Bassett's Station" (also known as Crawford) near the head of
the Crawford River adjoining Hotspur' (Clark, p 46) and Edgar's station on the 'Fitzroy River run adjoining Heywood' (Clark, p 46) and pursued the group through stony and swampy country to where the sheep had been herded onto an island in the swamp, near Mt Eccles (Budj Bim). The Aboriginal people taunted them from scrub across the swamp, and made a counter attack on the sheep. Dana lead a counter attack and the massacre occured in the scrub across the from the island. These descriptions suggest that the massacre occurred in the scrub to the east of Lake Condah.
<br>
In a letter to La Trobe written at Mount Eckersly, September 6th 1843, H E Pultney Dana wrote that Christopher Basset, who lived 'on the head of the Crawford' had been killed by Aboriginal people. According to Dana, the Aboriginal people had also stolen his clothes and more than 200 sheep. 'I was out with my party accompanied by Mr Edgar of the Fitzroy in search of Mr Ward's child and had ascertained from a number of natives in the stones hear Mount Eels [Mt Eeles / Mt Eccles] that it had been murdered by a black named Harry who used to live with Messrs Whyte. I was proceeding along the edge of the large swamp when I came across the tracks of sheep. I followed them for a short distance and came on a number of natives driving and breaking the legs of a flock of sheep; he natives fled into the reeds in the swamp and thinking they would be safe challenged us.' Dana, the troopers and Mr Edgar dismounted and pursued the Aboriginal people into the swamp and in an affray, Mr Edgar shot one of them. They continued the pursuit through the swamp to a large island and found a great number of dead sheep and a coat. The aboriginal people reached the far side of the swamp, and the colonists paused to secure up to 40 unhurt sheep. The Aboriginal people returned and attempted to retake the sheep and taunted them from a tea tree scrub across the swamp. Dana wrote, 'I determined to cross the men over the swamp before daylight and if possible take some of the murderers and drive them out of the scrub. I accordingly did so and a little before sunrise attacked them in the scrub it was by far the worst place I have ever been in and it was a mercy that my small party was not cut off to a man. I did not succeed in taking any prisoners but before we could take the scrub and drive the natives eight or nine were shot... Spears, waddies and tomahawks were thrown at us from all directions but no person was struck except one of the men, Moonee Moonee who got a blow on his head from a large axe but did not appear to hurt him. If these murderers had escaped without punishment there is no knowing when this work would stop; the same tribe of Natives killed McKenzie and his man, Ward's child and now Basset, and the Country they fly to after committing these outrages is such that but few white men could follow them and I trust that your Honor will not consider that I have exceeded my duty for following them into their strong holds, and making them feel that they shall not murder and plunder with impunity.' (Dana to Latrobe, 6 September 1843, pp99-106)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15f3'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Clunie, Glenelg River]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Six Aborigines were shot by the Native Police in November 1843 at Clunie station on the Glenelg River.  The incident followed another a few days earlier in which Ricketts shot three Aborigines in reprisal for Aboriginal attacks on livestock.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15f4'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <end>1843-11-30</end>
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        <coordinates>141.831,-36.757</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Mt Arapiles / Dyurrite]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[After Aborigines had attacked Baillie's station near Mt Arapiles, the Native Police, led by Henry Dana, shot at least three and wounded many others who later died (Critchett, 1990, p 254).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15f5'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1845-07-01</begin>
        <end>1845-07-31</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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          <value><![CDATA[*]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[North West]]></value>
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        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.826,-37.09</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Naracoorte Caves]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[When settler William Brown was killed by Aborigines in the "New Country" over the South Australian border in July 1845, John Oliver and neighbours gave chase and "some" Aborigines were killed (Blair to La Trobe , 31 July 1845, cited in Critchett, 1990, p 254).  According to Michael Cannon (1990, p 154), 'Many years later, James C. Hamilton, whose family worked at "Bringalbert", some distance to the north, described what happened: "A call to arms was made ��� the footmen going one way and the horsemen another. They were all armed with flintlock muskets and pistols of some sort ��� heavy, clumsy weapons they were, but effective enough. (I have put a ball into a tree at a hundred yards with one of these pistols, and used the musket successfully as a fowling piece.) It was a bad day for the ill-fated darkies. The horsemen came up with them in the ranges, behind Narracoorte, and saw one fellow carrying poor Brown's gun, and a lubra wearing his coat. They opened fire, and many of the blacks went under. They made no show of resistance, but scattered and ran for their lives" (Hamilton, cited in Cannon, 1990, pp 154-155).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15f6'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1845-07-02</begin>
        <end>1845-07-02</end>
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          <value><![CDATA[Adelaide]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[South]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>143.461,-38.806</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Aire River Estuary, Cape Otway]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[In July 1846, surveyor George Smythe was hired to conduct a coastal survey of the Otway Ranges. Having established a base camp on the eastern shore of Cape Otway at Blanket Bay, Smythe and four others in the party marched westward towards the Aire River and when they returned to Blanket Bay six days later, they found that another member of the party, James Conroy, 'had been barbarously murdered' with a tomahawk 'about 200 yards from the tent, where he had gone to cut wood' (<i>GA & SA</i>, August 8, 1846, p 2). Conroy had been visited by some Gadubanud people earlier in the day and it appears he had tried to abduct an Aboriginal woman, and had been killed for his efforts. Smythe and the party buried Conroy's body and made their way back to Geelong and then to Melbourne where Smyth informed Superintendent La Trobe of the incident. Smythe then organised a punitive expedition to avenge Conroy's  death, comprising 'a heavily armed posse' (Cannon, 1990, p 147) of pastoralists and stockmen, probably on horseback, and an 'armed detachment of the Barrabool tribe', employed 'under the sanction of government' (Niewojt, 2010, p 201). The party tracked down a group of the Badubanud camped on the opposite bank of the Aire river estuary. Early the following morning, the Barrabool were sent in to attack the Badubanud camp and promptly killed the chief and several women and children. Reports of the numbers killed range from eight to twenty.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15f7'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1846-08-01</begin>
        <end>1846-08-02</end>
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      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>141.913,-38.058</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Mt Eccles]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1857 historian James Bonwick travelled to western Victoria and recorded a story told by two settlers of the region about a massacre at Mt Eccles (also known as Mt Eeles) ten years prior (circa 1847). Gunditjmara people had long used this region as a base for the guerilla resistance and, according to Bonwick, when colonists were finally able to attack in this region around 1847 the people there were 'almost exterminated' (Bonwick, 1970 , p 170).
<br>
'The Stony Rises of Eeles could reveal many a tale of rapine and murder.
It was to these pathless solitudes that the Blacks were 
accustomed to drive sheep pillaged from the flocks of the early 
Settlers. Secure within such stony intricacies, they would break 
the legs of the animals to prevent them straying, and thus at their 
leisure indulge their love of mutton. Again and again was the trail 
followed by indignant shepherds; but the mighty barriers of basalt 
reared their crests, piles of boulders rose in all directions, caverns 
gaped before one, and the man who ventured into such a realm of 
wildness found no small difficulty to escape therefrom, while he 
was exposed in his stumbling career to the spear of his concealed 
enemy. 
Some ten years ago, however, the nest of robbers was gained, and 
the tribe almost exterminated under the following circumstances. 
A shepherd was murdered, his hut was rifled, and his fleecy charge 
was driven off by the Eeles mob. Vengeance was demanded. The 
arm of the law was too slow and weak to grasp the 
offenders. The neighbours assembled, armed, and set off in pursuit. 
Upon the return of the expedition, the coat and pocket book of the 
shepherd were exhibited. Resistance was said to have been offered, 
and shots were fired. Being interrogated as to the result of the 
conflict, as to what natives were killed, the only reply obtained was, 
that 'really there was such a smoke that they could see nothing.' 
Having, however, heard another tale upon this journey, being in 
company with one of the <i>visitors</i> of that region of stones upon that 
occasion, I venture to unfold the mystery, or, rather, to give 
another version. 
The party, who, though few in number, mustered in rifles and 
pistols about fifty shots, secured as guide to the <i>Stones</i> a half 
civilized native, and were <i>lucky</i> enough to fall upon a stray wild 
Blackfellow, who indicated the entrance into the fastnesses, and 
the route of the marauders. Camping for the night without fire 
within a mile or two of their unsuspecting victims, they resolved 
to make an onslaught upon them at the early dawn. Rough 
travelling delayed the march, and when they broke cover the 
poor creatures were taking their morning meal. Without a word of 
warning, the bullets of destruction were poured in among them. 
Some fell at the first discharge, others snatched up their children 
and tried to fly, and some warriors turned round in desperation 
and seized their spears to defend their families. But all resistance 
was in vain. The christians were too quick and too formidably 
armed for their heathen antagonists. Mothers, husbands, babes lay 
about the stones shrieking in maddening pain, moaning in dying 
struggle, or still in the sleep of death. More than thirty are said to 
have been thus laid low.' (Bonwick, 1970, pp 169-171)
<br>
Bonwick's informants also told him that during the massacre one of the Aboriginal guides tried to strike one of the colonists with a waddy but was himself shot, and that the other guide murdered a baby with a rock and finished off some of the dying with a weapon fashioned from a broken pair of shears (Bonwick, 1970, p 171).
<br>
[Note: this massacre was previously confused with an incident at Mt Napier in which 2 people were killed after the killing of a shepherd named Edwards, recorded in Augustus Robinson's journal entry of 2 Sep 1847 (Clark 1998f, v6, p 172).]
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15f8'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <end>1847-07-31</end>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.14,-36.942</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Avenue Range station, near Guichen Bay]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[In September 1848 settler James Brown and two employees at Avenue Range station near Guichen Bay, shot and killed eight Wattatonga  people and burnt the bodies. The body burning was witnessed by a white man who reported the massacre and then disappeared along with an Aboriginal man who was also a witness. Brown was arrested and charged with murder and the employees absconded. The Aboriginal witness was probably killed before he could be subpoenaed to give evidence at the trial. As a result Brown was never tried and the case was dropped (Foster et al, 2001, pp 78-80; Foster, 2009, pp 1-15).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15f9'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1848-09-01</begin>
        <end>1848-09-30</end>
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          <value><![CDATA[SA]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="PoliceDistrict">
          <value><![CDATA[Kingston]]></value>
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      <Point>
        <coordinates>141.795,-38.072</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Murderers Flat, Darlot's Creek, Lake Condah Mission]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[The massacre at Murderers Flat near Lake Condah Mission is recorded in the oral history of Gunditjmara people (Hope, 2021).
Reconstructing from oral records, Clark believes the incident happened in the early 1850s at a site 'known to the Kerup gundidj (more commonly known as the Kerreupjmara) as Murderers Flat,' or Darlot's Creek, Lake Condah Mission (Clark, 1995, p 52). Aboriginal woman Rose Donker nee Lovett  (Donker, 1985, p 18, cited in Clark, 1995, p 52) has recounted what she knows of the massacre: '"My grandmother was Hannah MacDonald [later Lovett]. When she was small she walked with her brother Alfred and her mother from Macarthur to Condah Swamp. My grandmother was carried on her mother's back. They were looking for some place to live. They came to the Condah Swamp and there they found other Aboriginal people and families living there. There was a massacre there and they hid with their mother in the reeds until the fighting was over and then they headed off looking for somewhere safe. We were always told that Murderers Flat was where the fighting was. They were taken in and lived on the Condah Mission. I then understood they lived there as children, then as time went on they grew up there"' (Donker, 1985, p 18 cited in Clark, 1995, p 52).  According to Clark, 'In Jo Sharrock's reminiscences of Lake Condah (see Savill, 1976, cited in Clark, 1995, p 52), he refers to "Harelip" Johnny Dutton, who claimed to have been one of the few survivors of the "Murdering Waterhole Massacre" as a small boy. He hid in the water among the reeds' (Savill, 1976 cited in Clark, 1995, p 52). As both accounts refer to hiding in the reeds in the same area, they most likely are two accounts of the same incident (Clark, 1995, p 52).
<br>
The date of this massacre is difficult to estimate from oral history. Accepting that Hannah McDonald and her brother were children when they witnessed the massacre with their mother, Clark notes estimates of the date this occurred vary from 1842 to 1875 (Clark, 1995 p 52). Clark calculates dates between 1849 and 1854 based on Hannah McDonald's age of 91 at death in 1940 (Clark, 1995, p54). Connor, on the other hand, notes that she died in 1946 and estimates Hannah McDonald was born either in 1855 or, based on marriage certificates, in 1859 and her brother in 1860 (Connor, 2021). If she were 5 at the time of the massacre, and she was 91 when she died in 1946 (Portland Guardian Aug 22, 1946, p 4), the massacre would have occurred in 1860. No birth certificate for Hannah McDonald is available so her age is not certain. As this is a late date for a massacre in this region, 1860 or earlier is most likely.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15fa'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1850-01-01</begin>
        <end>1860-01-12</end>
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      <Point>
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      <name><![CDATA[Apsley, Western Wimmera]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[In a letter dated 5 December 1854 by James Dixon from Keilor Station, Victoria,  to S Wilson of Surrey Lane, Battersea Surrey, England,  Dixon, wrote: that he had been stationed 300 miles 'in the Country from Melbourne'  where there were 'plenty of black natives. They are very treacherous. We had a great battle with them a month ago, their [sic] was eighteen killed and two of our men. They throws [sic] spears that penetrate right through you which is verry [sic] dangerous.'
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			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1854-11-01</begin>
        <end>1854-11-30</end>
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          <value><![CDATA[Wimmera]]></value>
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        <Data name="VictimsDead">
          <value><![CDATA[18]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.678899563797,-37.9278176624914</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Governor Grey's expedition to the South East, 8-9 May 1844]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Governor Grey toured the South Eastern districts of the colony. On 8 May, Thomas Burr, the Deputy-Surveyor General who accompanied him, records an encounter in which a woman is given damper which she placed in her mouth but refuses to swallow. On the following day Aboriginal men to join them in the camp, and the next morning it was discovered they had fled having stolen numerous items from the camp.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE02">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
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			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1844-05-08</begin>
        <end>1844-05-08</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE02]]></value>
        </Data>
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    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.559170200098,-37.6229133003506</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Sheep driven off Robert Leake’s Inverary run, 21 May 1844]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Robert Leake and his overseer McIntyre track sheep stolen from the Inverary run to an Aboriginal camp a mile and a half away. Leake reports that they advanced on the camp and were threatened with spears. He claims that he ‘fired over their heads’, and when spears were thrown at them he fired at an approaching man, at which point that man, and the others ran off. <br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE03">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb98d'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1844-05-21</begin>
        <end>1844-05-21</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
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        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE03]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.586979299636,-37.6131232998353</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Robert Leake’s shepherd and flock attacked, 30 May 1844]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Robert Leake reports hearing a shepherd shout for assistance, and that he was being pursued by 60 to 80 Aboriginal men throwing spears. Claims that 15 sheep were speared and 9 driven off, that his men were unarmed and that the attackers ‘retreated with their spoils’.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE04">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb98e'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1844-05-30</begin>
        <end>1844-05-30</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE04]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.570679599673,-37.7257331997139</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Sheep driven off Leake’s Bluff Range run and Aboriginal people shot, 13 May 1845]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Sheep driven off Leake’s Bluff Range run. Edward Leake and six other men tracked the sheep to an Aboriginal camp ten miles away, where he was confronted by an Aboriginal man with a ‘pointed club’, he fired and wounded him. The party then fired two volleys and the Aboriginal people retreated. <br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE05">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb98f'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1845-05-13</begin>
        <end>1845-05-13</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE05]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.430741145149,-37.6738406448536</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Sheep theft on the SA Company's Rivoli Bay run, 13 May 1845]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[One hundred and sixty-five sheep driven off the South Australia Company’s Rivoli Bay station. <br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE06">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb990'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1845-05-13</begin>
        <end>1845-05-13</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE06]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.470257700324,-37.669772299869</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Search for sheep driven off SA Company’s station at Rivoli Bay, 16 May 1845]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[South Australia Company men continue their search for sheep stolen on 13 May. On 16 May they come upon a group of Aboriginal men in possession of sheep and take an Aboriginal man, ‘Charley’, prisoner. <br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE07">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb991'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1845-05-06</begin>
        <end>1845-05-06</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE07]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>139.986958400115,-37.0587126000372</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Three Aboriginal people killed by police in a clash on Stirling's station, 19 April 1846.]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Police track stolen sheep to a camp about 3 miles from Biscuit Flat occupied by about 50 Aboriginal men and a few women. The police claim they called upon them to put down their weapons but a fight ensured and three Aboriginal people were shot and presumed killed.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE09">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb992'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-04-19</begin>
        <end>1846-04-19</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Close]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE09]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.613204000084,-37.6874629996458</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Sheep theft on Leake's Woolshed Station and a subsequent clash with police, 24 April 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Hut robbed and sheep stolen from Leake’s Woolshed station. Leake, assisted by E. Sturt and Corporal McCulloch tracked them through the scrub until they came upon about 60, their legs ‘broken and otherwise mutilated’. Further on they came upon about 30 Aboriginal people who fled as they approached their camp. McCulloch claims a ‘few shots were fired without visible effect’. <br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE10">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb993'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-04-24</begin>
        <end>1846-04-24</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE10]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.597870999655,-37.6860650003029</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Sheep driven off Leake's Mount Gambier Run, 12 May 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Sheep driven of Leake’s Mount Gambier run were tracked to a camp twelve miles distant. The people in the camp fled when the police approached and all but two of the sheep were recovered.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE11">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb994'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-05-12</begin>
        <end>1846-05-12</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
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        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE11]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.953868446442,-37.818001780203</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Killing of Pannemum allegedly by David Morgan, 18 June 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Aboriginal boy, Pannemum, allegedly shot by David Morgan while they were out Kangaroo hunting and his body burned. <br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE12">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb995'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-06-18</begin>
        <end>1846-06-18</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Close]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE12]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.95160099985,-37.8523057000168</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Aboriginal man allegedly shot by companions with gun given them by Curran, July 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Magistrate Sturt reports that Owen Curran gave Aboriginal people a gun with which they shot and killed an old and blind Aboriginal man.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE13">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb996'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-07-01</begin>
        <end>1846-07-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Close]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE13]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.945249599974,-37.6133641000184</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Aboriginal man allegedly shot by Harry Sawyer, July 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Unconfirmed report that an Aboriginal man was allegedly shot by Harry Sawyer on McKinnon’s run, and that McKinnon buried the body.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE14">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb997'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-07-01</begin>
        <end>1846-07-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Close]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE14]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.434032000123,-36.6311850001153</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Body of Aboriginal man found on Lawson’s run, July 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Magistrate Sturt reports that the body of an Aboriginal man, with a gunshot wound, was found by an employee of Lawson on one of the runs in the neighbourhood.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE15">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb998'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-01-01</begin>
        <end>1846-01-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE15]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.298682070002,-37.6276116728057</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Billy shot and killed by Thomas Donelly, 1 September 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Following a quarrel between two workers on Davenport’s station, Thomas Donelly approached one of the man with a loaded gun. An Aboriginal station worker, known as ‘Billy’, warned the man of Donnelly’s approach and was shot and killed. Donelly fled into the Port Phillip district but was pursued by Corporal McCullock who apprehended him. Donelly was later tried, found guilty and hanged.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE16">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb999'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-09-01</begin>
        <end>1846-09-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE16]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>139.799189099779,-37.0749692000919</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Horse speared and cattle driven off Gifford’s Station, October 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[John Gifford has a horse speared and cattle driven off his Mount Benson station.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE17">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb99a'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-10-01</begin>
        <end>1846-10-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
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        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE17]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.012730000215,-37.4805270001104</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[House burned down at Rivoli Bay, 10 October 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Mr Wheeland’s house at Rivoli Bay burned down.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE19">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb99b'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-10-10</begin>
        <end>1846-10-10</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Precise]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE19]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.098221000328,-37.44093100022</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Cattle Killing on Hope’s station, November 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[In early November half a dozen cattle were speared on Hope’s station near Rivoli Bay.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE20">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb99c'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-11-01</begin>
        <end>1846-11-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE20]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.832944999846,-37.3569129997563</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Suspected killing of William Shean on or near Cameron's station, November 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[William Shean, who appears to have been mentally ill, ‘escaped from his keeper’ on Cameron’s Station, and was believed to have been killed by Aboriginal people.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE21">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb99d'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-11-01</begin>
        <end>1846-11-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Close]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE21]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.029925999643,-36.9096960001088</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Alleged killing of Richard Carney by Tatty Wanbourneen, 1 November 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Richard Carney allegedly murdered by Tatty Wanbourneen near Thomas Chirnside’s ‘North Avenue’ Station. <br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE23">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb99e'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-11-01</begin>
        <end>1846-11-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE23]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.306977999973,-37.5391709999993</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Alleged assault of James McKenzie by an Aboriginal couple, 9 December 1846]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[James McKenzie, travelling with ‘King John and Lubra’, claims they assaulted and robbed him. They were apprehended by Police Constable McLeod and Guy and transported to Guichen Bay in a dray because of the ‘severe wounds received in the affray’.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE24">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb99f'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1846-12-09</begin>
        <end>1846-12-09</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Approximate]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE24]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.687471500241,-37.7643407003316</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Sheep driven off Sturt's station and two Aboriginal people arrested, February 1847]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[On 25 March, Evelyn Sturt reports the loss of about 250 sheep over the previous six weeks. Corporal McCulloch arrests ‘William’ and ‘Charley’ for theft of Sturt’s sheep.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE25">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9a0'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1847-01-01</begin>
        <end>1847-01-01</end>
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        <Data name="Identifier">
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      <Point>
        <coordinates>139.899502799747,-37.2394655002866</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Cattle theft on Gifford's station near Mount Benson, May 1847]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Cattle driven off Gifford’s Mount Benson station onto a small island near Lake Eliza where ‘a great many’ of them were killed.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE26">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9a1'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1847-01-01</begin>
        <end>1847-01-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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          <value><![CDATA[Close]]></value>
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        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE26]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.645717999871,-37.9974960000763</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Attempt to spear Mitchell, June 1847]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Report that Wool-cooth-a-win, alias ‘Old Man Dick’ attempted to spear Mr Mitchell.  Police apprehend him on Black’s Station. On 26 June Sturt dismissed charges thinking evidence was insufficient.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE27">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9a2'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1847-01-01</begin>
        <end>1847-01-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
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        <Data name="Identifier">
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    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.160538000258,-36.6993889998016</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Sheep driven off Brown’s Station, July 1847]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Seventy-five sheep driven off Brown’s station.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE28">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9a3'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1847-07-07</begin>
        <end>1847-07-07</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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          <value><![CDATA[southeast]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE28]]></value>
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    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.292511999558,-37.6285889998598</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Police attempt to capture Aboriginal people who speared Davenport’s cow, 15 July 1847]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Police endeavour to arrest Aboriginal people for spearing one of Davenport’s cows. They track them to an island in an immense swamp but are unable to secure the arrest because of the state of the country. In late December they arrest ‘Billy’ and ‘Tuck-in-all’ for the offence.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE29">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9a4'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1847-07-15</begin>
        <end>1847-07-15</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE29]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.058215999692,-36.8130200001986</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Sheep driven off Baker’s Station, 28 July 1847]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[James Baker had 38 sheep driven off his station ‘in the southern part of the Tatiara country’.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE30">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9a5'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1847-07-28</begin>
        <end>1847-07-28</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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        </Data>
        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE30]]></value>
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    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.57847599987,-36.7469229001817</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Corporal Robins kills alleged sheep stealer, 1 August 1847]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Corporal Robins, PC Hall and three ‘Gentlemen settlers’, went in search of stolen sheep and came upon a camp of Aboriginal people. Seeing the Europeans, they allegedly threw a spear which almost struck Ferguson. The spear thrower was pursued and in a struggle with Corporal Robins the Aboriginal man suffered sword wounds from which he died.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE31">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9a6'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1847-08-01</begin>
        <end>1847-08-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE31]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.733782499898,-37.4293203002949</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Sheep theft on Doughty’s station near Mt Gambier, 4 August 1847]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Sheep driven of Doughty’s station. Police commence a search but give up due to the ‘swampy state of the country’.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE32">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9a7'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1847-08-04</begin>
        <end>1847-08-04</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE32]]></value>
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    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>139.881202699868,-37.1752446999908</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Killing of Aboriginal man by Michael Flannigan on Bates' Station, 15 Auhust 1847]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[After a report that the Aboriginal man ‘William’, assisted by others, had killed four head of cattle, the station owner’s overseer, Michael Flannigan, tracked the suspects to Lake Hawdon’. In an ensuing fight Flannigan the Aboriginal man, suffered sword wounds inflicted by Flannigan and subsequently died. <br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE33">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9a8'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1847-08-15</begin>
        <end>1847-08-15</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE33]]></value>
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    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.662262000269,-38.0593280003391</coordinates>
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      <name><![CDATA[Deaths in clash with police near Cape Northumberland, 17 August 1847]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[After three hundred sheep driven off the SA Company’s run, Corporal McCulloch assisted by men from the station tracked the sheep to Cape Northumberland, where Aboriginal people there had built four brush yards to pen the sheep. There were about 100 Aboriginal people were present concealing themselves in the thick scrub. Spears were thrown and thrust at the Europeans as they attempted to arrest people. Shots were fired and it is reported that four Aboriginal people were killed. <br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE34">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9a9'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1847-08-17</begin>
        <end>1847-08-17</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE34]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>139.799962000368,-37.1605540000873</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Theft of Flour, 26 February 1848]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Theft of flour from Barry Lipson’s hut.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE35">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9aa'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1848-02-26</begin>
        <end>1848-02-26</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
          <value><![CDATA[Close]]></value>
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        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE35]]></value>
        </Data>
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    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.15379760022,-36.713697699831</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[James Brown and hutkeeper allegedly kill 9 Aboriginal People on Avenue Range station, September 1848]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Sometime between September and November 1848, nine Aboriginal people, comprising old men, women and children were killed on Avenue Range Station, and an attempt made to burn their bodies. Investigations by the Protector of Aborigines led him to believe that they had been shot by the station owner, James Brown, and his hutkeeper, Eastwood. James Brown was charged with murder, but Eastwood fled the colony. Attempts to secure witnesses were unsuccessful and the case against Brown was dropped.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE36">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9ab'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1848-09-01</begin>
        <end>1848-09-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.730476699653,-37.9121219002372</coordinates>
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      <name><![CDATA[Sheep theft on Edward Arthur’s Mt Schank Station, 1844]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Fortescue Arthur speared in the back when Aboriginal people tried to drive off his flock. He fired two barrels as he retreated. Aboriginal people retreated when the bullock-driver arrived on the scene.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE38">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9ac'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1844-01-01</begin>
        <end>1844-01-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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          <value><![CDATA[SE38]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.727472600392,-37.9265270998014</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Sheep theft on Edward Arthur’s Mt Schank Station, 1844]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Aboriginal people attempt to drive off sheep from Leake’s flock but flee when his hutkeeper fires two barrels at them.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE39">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9ad'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1844-01-01</begin>
        <end>1844-01-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.764379800297,-37.9334326001597</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Edward Arthur raids Aboriginal camp on his Mt Schank Station, 1844]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Edward Arthur uses a captured Aboriginal man to lead them to his camp. In the company of three other men they fire on the people in the camp and it was later reported that eight Aboriginal people were killed. <br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE40">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9ae'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1844-01-01</begin>
        <end>1844-01-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.705070800112,-37.9404726998672</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Allegations of poisoning in the Rivoli Bay district, 1844]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Sergeant Major Alford reported rumours that Aboriginal people had been given poisoned damper.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE41">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9af'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1844-01-01</begin>
        <end>1844-01-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.595741299831,-37.6197312002083</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Aboriginal women raped and man shot on Leake’s run, April 1845]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Report that 30 station workers on Leake’s Woolshed run raped two Aboriginal women and shot an Aboriginal man.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE42">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9b0'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1844-04-01</begin>
        <end>1844-04-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="LocationAccuracy">
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.856458697056,-36.9380528221991</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Killing of William Brown]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[William Brown was splitting logs with a fellow shepherd when he went to visit a small group of Aboriginal people camped nearby. Brown was armed with a double-barrelled gun. Later that afternoon his body, which had been stripped bare, was found by a fellow shepherd. Some sheep had been taken. Brown’s death was revenged by a party of settlers the following day.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE43">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9b1'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1845-07-01</begin>
        <end>1845-07-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
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        </Data>
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        <Data name="Identifier">
          <value><![CDATA[SE43]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>140.764266514655,-36.99411650394</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Killing of Aboriginal people in reprisal for William Brown’s death]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[A party of colonists gathered to revenge the death of William Brown. One of the group was Mr Sanders who was accompanied by an Aboriginal man from Adelaide who acted as a tracker. The avengers came across approximately thirty people whom they ‘punished’. An unknown number of Aboriginal people were shot.<br>(See <a href="https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/southeast/#SE44">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=teb9b2'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2485'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1845-07-01</begin>
        <end>1845-07-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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