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    <name><![CDATA[Second Wiradjuri and Ngunnawal War and Resistance]]></name>
    <description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Listen: </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The War on Wiradjuri has never ended | The Blak Lens | NITV, Dec 17, 2024<br><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Asq-RPvPyWo">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Asq-RPvPyWo</a><br>(The focus of this documentary is on the First Wiradjuri War, but is also relevant to this conflict)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<p>This conflict, in the south of Wiradjuri country came after the well known First Wiradjuri War or 'Bathurst War' to the north. It was part of one of the major phases of the Australian Wars throughout the south east of the continent, from south east Queensland to Victoria, starting in the late 1830s, and through to the 1850s and 60s, as colonists expanded rapidly in all directions from the earlier settlements. This conflict is closely connected to conflict along the overland route or 'south road' (now the Hume Highway) from south Wiradjuri (upper Murrumbidgee) through Yorta Yorta (upper Murray) to Kulin country (Port Philip/Melbourne). It is also closely connected to conflict on the overland route to Adelaide, along the lower Murrumbidgee and lower Murray where many languages are spoken around Tar Ru and Millewa-Mallee.</p>
<p>The first report of open violent conflict in this area was of widespreading raiding in 1830 at Yass Plains in Ngunnawal country. This was followed by an extended period of Wiradjuri raids on squatters stations, including killing of shepherds and hut keepers, burning huts and killing and driving away livestock. There were sometimes gatherings of up to 1000 Wiradjuri people, and war bands were about 30 in number focusing on the Rivers and the road connecting Sydney to Melbourne (the Overland).&nbsp;</p>
<p>One of the main leaders of this resistance was dubbed 'Buonaparte' by colonists. Similar to 'Blucher' in the First Wiradjuri War, colonists most likely named him after a famous European general, in recognition of his leadership. Another was 'Brian Boru', named after a medieval High King of Ireland - though this may be the same person with two aliases.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Colonists at the time referred to this conflict as a 'war', some saying it should be admitted as such by the government. They described losing control of flocks and herds as Wiradjuri took control of livestock using traditional land care and hunting methods. In these vast plains, Wiradjuri warriors appear to have used high points, such as at Wamber Tumber gap, as strategic positions from which to raid. Such positions give unobstructed views over large areas. Buonaparte's group was surrounded and some captured at Wamber Tumber gap by a posse of colonists and a police officer. Some escaped but Buonaparte was recaptured after severely wounding two of his captors.</p>
<p>The Border Police, recruited from the military, were active in this period but were overstretched along the Overland and ineffective. The notorious Native Police were established during this period. In 1850 it was reported that the Native Police were recruiting in the Murrumbidgee district, and that they were very effective in swiftly ending armed resistance and bringing 'peace' where ever they went. Also in 1850 colonists relied on Aboriginal labour to replace workers leaving for the gold fields. These reports suggest that by 1850 the period of intense open violence in this conflict had ended, and the colonial government had gained control. Resistance after this would have to take on different forms.</p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Murdering Island, Narrandera]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p><p>According to an article in the Labor Daily, 1 Jan 1926, p 8, the death of Mr Jeremiah Rodgers was noted. 'He was one of the first residents in this [Narrandera] district, having been brought here with his brother Henry, 73 years ago [1853]. His father took charge of Brewarrina Station, and he managed the holding for 26 years... The pastoralists at that time experienced trouble from the blacks, who used to spear the cattle. So troublesome were they that the whites determined to deal with them in a summary manner. The whites drove the natives on to an island below Buckingbong and wrought such havoc in their ranks that the Island is even now known as "Murdering Island"' (<em>Labor Daily</em>, 1 Jan 1926, p 8).<br>The name 'Murdering Island' was mentioned in 1873 (<em>Wagga Wagga Express and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser</em>, 5 November 1873, p 2). An article in 1895 gave the following account of how the place got its name: 'From the top of the hill also can be faintly discerned, what is described in Boldrewood's novel as the "Murdering Lake," but which is known as the Murdering Island, on which were massacred some thirty-five years ago about 300 blacks. There are said to be two sides to the story. Some say that the only crime the blacks had been guilty of was that of stealing cattle. But certain it is that neither gins nor picanninies were spared. All were murdered on this island, and their bones, I am told, were lying bleaching there for years till a flood washed them away. It is said that an old blackfellow, named Mungo, escaped by diving under the water. I went a long way to have an interview with this old warrior, and found him partly drunk; but when I told him what I required his black eyes flashed beneath his white shaggy eyebrows as he grunted out the ghastly details, which, however, were of so spasmodic a nature that I could not glean much from his ravings. "Yes," he said, "white fellow kill blackfellow, gin, picaninny. What you do white fellow kill another white fellow? &mdash; you put him in gaol &mdash; white fellow kill black fellow, no matter &mdash; black fellow no account"' (<em>Freeman's Journal</em>, 5 January 1895, p 17).<br>In 1935 the Daily Advertiser reported, 'Another old Narandera identity, Mungo, was fond of describing his escape from death at the time of the massacre of the "Murdering Island," when the settlers rounded up a great number on this little mud island in mid stream, and from either bank shot them down till very few escaped. One of these latter was Mungo, then a boy. He escaped by securing a long hollow reed and holding it in his mouth to breathe through when he dropped under water, as was frequently done by the blacks in catching wild ducks. He lay below the surface for hours till all the firing was over, and must have had a terrible experience. Mungo, in describing his escape from all the bullets that flew about, used to touch various parts of his head and body, saying: "Yes, t'choota me here, t'choota me there, t'choota me every plurry where, and by cri' never touch me"' (<em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 27 May 1935, p3).</p>
<p></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5781'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1854-01-01</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Raids on Yass Plains]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>Warriors conduct raids on cattle on Yass Plains, driving them into swamps and spearing them.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5783'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[“War” described, and 30 warriors raid Wondibadgeree.]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>According to an article title ‘War by the Blacks’, 30 Aboriginal people were raiding sheep at Wondibadgeree when Peter Carroll, a watchman at the station of “C.T.” threatened to shoot them. They speared Mr Carroll, who was severly wounded, and took a sheep. C.T. remarked they had taken sheep but not used a spear before.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5784'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1833-02-26</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Widespread raids between Murrumbidgee and Murray.]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>In an article title ‘War by the Blacks’, C.T. reported that “For some months past, the natives all along that River, from Warby's station to 50 miles westward have evinced a mischievous disposition, by spearing and killing cattle.”
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5785'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1832-12-01</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Gum Creek Lagoon, Murrumbidgee River]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p><p>According to the reminiscences of Overlander James R. Byrne, in August, 1839, his party shot three Wiradjuri warriors after one stockman was badly wounded on the northern side of the Murrumbidgee River. Byrne and his party decided 'to intercept the aborigines and cut them off from the river.' After the first attempt failed, a second attempt was more successful. Five stockmen drove the Wiradjuri towards the river and another six stockmen lying in ambush, 'fired as the natives appeared and then rode down upon them with cutlasses' (Byrne 1848, 2, p 231). After they killed nine Wiradjuri warriors, 'they allowed the rest to escape across the river' (Byrne 1848, vol 2, p 255).</p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5782'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1839-08-01</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Raid at Bammen]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>According to a correspondent, C.T., an overseer wrote that "the blacks took from Bamen, or Bammen, (native name of one of my stations) after endeavouring to kill the calves in the pen, but which ran off to their dams, one of the shepherd's pea coats, Carroll's bed, blanket, shirt, trowsers, and frock, and left us, threatening to come on us in the night. They have done us a good deal of mischief, and have been very troublesome ever since you left us last shearing. They have done Mr. M-----'s herd of cattle a great deal of injury, having killed and eat some - some they have speared, and many more (supposed about 60) they have driven quite away, where they are not to be found, and they still continue the practice. They have laid in ambush to surprise and cut off the man who is in charge, and he is in danger of his life."
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5786'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[1000 Wiradjuri people near Bammen]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>According to a correspondent, C.T., an overseer wrote that "There is now (March 1) about a thousand of the blacks convenient to our stations ; and the shepherds are afraid to graze their sheep, or to watch them at night, lest the blacks should come on them by surprise."
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			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1833-02-26</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Warrior killed in raid on hut.]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>A shepherd’s hut was attacked somewhere on the Murrumbidgee River and a shepherd name Smith, with another employed by H McArthur killed one Wiradjuri warrior and wounded another. Smith was wounded. It’s not clear which station the shepherd Smith was at, but the visitor from McArthur’s station was probably a neighbour. McArthur is listed as having a licence for Naeka Naeka and Hobdon. The location of Nacka Nacka has been used.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5788'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1833-05-06</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Warrior killed in raid on hut at Mr Shelley’s station]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>During a raid by ‘strong party’ of warriors at Mr Shelley’s station one was shot. The shot also wounded Mr Rowland Shelley.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5789'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1833-08-05</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[100 Wiradjuri Warriors of the Murrumbidgee search for ‘Warrick Blacks’ and destroy hut]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>About 100 ‘Mullin Budgee blacks’, armed with guns, spears, and a sword, attacked a station near Nenah Farm searching for ‘the Warwick blacks’. They wounded a man named Taylor, broke things at the station, and killed livestock. The mounted police arrived later and could not find them. The location of Nenah Farm is unclear, except that it was on the Lachlan River.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te578a'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1836-01-30</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Hut keeper killed in raid]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>A large group of warriors killed a hut keeper at Mr Larkham’s station.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te578c'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1839-02-13</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Targetted attack on Dr Mackay by 15 warriors]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>15 warriors demanded and almost killed Dr Mackay before stockmen and others arrived.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te578d'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-02-13</begin>
        <end>1839-02-13</end>
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      <name><![CDATA[Raid and burning of hut at Mr Jenkins run]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p><p>In a planned ambush warriors speared and tomahawked a hut keeper at Mrs Jenkins, plundered and burned the hut. 'The blacks have recently done a deal of mischief since the murder of a hut-keeper of Mrs Jenkin's. This man's murder was very coolly planned and perpetrated, viz.&mdash;they lay in ambush until the man went to milk his cows, and then threw six spears at him, which went through his body; they afterwards mangled his body with tomahawks, and then plundered the hut, and set fire to it.' (The Sydney Monitor and Commercial Advertiser, May 11, 2025 p2)<br>Police Magistrate Hardy reported to the Colonial Secretary that the killing of Jenkins's servant happened not at 'Bangus' but 40miles downstream. This would be somewhere near Wagga Wagga. However, Jenkins is indicated as owning a station at Buckenbong, further down river near Narrandera, so this is likely the place meant. The report gave a description of a Wiradjuri resistance leader known to colonists as 'Brian Boru', named after a legendary Irish king:<br>'a well known Tribe of Blacks indigenous to that neighbourhood were known to have been on the spot&nbsp;<br>on the morning of the murder as well as for several days previously; that amongst them was a very&nbsp;<br>remarkable Black known by the name of "Brian Boru", who, amongst other peculiarities, has a foot&nbsp;<br>of very great length (14 inches at least, and of proportionate breadth); that the marks of this foot&nbsp;<br>were distinctly seen on the ashes of the Hut and round about by several persons the same day the&nbsp;<br>murder was committed; that this Tribe have not made their appearance since in the neighbourhood,&nbsp;<br>but are known to have gone farther down the River; and, lastly, that, owing to the great scarcity of&nbsp;<br>water, the Tribe in question are, in his opinion, certainly to be met with on its Banks, and at no great&nbsp;<br>distance.' (Hardy to Thomas, 18/01/1839)<br>Colonists who later captured warriors at Wamber Tumber Gap blamed one of them known as 'Buonaparte' for the killing of Jenkins's servant. It's not clear if there were two warriors, both blamed for the murder, or one warrior known by two names to colonists.</p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te578b'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[60 Wiradjuri occupy Smith’s station]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>A group of 60 Wiradjuri men, women and children occupied Mr Smith’s station for more than two weeks, eating sheep from stations in the area.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te578e'>TLCMap</a></p>
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      <name><![CDATA[Tolwong’ elder tours Shoalhaven and visits son at Murrumbidgee]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>King Charles’ of the ‘Tolwong Tribe’ visited Shoalhaven and the went to the Murrumbidgee to visit his son. He reported sickness at Shoalhaven.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te578f'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1839-02-13</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Colonists lose control of herds as Wiradjuri use traditional techniques to kill them]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>Repeated raids have made it hard for colonists to manage livestock. Livestock have been skittish and difficult to round up and corral. By contrast Wiradjuri people use traditional land management and hunting techniques to spear livestock.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5790'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1839-07-24</begin>
        <end>1839-07-24</end>
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      <name><![CDATA[Raids at Mr Ryan’s station, Galong]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>A group of warriors lead by Buonaparte conducted devastating raids on squatters in the region between Yass and Young. Mr Ryan's station at Galong (Pasturage Licences, (Pasturage Licences 1845, November 18, p 1294) was among those raided. As C.H. Nichols wrote: 
"I hasten to inform you of the alarming state in which the settlers in our part of the country are placed, in consequence of the blacks; for tbe last month they have been killing cattle in all directions, both outside and within the boundaries; the last three weeks they have commenced their havoc here among the cattle of Messrs Ryan, Roberts, Hurley, and Fennell, and mine to a ruinous extent -- in fact, one third of the increase are lost through them,
for what they do not kill they scatter over the country." (1839, August 31, The Australian, p 2)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5791'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-07-15</begin>
        <end>1839-08-08</end>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.374376,-34.464342</coordinates>
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      <name><![CDATA[Raids at Mr Roberts’s station, Currawong]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>A group of warriors lead by Buonaparte conducted devastating raids on squatters in the region between Yass and Young. Mr Roberts's station at Currawong (Pasturage Licences 1845, November 18, p 1294) was among those raided. As C.H. Nichols wrote:  "I hasten to inform you of the alarming state in which the settlers in our part of the country are placed, in consequence of the blacks; for tbe last month they have been killing cattle in all directions, both outside and within the boundaries; the last three weeks they have commenced their havoc here among the cattle of Messrs Ryan, Roberts, Hurley, and Fennell, and mine to a ruinous extent -- in fact, one third of the increase are lost through them, for what they do not kill they scatter over the country." (1839, August 31, The Australian, p 2)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5792'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-07-15</begin>
        <end>1839-08-08</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.030731,-34.641307</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Raids on Hurley and Fennell’s station, Cootamundra]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>A group of warriors lead by Buonaparte conducted devastating raids on squatters in the region between Yass and Young. Mr Fennell's station at Cootamundra (Pasturage Licences 1845, November 18, p 1294) was among those raided. As C.H. Nichols wrote:  "I hasten to inform you of the alarming state in which the settlers in our part of the country are placed, in consequence of the blacks; for tbe last month they have been killing cattle in all directions, both outside and within the boundaries; the last three weeks they have commenced their havoc here among the cattle of Messrs Ryan, Roberts, Hurley, and Fennell, and mine to a ruinous extent -- in fact, one third of the increase are lost through them, for what they do not kill they scatter over the country." (1839, August 31, The Australian, p 2) Warriors Buonaparte, Billy the Ram, Jackey Williams, John Dilla, Johnny Murphy, and Yoyoe were in the group raiding stock near Mr Hurley and Mr Fennell's station, capturing and threatening the shepherd while driving off the flock after killing some wethers for eating. 
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5793'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-08-08</begin>
        <end>1839-08-08</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.9083038,-34.8277755</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Warrant obtained for reprisals against Buonaparte’s group of warriors.]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>After raids on Mr Ryan’s and other properties between Yass and Young, Mr Ryan went to Yass and obtained a warrant for them.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5794'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-08-14</begin>
        <end>1839-08-14</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.295004,-34.586598</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Colonist reprisal posse assembles at Mr Nichols station.]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>Having obtained a warrant at Yass, the chief constable, Mr Ryan, Michael- Caughlin, James Hoolahan, and C.H. Nichols formed a group at C.H. Nichols station. C.H. Nichols may be Nicholson Charles, who had a stations at Nimgy (Pasturage Licences 1845, November 18, p 1294).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5795'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-08-17</begin>
        <end>1839-08-17</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.240737,-34.298933</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Reprisal party stops at Burrengong]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>The reprisal posse rode to Mr White’s station at Burrengong and were joined by Mr White.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5796'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-08-01</begin>
        <end>1839-08-01</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.3937,-34.290049</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Colonists capture Wiradjuri warriors]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>The colonist reprisal posse surrounded the group of 30 Wiradjuri raiders at Wamber Tumber Gap. As the only high ground on the plains the warriors were probably basing their raids from this strategic position. The colonists seem to have know where they were, as the narrative doesn’t describe a pursuit but says they surrounded the warriors and drove them into a hut. This also suggest they were taken by surprise. The colonists then “ secured Buonaparte, Johnny Murphy, Yoyoe Mickey, Jackey William, andHilly the Ram, and let the others go”  (1839, August 31, The Australian, p 2).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5797'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-08-21</begin>
        <end>1839-08-21</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.519156,-34.304977</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Wiradjuri warriors held at Mr Shelly’s, Maringo.]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>The colonist posse held captive warriors in a stone storage building at Mr Shelly’s (Shelley) but they escaped during the night. Buonaparte remained  fighting, using a spade, and severely wounded colonists Caughlin and Hoolahan before being recaptured. The colonists presumed he had been the warrior who killed a shepherd at Mrs Jenkins (near Narrandera). If so this group of 30 warriors had been raiding over an area of at least 175km. Mr Ryan offered a rewards for apprehending the four escapees.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5798'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-08-22</begin>
        <end>1839-08-22</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.090301,-35.049576</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Border Police overstretched and reinforced.]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>Border Police were overstretched, with too few men and horses to police Aboriginal raiders and bushrangers in the large region between Yass and the Ovens River. They were reinforced with some troops and horses at the Mr Cosby’s head quarters (probably the police base at Gundagai). Colonists complain Border Police are ineffective and ‘Protectors of Aborigines’ are a waste of money.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te5799'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-09-01</begin>
        <end>1839-09-19</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>146.251063,-33.228761</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[300 Wiradjuri people raiding at Lachlan River]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>A group of 300 Wiradjuri people raid and disperse livestock at the Lachlan River.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te579a'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-09-20</begin>
        <end>1839-10-02</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>146.086607,-34.612528</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Warriors kill Aboriginal worker]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>Wiradjuri warriors kill an Aboriginal person working at Mr Peters’s station. Ham’s squatting map of 1849 indicates Peters had two stations, one to the east and one to the west of the junction of the Murrumbidgee with Yanco Creek (Yanko Yanko Ck).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te579b'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-10-09</begin>
        <end>1839-10-16</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.096430482594,-35.0679992595584</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Police Districts Planned]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>Plans announced to establish police districts in south Wiradjuri and Ngunnawal country, along with other parts of the colony.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te579c'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1839-11-23</begin>
        <end>1839-11-23</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>146.937801969619,-33.1022105181482</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Wiradjuri warriors kill a shepherd at Mr Lee’s station after a large gathering]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>“The blacks in the vicinity of Bathurst have assembled in large numbers, and declared their intention of exterminating all defenceless white men at out-stations. They have already killed a shepherd of Mr.Lee's, and have threatened Mr. R. Murphy's establishment on the Aber-crombie River.” (Colonial and Foreign News, 1840, August 25, p. 1250) According to Pasturage Licences listed in 1845, Mr Lee had two stations, Mickabill (Mickybill) and Condobolin, on the Lachlan. The reference to ‘Bathurst’ is from South Australia, so the broad region of Lachlan and Murrumbidgee is likely meant, rather than Bathurst and its immediate vicinity.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te579d'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1840-08-01</begin>
        <end>1840-08-25</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>149.024377446177,-33.9181816043486</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Wiradjuri warriors threaten Mr Murphy’s station after a large gathering]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>“The blacks in the vicinity of Bathurst have assembled in large numbers, and declared their intention of exterminating all defenceless white men at out-stations. They have already killed a shepherd of Mr.Lee's, and have threatened Mr. R. Murphy's establishment on the Aber-crombie River” (Colonial and Foreign News, 1840, August 25, p. 1250). It’s not clear where on the Abercrombie Murphy had a station. The reference to ‘Bathurst’ is from South Australia, so the broad region of Lachlan and Murrumbidgee is likely meant, rather than Bathurst and its immediate vicinity.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te579e'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1840-08-01</begin>
        <end>1840-08-25</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.096543344933,-35.0680616269564</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Police Districts Established]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>Police districts in south Wiradjuri and Ngunnawal country redefined, along with other parts of the colony.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te579f'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1841-09-17</begin>
        <end>1841-09-17</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.096430482594,-35.0679992595584</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Population estimates of Aboriginal people.]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>Colonists report evaluations Aboriginal workers on their stations. Colonists report evaluations Aboriginal workers on their stations. John Peter of Yass estimated the population within about 70km of where the Port Phillip road crosses the Murrumbidgee to be about 100.
This may be useful for estimating changes in population when data on precolonial population distributions based on updated methods becomes available.
The present Cootamundra Gundagai Regional Council LGA overall population distribution is 3 people/km2.
Looking at this as a 70 * 70km square, the population density of Aboriginal people is about 0.02 people/km2. Looking at this as a strip of people living within 1km of a 70km stretch or river it's 0.2 people/km2.
Shelley of Tumut estimated 400 Aboriginal people lived in the Murrumbidgee district (the whole region between the Murrumbidgee and Murray River according to contemporary maps). Over an area of about 60,000km2 this suggests population density of Aboriginal people, 0.006 p/km2. An earlier gathering of 1000 in the area suggests a population reduction of at least about 60%.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te57a0'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1841-11-06</begin>
        <end>1841-11-06</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.106756251663,-35.0744713415289</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Wiradjuri people rescue colonists from floods.]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>Commissioner of Crown Lands Mr. Bingham reported that Aboriginal people along the Tumut and Murrumbidgee Rivers saved many colonists during recent floods and suggested they be recognised and rewarded.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te57a1'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1844-11-30</begin>
        <end>1844-11-30</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.090301,-35.049576</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Collandoon]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>On 10 January, 1850 it was reported that the headquarters of the recently established Native Police were to be at Collandoon on the Murrumbidgee. It is difficult to locate this ‘Collandoon’ but there was a police base at Gundagai on the Murrumbidgee. In February, 1850, Commandant Frederick Walker with two Aboriginal troopers went to Collandoon on the Murrumbidgee to recruit 30 Aboriginal people to the Native Police.
A correspondent to the Morning Herald wrote, "We understand that the greatest benefits have accrued to the districts in
which this force, small as it is in number, has been located. Where but a year since the shepherds dare scarcely leave their huts, and every person went
about armed for fear of the blacks, all is now as quiet and settled as in the districts that have been occupied these twenty years, 
and it is now very uncommon to meet a person armed even when he is travelling from station to station." (Morning Herald, 1850, January 10, p 2)
The creation of the force was described as an 'experiment' and it's success was attributed to Mr Walker and his relations with Wiradjuri people on the Murrumbidgee.
According to the news article "When in the Murrumbidgee district, upwards of two hundred natives were anxious to join the [Native Police] force." (Morning Herald, 1850, January 10, p 2)
The correspondent added that "[The Native Police force] appears to hold out more hopes of permanently civilizing the
natives, than any experiment that has yet been tried." (Morning Herald, 1850, January 10, p 2)
The Native Police became notorious for massacres and killing.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te57a2'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1850-02-09</begin>
        <end>1850-02-09</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>148.090301,-35.049576</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Gundagai]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>This is a history of colonial violence and reference's include racist attitudes of the time.</p></p>With farm labour leaving for the gold fields, colonists depend on Aboriginal workers to bring in the harvest.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te57a3'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2420'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1852-01-14</begin>
        <end>1852-01-14</end>
      </TimeSpan>
    </Placemark>
  </Document>
</kml>
