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    <name><![CDATA[Northern Rivers War and Resistance]]></name>
    <description><![CDATA[<p>Events in this conflict will be added as Australian Wars and Resistance research continues.</p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Baker's Creek, Upper Ganghat]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[According to the Wingham Chronicle, April 25, 1922, p2 following Binghi warriors stealing cattle from the Australian Agricultural Company's 'heifer station at Baker's Creek, 12 miles north east of Gloucester,' (near Mount Ganghat) in 1834, the beleaguered employees 'in the hut were driven to dire straits, and as a last resource mixed arsenic in dampers and placed them where the natives had easy access to them. The result was deadly to the natives. The black warriors lay down and died all around.' (Wingham Chronicle and Manning River Observer 25 Apr 1922 p 2)
<br>
In 1889 a corresponden to the Daily Telegraph, 'J.W.C' wrote, 'White women were scarce in those days,
and these men took as help-mates a couple of
black gins from a tribe belonging to the head
quarters they started from. The aborigines or
native blacks were very troublesome in those
days, especially in the vicinity of Cape Hawke,
not far from the Manning River entrance, and
being aware that a supply of rations had been
recently brought to Gangat and that there were
only two men in charge, they decided to
stick the station up and help themselves,
One or two of the Cape Hawke blacks
were in the habit of visiting the station occasionally on their marauding excursions, and unwittingly, apparently, made the gins acquainted
with their designs, probably in the hope of
satisfying them of their safety in the event of
success. The gins were honest enough to
apprise their mates of the threatened danger,
and suitable precautions were adopted. Slits
were cut in the slab walls so that guns could
be protruded to cover the approach of their 
assailants. Everything useful and portable
was brought into the humpy and doors and
windows barricaded. On the morning of the
attack two blacks came to the hut as usual and
were at once ordered to leave and keep away or
they would be fired upon. The day wore on and
towards the afternoon a mob of blacks numbering from 50 to 60 came down to the station,
fully armed for hostilities with spears, boomerangs and nulla-nullas, and demanded grub.
These also were cautioned to keep off under
penalty of being fired upon, and seeing the
muzzles of two guns sticking out of a slit in a
slab in front of them, they retired a few yards
off, made their fires and camped for the night.
Their intention evidently was to attack the
station as soon as it was dark, and probably
set the hut on fire and murder the men.
Taylor and M'Grath were in a serious fix.
Miles from any help, their horses in the bush
unavailable for flight, they felt that with the
approach of night their doom was sealed, and to
make matters worse, on examination they
found that they had only a couple of charges of
powder. Taylor fortunately had a good supply
of arsenical soap, so the men went to work and
made up a lot of Johnny cakes, well mixing
tho dough up with the soap; and in the evening they opened the door of tho hut and
pitched out the cakes and drew the attention
of the blacks to the grub supplied for their
gratification. There was a regular scramble
for the cakes, while the door was closed and
the inmates awaited the result. The effects of
the arsenic soon told upon the blacks, many of
whom rushed to the water and drank to repletion to allay tho burning inside. Some of the
most gluttonous dropped dead, and such a scare
was produced upon the tribe that they bolted,
being perfectly satisfied that the grub they
had so daringly demanded was not exactly the
kind of grub they desired.
This, I believe, was the first act of poisoning
the native cannibals in the colony, and I don't
believe there are many of the present generation who will blame Taylor and McGrath for
their action in self-defence. The men next
morning left for head-quarters, and the cattle
were scattered in every direction, causing a
heavy loss to the company. Many took to the
scrubs about Bundobah and Boolaydeelah, and
the destruction of the bulls years after afforded
many a day's sport to crack pistol-shots from
horseback' (The Daily Telegraph, 13 Jul, 1889, p 9).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16c0'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Cobark River]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[According to an article published in 1922 Aboriginal people killed 5 shepherds and then, 'After this outrage the natives divided - one body seeking shelter south west towards the source of the Gloucester River, and the other going north west towards the Upper Arundel.' A group of colonists pursued the first group and massacred people at McKenzie Cliffs. The second group was also pursued, 'At a small plain a mile west of the
present Cobakh Station the Port Stephens men came into conflict with the
remaining body of natives, but the
fugitives broke and fled northwards
to a little flat on the Bowman River.
Here the final tragedy occurred; a
stand was made by the blacks, but in
vain. Years afterwards their unburied
skeletons could be seen' (The Wingham Chronicle and Manning River Observer, 25 April, 1922 p 2).
<br>
A correspondent calling themself 'Wirrapit' wrote that after the massacre of the 'Rawdon Vale' tribe at McKenzie Cliff, 'advantage was taken of the presence of the Williams River settlers to further punish the tribes inhabiting the Upper Bowman and what is now Glen Ward, as they had become very daring and troublesome.
A party of whites rode up the Cobark River and fought a pitched battle with the tribe that had arrived from Mount Moonee, and killed over 50 of them, losing seven or eight of their own men.' 
A larger party then went on to Bowman River where 'over 100 it is said --- being killed and also twelve white were killed and badly wounded' (The Scone Advocate, 7 May 1935, p 4).
This article notes that 'as time went on most exaggerated reports began to filter in and reach the authorities in Newcastle and Sydney'. A massacre involving the deaths of this many colonists would most likely have been widely reported at the time, and no other records have been found. The numbers of colonists and Aboriginal people killed have most likely been exaggerated.
<br>
The massacres at Mt McKenzie, Cobark River and Bowman River occurred around the same time but available reports are long after the incidents so it is difficult to determine their year.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16c1'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Bowman River]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p>After killing 5 shepherds, colonists pursued Aboriginal people in two groups and massacred them at&nbsp;Cobark River&nbsp;and&nbsp;Mt McKenzie. After Cobark River they went on to massacre people at Bowman River. These massacres were reported in 1922.<br>'After this outrage the natives divided - one body seeking shelter south west towards the source of the Gloucester River, and the other going north west towards the Upper Arundel.' A group of colonists pursued the first group and massacred people at McKenzie Cliffs. The second group was also pursued, 'At a small plain a mile west of the present Cobakh Station the Port Stephens men came into conflict with the remaining body of natives, but the fugitives broke and fled northwards to a little flat on the Bowman River. Here the final tragedy occurred; a stand was made by the blacks, but in vain. Years afterwards their unburied skeletons could be seen' (The Wingham Chronicle and Manning River Observer, 25 April, 1922 p 2).<br>A correspondent calling themself 'Wirrapit' wrote that after the massacre of the 'Rawdon Vale' tribe at McKenzie Cliff, 'advantage was taken of the presence of the Williams River settlers to further punish the tribes inhabiting the Upper Bowman and what is now Glen Ward, as they had become very daring and troublesome.' After a massacre at Cobark river 'a larger party rode over to the Bowman River through McKenzie's Gap (Neilson's selection), and meeting with a large number of blacks fought another pitched battle, where Mr. J. Grant's homestead now stands, many blacks --- over 100 it is said --- being killed and also twelve white were killed and badly wounded' (The Scone Advocate, 7 May 1935, p 4).<br>This article notes that 'as time went on most exaggerated reports began to filter in and reach the authorities in Newcastle and Sydney.' A massacre involving the deaths of this many colonists would most likely have been widely reported at the time, and no other records have been found. The numbers of colonists and Aboriginal people killed have most likely been exaggerated.<br>The massacres at Mt McKenzie, Cobark River and Bowman River occurred around the same time but available reports are long after the incidents so it is difficult to determine their year.</p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16c2'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Mt McKenzie, Barrington Tops]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[Binghi people were shot dead and leapt or were thrown over a cliff in retaliation for them killing five convict shepherds at Robert Ramsay Mackenzie's property at Wattenbakh on the western bank of the Barrington River, two miles from Rawdon Vale, at the time known as 'Kiripit'. Survivors fled and were caught and killed on a flat at Bowman River (Wingham Chronicle, April 25, 1922, p 2). 
<br>
A later article from 1935 claimed 6 shepherds were killed in the lead up to this massacre, and decribed the massacre at McKenzie's Cliffs as follows:  'The settlers from the Williams
River side came across to the head
of the Gloucester, driving the blacks
before them, while the settlers on
this side drove all the blacks up the
river and at last cornered them on
the small flat above McKenzie's cliffs
where they shot men, women and
children without mercy or consideration. Those who escaped the bullet
were killed by falling over the cliffs
and being smashed on the rocks below. Thus was the whole tribe of
blacks, with one or two exceptions,
who inhabited this part of the district exterminated' (The Gloucester Advocate, 22 Mar 1935, p 1).
<br>
According to Geoffrey Blomfield, 'The massacre has a strong oral tradition' (Blomfield 1981, p 121-2).
<br>
The location marked here is purposefully not the location of the massacre. Please note that 'The Aboriginal community has requested that the actual site is not promoted and visitation is discouraged' (NSW Parks and Wildlife Service. Barrington Tops National Park, Mount Royal National Park and Barrington Tops State Conservation Area: Plan of Management. Parramatta, NSW: Environment and Heritage: Department of Planning and Environment, 2022, p 22).
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			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Kunderang Brook Upper Macleay River Valley]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[On 10 June 1840 the <i>Sydney Herald</i> reported that Mr Freer, 'traveling from New England down the bed of the Macleay River  with a large flock of sheep, and having one afternoon at a crossing place missed three hundred and seventy of them, he returned to search, accompanied by a stockman and a mounted black. The latter soon discovered that the stock had been driven in the direction of the mountains by' Aboriginal warriors. 'after following the tracks for about eight miles, they came to a precipitous rock, where they turned down a creek, on the sides of which they discovered from two to three hundred' Aboriginal people 'busily engaged in roasting not kangaroos but mutton. The instant they perceived Mr. Freer and his party they took to their spears and boomerangs, retiring to the ranges, but on discovering the weakness of their pursuers, endeavoured to surround them, threatening them and abusing them in tolerable English while daring them to come on. The party being badly armed, Mr Freer prudently retreated, and traveling all night and reached next day a station of a Mr Steele's JP [evidently Towel Creek] where he was furnished with the assistance of three horsemen.' Upon returning to the place he last saw the Aboriginal people, here 'he found the remains of about sixty sheep and three stockyards most ingeniously constructed.'  Following their trail, 'Mr Freer and party proceeded about twelve miles up Kundering [Coonderang Creek] Brook,' where they found the Aboriginal people 'had again turned across the Mountains.'  Continuing the trail, the party ultimately found the Aboriginal people 'in the act of preparing mutton; on being fired upon they speedily decamped, and the pursuing party were rewarded for their praiseworthy conduct by the satisfaction they felt on recovering two hundred and twenty sheep alive.' (SH, June 10, 1840 p 5) It is stated that the owners of the sheep were Messrs. Betts and Panton, who were at the time occupiers of Long Flat station on the Macleay River. Henderson, 1851, Vol. 2, p 5 states that 'two to three dozen men were slaughtered'.
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			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Red Rock, NSW]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[On July 19, 1841, the <i>Sydney Herald</i> reported that Crown Lands Commissioner Oakes and a party of border police had pursued and slaughtered a number of Gumbaynggirr people after attacking and robbing a hut at the newly established Glenreagh [Glenugie] Station north west of present day Coffs Harbour. In 1886,  Grafton historian Thomas Bawden, said that in 1841 the Gumbaynggirr had 'overpowered a negro while [he] was in charge of a hut' (<i>C&RE&NEA</i>, July 10, 1886, p 3). In reprisal, Crown Lands Commissioner Henry Oakes led a party of mounted border police from Port Macquarie to find the offenders. They 'overtook the blacks at Corindi, where they paid full retribution for their deed.'(<i>C&RE&NEA</i>, July, 10, 1886, p3) 'The massacre began when mounted police entered the camp at Blackadder Creek and started shooting. They then pursued the survivors to the Corindi River where they continued shooting. Some people were then driven off the headland' at present day Red Rock.  It is not known the number of Gumbaynggirr people killed. However the number must have been more than six because according to Somerville & Perkins 2010, 24-32,  Gumbaynggirr people today recall the massacre from accounts told to them by their grandparents.
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			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Tyndale, Clarence River]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[According to McSwain and Switzer 2006, p.17, Bundjalung people 'Older Yaegl members keep a story of massacre of a clan group on the South Arm near Tyndale.'
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        <Data name="Attackers">
          <value><![CDATA[Colonists]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="AttackersDead">
          <value><![CDATA[0]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="AttackerDescription">
          <value><![CDATA[Settler(s), Stockmen/Drover(s)]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="CorroborationRating">
          <value><![CDATA[*]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[Northern Rivers]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Stage">
          <value><![CDATA[Clarence and Richmond]]></value>
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        </Data>
        <Data name="Period">
          <value><![CDATA[South]]></value>
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    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>152.551,-28.947</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Pagan's Flat, Tabulam]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[According to Eve Kean, the author of the history of Kyogle, in 1841, P.C.Pagan, leaseholder of East Tabulam station was speared and killed by a Bundjalung warrior for having fired his gun into the Bundjalung camp for their having stolen a blanket. 'In reprisal, a posse of armed stockmen and border police, massacred the entire camp.' (Keane 1957, p.12). The camp was located on the Clarence River, at what is now Pagan's Flat.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16c7'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1841-01-01</begin>
        <end>1841-12-31</end>
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      <ExtendedData>
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          <value><![CDATA[1089]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[Bundjalung]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[NSW]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[Kempsey]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>151.681,-32.447</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Black Camp Creek (Spring Gully Creek), Williams River]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[In 1841, two stockmen employed by settler Timothy Nowlan of 'Walleroba' station on the Williams River, were killed by Worimi warriors. In reprisal, a detachment of mounted police proceeded to pursue the culprits. They came up with a group of Worimi at Black Camp Creek and in the encounter killed all but one of the group and according to local historian RL Ford (1995, p 128), Mundiva (Mundiba) was the sole survivor. According to Clarke and Irwin, the biographers of the Gorton brothers who lived nearby, Nolan was also speared (Clarke and Irwin 1977, p.15).  Irwin said that her uncle EDF Gorton was shown the massacre site by his father and grandfather, that the reprisal massacre took place in the evening and that as a lad, the grandfather  'chopped musket balls from the trees, in which it is said that the fearful Aborigines had attempted to find a refuge' (Clarke and Irwin 1977, p.16).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16c8'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1841-01-01</begin>
        <end>1841-12-31</end>
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          <value><![CDATA[NSW]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[NSW]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="PoliceDistrict">
          <value><![CDATA[Raymond Terrace]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[0]]></value>
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        <Data name="AttackerDescription">
          <value><![CDATA[Mounted Police]]></value>
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      <Point>
        <coordinates>152.812,-29.631</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Orara River, near Seelands]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[According to historian David Kent, in  April 1841, in reprisal for alleged stock theft from Ramornie station on the Clarence River by Bundjalung warriors, CLC Oakes of Clarence PD swore in stockmen as special constables to surround a Bundjalung  camp at night and at daybreak charged and killed indiscriminately Bundjalung men, women and children (Kent, 2006, p 36-41). According to Kent a man named Lynch was later charged with the stock theft.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16c9'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1841-04-01</begin>
        <end>1841-04-30</end>
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          <value><![CDATA[Grafton]]></value>
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      <Point>
        <coordinates>152.914,-30.413</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Bellinger River]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[When Major Oakes, Crown Lands Commissioner for the Clarence McLeay Pastoral District, and a party of mounted field police were returning  from the Clarence River to Head Quarters at Kempsey in June 1841, they reported that they were attacked by a large group of Aboriginal people (Bundjalung) and, in self-defence, they killed and wounded 20 of them. A Government Inquiry was proposed (<i>Sydney Herald</i>, 19 July, 1841, p 2), but if it was held, there is no extant report.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16ca'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1841-06-01</begin>
        <end>1841-06-10</end>
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        <coordinates>152.634,-29.44</coordinates>
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      <name><![CDATA[Gordon Brook Station, Clarence River]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[In early November1842, a group of  Bundjulung people stole a flock of sheep at an outstation of Gordon Brook Station on the Clarence River, owned by Messrs  Sandeman and Company. In reprisal the overseer led some stockmen to the Bundjulung camp and killed 20 of them. The massacre was reported in the  Sydney Morning Herald, 12 November 1842, p.2.  On 14 December 1842, Gordon Sandeman published a letter in the Sydney Morning Herald, p.3, denying the massacre and his overseer's involvement.  This appears to be the code of silence being imposed in the aftermath of a frontier massacre.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16cb'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1842-09-01</begin>
        <end>1842-09-30</end>
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      <name><![CDATA[Goanna Headland, Evans Head]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Rory Medcalf interviewed people in the Bundjuling community at Box Ridge and drew on the reminiscences of J T Olive of Woodburn whose father had been 'a squatter on the lower Richmond in the 1840s and took part in the Evans Head massacre' (Medcalf, 1993, p 5) to give a detailed account of a massacre at Goanna Headland.
<br>
According to Medcalf's narrative based on these sources, after Bundjuling people killed five white men at Pelican Creek in 1843, a group of 11 stockmen attacked a Bundjalung camp at Evans River and drove the Aboriginal people towards Goanna Headland where two schooners were sheltering from the southerly gale. The sailors on board joined in the shooting: 'Once within striking distance of the blacks a volley was poured into their ranks. Then the men aboard the schooners rushed for their guns and also opened fire on the tribe, who were mown down, the survivors fleeing in the distance. Altogether 100 darkies were killed on that headland, and for years afterwards the skulls could be picked up on the spot' (Olive in Medcalf, 1993, p 6).
<br>
Elder Mrs Mary Cowlan of Box Ridge said, 'Then the white men, they came along and shoot people ... I don't know the reasons ... they (the whites) didn't know blackfeller rules ... they had no pity, they killed women, men, children, babies' (Cowlan in Medcalf, 1993, p 6).
Elder Janet Gomes, said, 'Whitefellers started firing shots. There was no way out ... they (the Aborigines) were chased across the river from the Bundjalung Reserve' (Gomes in Medcalf, 1993, p 6).
<br>
Summarising the Bundjuling narratives, which are similar in many details to the colonist version, Medcalf wrote, 'It says the killings started at the riverbank campsite, and that the Aborigines were chased east to the headland, where at least one boatload of armed sailors was waiting.
The tribal group was all but annihilated, it says. They were the Birihn clans ... According to Douglas Cook, an Aboriginal elder from the Cabbage Tree Island community, who died in 1987, only two Birihn children survived the massacre' (Medcalf, 1993, p 6).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16cc'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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    <Placemark>
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        <coordinates>152.288,-30.822</coordinates>
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      <name><![CDATA[Sheep Station Bluff  Upper McLeay River]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[According to Geoffrey Blomfield (1981, pp 40-41), 'Two young colonial men were left at Sheep Station Creek to hold a small mob of quiet cattle' while the station boss and other stockmen went after the wild cattle. The boys 'fell asleep' and when 'they awoke they found that some Aboriginal men had speared a vealer and were dragging it off.' They informed the boss when he returned, and he quickly set off in pursuit (presumably with the other stockmen) and 'quite quickly came up with them on the cliff edge. It is said that they forced them over the cliff to their deaths'.  Next day one of the two young men left to hold the 'quiet' cattle 'became troubled that some of the Aboriginal people may have been left injured by the fall from the cliff and dying a lingering death in the sun. He rode out to the site of the massacre. He found an infant crawling about and took it to Pee Dee station, the McMaugh home.' 'Later the child was taken to live with the Thompson Family at Towel Creek station' (Blomfield, 1981, pp 40-41).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16cd'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <end>1843-12-31</end>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>152.674,-30.844</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Upper Macleay River]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[Geoffrey Blomfield (1981, p 37) cites a paragraph from Mrs H A McMaugh's, 'Early Settlement of the Upper Macleay' (p 6). 'In 1845, Kunderan station was the property of Captain Goblin and he had two shepherds and their wives there, and they were found dead, murdered by the blacks but it was quite  a week after the bodies were found and about eight hundred sheep also missing, the matter was reported to the [Crown Lands] Commissioner [Robert] Massie at Kempsey and he in company with John McMaugh and several men from the station tracked the sheep to where the blacks had driven them. They found a large number of them camped under a cliff they immediately showed fight and a battle ensued but the whitemen were well armed and a great number of blacks were killed but the only casualty on the other side was a horse, the men took cover behind the trees and fired at the murderers, a few of the sheep were found but the blacks were so numerous that they killed and ate twenty a night.' Blomfield also heard two separate accounts of the massacre from Aboriginal men, Victor Shepherd and Laurie O'Keefe (Blomfield 1981, p.38).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16ce'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1845-01-01</begin>
        <end>1845-12-31</end>
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          <value><![CDATA[South]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>152.21,-30.978</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Dourallie Creek, Upper Macleay River Valley]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[On October 20, 1846, p2, the 'Sydney Morning Herald' reported: 'Accounts have been received of a great number of cattle having been speared by the blacks, at the head of the McLeay river, and at the Manning. The greatest sufferers are Messrs P. and H. Mackay in the McLeay.'  Geoffrey Blomfield (1981, p 46-7), reports 'a punitive expedition led by two graziers opened fire  on [Aboriginal] people swimming in [a] waterhole at the junction of [the Macleay river and Durallie Creek].  Some tried to escape by scrambling up the opposite cliff face but were "brought back with lead"'.   Blomfield considers that ' [a]bout 60 men, women and children were swimming in the creek where they were all shot.'  Details of the massacre were given to Blomfield by Aboriginal Elder Victor Shepherd (Blomfield, 1981, pp 46-7).  For sixty people to have been shot, the punitive expedition would have to have comprised at least six well-armed horsemen.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16cf'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1846-10-01</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Kangaroo Creek, Clarence Pastoral District]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[In December 1847, Crown Lands Commissioner, Oliver Fry, based at Grafton, was told by a stockman and at least one Aboriginal man that on 29 November 1847, squatter Thomas Coutts had poisoned 23 Aboriginal people by offering them damper  laced with arsenic at his station at Kangaroo Creek. In January 1848 Fry set off for Kangaroo Creek Station to investigate. He found human remains at the Aboriginal camp on the station but they were too decomposed for analysis. He ordered the arrest of Coutts, charged him with murder and sent him to Sydney on the ship <i>Phoenix</i> under armed guard. In the Sydney magistrate's court he was bailed for 1,000 pounds to appear in the Supreme Court in May 1848. In May however, he was discharged for lack of evidence. The stockman who reported the crime was under arrest for another crime and the Aboriginal witnesses were prevented by law from presenting evidence in court (<i>MMHRGA</i>, February 2, 1848, p 3). However, the Attorney General, J.H. Plunkett, was 'in no moral doubt' that Coutts had poisoned the Aboriginal people and caused their deaths (Lydon, 1996, pp 159-60).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16d0'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Angel's Beach, East Ballina, Richmond PD]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[This massacre was carried out by native police  in 1854 as reprisal for the alleged killing of two white men north of the Tweed River. There was no evidence that the Bundjalung at Angel's beach were involved in the alleged killing of the white men. Ainsworth estimates that 30 Bundjalung were killed (Ainsworth 1987, p45-6). A Memorial to the massacre was erected at Angel's Beach in 2001.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16d1'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      <name><![CDATA[Towel Creek,  Clarence Pastoral District]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA['Two settlers had been scouting' Aborigines for days 'and finally located them in the upper reaches of Towel Creek. According to Stanley Murray, elder tribesman who repeated the story to Victor Shepherd about 1930, the two settlers sat up till well past midnight making lead slugs for muzzle-loading rifles.' 'The settlers had an Aboriginal servant working for them called Jimmy Taylor, who had acquired a sufficient knowledge of English to become aware of what was going to happen.' That night he went to the camp to warn his tribesmen and 'they immediately moved camp upstream and took shelter in a rain forest, some climbing to the tops of trees and laying down in the thick matted vines covering the tree tops, while others continued on towards the tableland. It would appear that Jack Scott's mother tried to hide in some bushes so fell an easy victim to the hunters. Unfortunately for those hiding in the vines, one man coughed. This at once betrayed their hiding place with disastrous results. It is doubtful if there is any record of how many lost their lives at Towel Creek. The place of the massacre is shown as being about a third of the way up to Jimmy Taylor's gully which is marked on the Comara map.' (Murray cited in Bloomfield, 1981, pp. 45-6)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16d2'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Fernmount, Bellinger River]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[According to the <i>National Advocate</i> (Bathurst), 'the trial of John Frederick Kelly on a charge of having at Fernmount, [on the Bellinger River, north coast NSW] on June 7, [1895] slain Tommy Doyle by giving him poison, was concluded on Friday afternoon. The Jury, after a short retirement, found the accused not guilty and he was discharged. Tommy Doyle was one of the half-dozen aborigines who died from drinking poison supplied to them for rum.' (<i>National Advocate</i>, August 5, 1895, p 3) This is one of the first cases of poisoning Aboriginal people in NSW with poisoned alcohol.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16d3'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2501'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1895-06-07</begin>
        <end>1895-06-07</end>
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