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        "name": "Noongar War and Resistance",
        "description": "<p><strong>Listen</strong></p>\r\n<p><em>Honouring Indigenous cultural hero Yagan</em>, Stuff The British Stole, ABC TV + iview <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3F0x-vliGY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3F0x-vliGY</a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<p>Events in this conflict will be added as Australian Wars and Resistance research continues.</p>",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Swan Valley",
                "description": "In 1914 a local historian, 'C.B' described an increase in conflict in 1831, during which sheep were driven off from the farms of Mr Brown and Mr Bull. 'The opening months of the year 1831 passed without any serious outbreak, but in September and October there was a recrudescence of the depredations. At this period The Most Serious Raid chronicled up to then took place on the stock at the Upper Swan. Nearly 100 sheep were looted from the locations of Messrs. Brown and Bull, and a strong party of natives being detected in the act. The natives were driven off, but not before half of the captured stock had been killed and eaten' (Western Mail, 16 Jan 1914, p 53). C.B. says that no aboriginal people were killed in these reprisals, but earlier sources indicate a massacre or massacres occurred in the aftermath.\n<br>\nEarly colonist Captain Charles Fremantle wrote of an incident in the Swan Valley after over 40 of Peter Brown's sheep were taken by local Noongar people in what they clearly considered an act of reciprocity and exchange of food. Local Noongar approached the farm shouting 'Kangaroo, Kangaroo!' suggesting exchange of sheep for the kangaroo the colonists had killed (Fremantle cited in Carter, p 78). \n<br>\nAnother account by Jane Dodd provides more detail about the reprisal. Lilian Heal in her book on the colonist Jane Dodds (1788-1844) quotes from a letter written by Dodds which was extracted in The Morning Herald (London), 4 September 1832:\n<br>\n'Tom sends you a kangaroo skin, two spears and one throwing board, the latter the natives never part with but with life. You have, no doubt, heard bad accounts of them, but in almost every instance the settlers have been the aggressors; the one I am about to record you may rely on is true. A party of natives drove off several of Mr Browne's sheep, in sight of the shepherd, calling \"Kangaroo, kangaroo\", which was a plain way of saying \"you have killed our kangaroo, now we must have yours\", but the sequel is dreadful to contemplate; they were followed, and the soldiers and others fell in with them about midnight (it was supposed their number exceeded two hundred men, women, and children), seated around several large fires, at which were roasting about ten sheep; the followers all fired into the midst of the thickest groups, killing some, and wounding many; however, the others fled in the greatest confusion, leaving all they possessed behind them, and among the rest the spears in question. In the course of a day or two some of the natives returned, and murdered the shepherd, which created no small sensation in our neighbourhood, but it appears they will have a victim should any of their party fall, and they always aim at the quarter from whence the blow comes upon them, so that the innocent often suffer with the guilty' (Heal, 1998, p 60).\n<br>\nGeorge Fletcher Moore wrote of the sheep raid at Mr Bull's but did not indicate that Aboriginal people were killed: 'Proceeding upwards in a due north course, we passed a fine reach of perhaps a mile and a half in length, having some very rich ground on its banks, which seemed so admirably adapted for a farm, that we gave it the name of \"Homestead Reach.\" A little above this we crossed the river, finding the way almost impracticable for our horses, from the stony nature of the ground. From this, proceeding still due north, we passed a dry rocky broad part of the bed of the river, which was recognised as the spot to which nearly 80 sheep of Mr. Bull's were formerly driven by the natives, and on which many of them were slaughtered' (Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 27 May 1834, p 4).\n<br>\nIn 1833 Baron Von Huegel wrote that the raid of Mr Bull's sheep lead to the killing of Aboriginal people: 'For instance, Mr [Henry] Bull, the settler at the furthest reach of the Swan River, lost a flock of 70 sheep. This attack, however, had grave consequence for the savages. A detachment of troops pursued them as they carried off their booty. They finally drove them into a valley surrounded by cliffs and fired at them at will until they cried out for mercy' (von H\ufffd\ufffdgel, 1994, p 28).\n<br>\nIt's unclear whether there was a single massacre after the two raids, or whether the sequence of events was the first raid at Mr Brown's, a first reprisal massacre at a large campsite at Swan Hill, the killing of a shepherd in retaliation, the second raid at Mr Bull's followed by another massacre in a narrow stretch of river at Success Hill.",
                "id": "te16ac",
                "source": "Western Mail, 16 Jan 1914, p 53 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/44881496\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/44881496</a>; Berryman, 2002, p 233;  Carter, 2005, pp 78-80; Heal 1988; Blight 2024 <a href=\"https://maryblight.com/2024/02/25/massacres-on-noongar-boodjar-from-1830-onwards/\">https://maryblight.com/2024/02/25/massacres-on-noongar-boodjar-from-1830-onwards/</a>; Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 27 May 1834, p 4 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2216240\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2216240</a>;  \nvon H\ufffd\ufffdgel, 1994.",
                "datestart": "1829-01-01",
                "dateend": "1829-12-31",
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                "udateend": -4418100292000,
                "latitude": "-31.895",
                "longitude": "115.958",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=884",
                "Source_ID": "884",
                "LanguageGroup": "Whadjuk Noongar",
                "Colony": "SRC",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Perth",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "20",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s), Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "Swan River",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Swan River Colony",
                "description": "This account was recorded in the <i>London Literary Gazette</i> 1830 (p 805)  'Affray at the Swan River: By accounts in the Indian papers, we learn that there has been a battle royal between the settlers and the natives at the new establishment of Swan River [Colony, Perth]. The quarrel commenced at an attempt at theft by the natives at Perth. The aborigines made a great shew of courage: they dared the settlers to fight: and one of them advanced and quietly knocked down a corporal with his waddie, a stick about two and half feet long, and an inch in diameter. The chiefs ascended the trees like monkeys, and chattered to (the newspapers say harangued) their tribes from the top of the branches. In such situations they were shot at with facility; but they feared not the thunder and lightning of the Europeans: and seven of their number were killed. The whole certainly must have been as unique as everything is connected with this wonderful settlement.'",
                "id": "te16ad",
                "source": "'Affray at the Swan River', <i>The London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres</i>, Arts, Sciences, Etc, London, 1830, p 805 <a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092531243&seq=811\">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092531243&seq=811</a>",
                "datestart": "1830-01-01",
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                "latitude": "-31.952",
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                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1031",
                "Source_ID": "1031",
                "LanguageGroup": "Whadjuk",
                "Colony": "SRC",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Perth",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "7",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Military, Settler(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Boorloo",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "Swan River",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Galup, Lake Monger",
                "description": "On the 3rd of May, the commandant of the Swan River Colony's 63rd regiment Frederick Irwin received a message 'soliciting Aid against the Natives on the Part of Inhabitants of the West End of the Town' (Irwin to Stirling, CO 18/7 p 119). The message included a description of raids and a violent encounter between three soldiers and Nyungar people who had occupied the house of a man named Paton. Later newspaper reports summarise the increasing tension and violence in the region at that time (<i>Western Mail</i>, 9 January, 1914, p 38 and 20 March, 1914, p 52). At Paton's house, when colonists tried to drive the Noongar people away, spears were thrown and a man who 'appeared the Chief, shewed unequivocal Gestures of Defiance and Contempt. On the Muskets being presented, the People now fired, and this Man was seen to fall wounded, falling a second time after rising. The Natives now made a rapid Retreat, leading him off' (Irwin to Stirling, CO 18/7 p 119). Ensign Dale and some guards went there ahead of Irwin and more men.\n<br>\nIrwin wrote in his report to Lieut. Governor Stirling: 'This daring and hostile Conduct of the Natives induced me to seize the Opportunity to make them sensible of our Superiority, by shewing how severely we could retaliate their Aggression, but that we had no Wish to injure them. With this View I continued the Pursuit, directing a Shot should not be fired but in Self-defence' (Irwin to Stirling, CO 18/7 p 119).\n<br>\nTwo groups of colonists, one led by Ensign Dale and the other by Irwin tracked a group of Noongar people to a Lagoon. Ensign Dale was injured with spear wounds and a Noongar warrior shot in the jaw. After a twenty minute 'parley' Ensign Dale's group opened fire. Irwin included the following details:\n<br>\n'While observing the Natives here, several Shots were fired towards us from the opposite Bank by Mr. Dale's Party. On calling out for an Explanation, and to order the firing to cease, I learned that a Volley of Spears had been thrown at them while penetrating the Swamp to where the Natives were. Three Spears had pierced the Arm of the Acting Serjeant Major, and the Party fired in return. One of the Natives now called out from a Tree he had ascended, and gave us to understand that their Women and Children were with them, and seemed earnest in his Entreaties that we would leave them. I now told the Party to leave the Swamp, and for about Twenty Minutes we held a Parley; the Natives pressing us to leave them, and we in vain trying to encourage them to come out to us. At this Period, hearing a trampling in the Lagoon, I proceeded alone down the Bank, and distinctly heard the Groans of the wounded, whom they were carrying past; but the Height of the Reeds concealed them, except the Tops of their Spears. Considering the Object I had in view as now fully accomplished, of impressing a salutary Dread of our Superiority and Arms, while we shewed them we did not wish to injure them, after getting them and their Families completely in our Power, we left them, at Sunset, apparently on Terms as friendly as usual. \n<br>\n'During the night nothing was heard of them, but next Morning they were seen to cross the River at the Islands, with their Families, in considerable Numbers.\n<br>\n'A Patrol I sent out for the Purpose brought in Three Natives they had surprised. These Men had been often seen in the Cantonment, and willingly accompanied the Soldiers. They intimated, by Signs, that some of their People were dead or wounded in the Lagoon, after Yesterday's Fire. When this was told me, I took them off to the Lagoon, but they could show none, and I concluded they meant only to signify that some of their people had fallen there.\n<br>\n'On our Return we observed a Body of about Forty, including Women and Children, moving Westerly; some came towards us, on being called; and with these and our Guides to the Swamp we parted on very good Terms'\n(Irwin to Stirling, CO 18/7 p 119).\n<br>\nIrwin did not report the number of people killed.\nA letter from W.H. Mackie to Colonial Secretary Brown summarised the initial confrontation at Paton's house in more detail, indicating that two Noongar men were shot there, prior to the pursuit to the swamp:\n'...they however stood boldly on the defensive, and when a gun was pointed at them laughed in a scornful manner and made signs of defiance - upon this a shot, or as some say two or three, were fired at them. One man is stated to have fallen, but whether from fear or a wound has not been ascertained. The shots however were ineffectual, for the Natives immediately rushed forward with loud cries upon the settlers, who, amounting at that time to only three or four, ran back, followed by a volley of spears and were pursued as far as Minchins.' The Noongar people collected their spears and returned to the house. The colonists called on their neighbours who came with firearms. 'A charge of small shot was then fired, but without effect, at the nearest of the savages, who instantly rushed on to the attack as before, throwing their spears as they advanced; but the settlers, amounting by this time to more than twenty, advanced to meet them, firing as they advanced, (by which fire another of the savages is said to have fallen) when the latter suddently wheeled round, and ran off at full speed' (Mackie to Brown, 1830).\n<br>\nMackie then described the pursuit to the swamp at which more were killed:\n'At this moment the \nmilitary who had been sent for by several of the settlers came up and joined in the pursuit \nwhich was continued to a swamp about two miles to the North West of the camp, into \nwhich the natives ran, and in which they were surrounded by the settlers and military by \nboth of whom (although strict orders had been given to the latter not to fire 'till ordered) \nseveral short shots were fired and more than [note: \"more than\" is crossed out in the \noriginal text] one or two of the natives are said to have fallen. They were seen also to carry \noff some wounded or dead into the interior of the swamp and the moans of the wounded \nwere distinctly heard' (Mackie to Brown, 1830).\n<br>\nAn article on the incident published in London reported seven were killed: 'In such situations they were shot at with facility; but they feared not the thunder and lightning of the Europeans; and seven of their number were killed' (<i>The Literary Gazette and Journal of the Belles Lettres</i>, 11 December 1830, p.805).\n<br>\nHistorian Dr Chris Owen and Dr Clint Bracknell, a Noongar man, note that Irwin 'had reason to downplay the violence and the extent of the killing. Governor Stirling had proclaimed Noongar people as British subjects and therefore subject in law to the same protections as white subjects' and that 'Fabricating and minimising the numbers of Aboriginal people killed would become a resonant theme throughout Western Australian history. This culture of suppression was echoed across the continent and was later lamented as a \"conspiracy of silence\" by a 1927 royal commission into the Forrest River massacre in the Kimberley' (Owen and Bracknell, 2021). Irwin's narrative points out that the shooting was conducted not by his group but by the detachment under Mr Dale, in a spot he could not see, and states that the Noongar people carried away their dead and wounded, meaning that they could not be counted. Owen and Bracknell state that in Noongar oral history there is a 'near-uniform insistence that \"a lot of Noongar were killed there\"' (Owen and Bracknell, 2021).\n<br>\nJohn Morgan, WA Colonial Storekeeper to Under-Secretary for Colonies, recorded an estimate of at least 30 killed or wounded in a letter to Robert W Hay, dated 14 July 1830: 'The Natives, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd have been very troublesome at Perth since I wrote, and in a skirmish with a strong party, who were evidently determined upon mischief, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd several of the detachment 63rd Regt were wounded with spears, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd and report says, \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd (for it was impossible to ascertain the fact) that thirty, or forty of the natives were kill'd or wounded' (Morgan to Hay, CO 18/7 pp.333-339; see also the summary in Buchanan and Buchanan, 2004 p 16).\n<br>\nMorgan's number of 30 or 40 killed or wounded differs greatly from other reports of how many were killed. The detailed reports of Irwin and Mackie make it clear that those killed could not be observed and so their numbers are indeterminate. Morgan's report may be biased against Irwin as they were in dispute over accounts related to the use or misuse of soldiers (Irwin to Stirling, 1830). This may equally be a reason to inflate the figures, as it may be to break the code of silence over how many were killed. Morgan was not present, but reported what he had heard. This could suggest either that his figure was exaggerated, or that he was reporting the 'off the record' numbers he'd heard from others.",
                "id": "te16ae",
                "source": "Irwin to Stirling, CO 18/7 p 119 <a href=\"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2030475659/view\">https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2030475659/view</a>;\nIrwin, Frederick Chidley, 'Correspondence 1808-1844' <a href=\"https://librarycatalogue.vincent.wa.gov.au/client/en_GB/search/asset/3405/0\">https://librarycatalogue.vincent.wa.gov.au/client/en_GB/search/asset/3405/0</a>;\nCarter, 2005, pp 67-74; \n<i>Western Mail</i>, January 9, 1914, p 38 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/44879885/3479435\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/44879885/3479435</a>;\n<i>Western Mail</i>, March 20, 1914, p 52 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37967507\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37967507</a>;\n'Letter from W.H. Mackie to Col. Sec. P. Brown SROWA, Cons. 608 1 WA S1243 <a href=\"https://librarycatalogue.vincent.wa.gov.au/client/en_GB/search/asset/3422/0\">https://librarycatalogue.vincent.wa.gov.au/client/en_GB/search/asset/3422/0</a>;\nSROWA CSR ACC 36, Vol 6, p 146; \nThe Literary Gazette and Journal of the Belles Lettres, 11 December 1830, p.805 <a href=\"https://books.google.com.au/books?id=AxwCRa2weagC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false\">https://books.google.com.au/books?id=AxwCRa2weagC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</a>;\nOwen, C and Bracknell, C (2021) <i>A Buried History</i> <a href=\"https://www.samedrum.com/research\">https://www.samedrum.com/research</a>;\nMorgan to Hay, CO 18/7 pp.333-339 <a href=\"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2030343777/view\">https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2030343777/view</a>;\nJohn Morgan to Robert W Hay 72/6, 14 July 1830 in Buchanan and Buchanan, 2004 <a href=\"https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2023-04/Guide-SwanRiverPapers.pdf\">https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2023-04/Guide-SwanRiverPapers.pdf</a>; Irwin to Stirling 5.1.1830 CONS 36 v.4/24 pp.24 \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 26",
                "datestart": "1830-05-03",
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                "longitude": "115.826",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=885",
                "Source_ID": "885",
                "LanguageGroup": "Whadjuk Noongar",
                "Colony": "SRC",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Perth",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "20",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Military, Settler(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Galup",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "Swan River",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "York (1)",
                "description": "A letter by the amateur ethnographer Robert Lyon (also known as Robert Lyon Milne) to the Colonial Secretary, Lord Goderich, protests at an attack on Nyungar people at York in 1832. Lyon wrote, 'The local government seem to have returned to the intelligent principle of governing the native tribes without a knowledge of their language - or rather have determined to let the settlement take the chance of an interminable war. No proclamation appeared; & since the above was written, one of the chiefs a man who by his example & his influence has saved more lives and property than all His Majesty's forces in Western Australia - has been dangerously wounded by some white savage. Notwithstanding this, I have succeeded, under divine providence in effecting a cessation of hostilities. So soon as I came from Carnac I went into the bush alone unarmed & met Yellow Gongo [Yellagonga] chief, a King of Mooro, whose district comprehends Perth & the country to the north of the Swan. He gave me assurances of peace & friendship, & presented me with a womera & a spear. Since then they have refrained even from molesting the stock. How long this calm may continue, God only knows. The settlers & soldiers at York have committed a horrible action: They went at night to an encampment of the natives &, while they were sitting round their fires poured the shot among them - men, women & children. Their cries were dreadful' (Lyon, 1832, p151).\n<br>\nThis letter is cited in Martens, 2022 as 'Lyon to Goderich, 1 January 1833, NA: CO 18/11, f. 150'. Green quotes the same letter from an extract in the Perth Gazette, January 1833 (Green 1984 p 120 and note 2, p 196).",
                "id": "te16af",
                "source": "Blight 2024 <a href=\"https://maryblight.com/2024/02/25/massacres-on-noongar-boodjar-from-1830-onwards/\">https://maryblight.com/2024/02/25/massacres-on-noongar-boodjar-from-1830-onwards/</a>; Martens 2022 <a href=\"https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2022.2072351\">https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2022.2072351</a>; Green 1984; Lyon, 1832 <a href=\"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2030106908/view\">https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2030106908/view</a>",
                "datestart": "1832-07-01",
                "dateend": "1832-11-26",
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                "longitude": "116.638",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1114",
                "Source_ID": "1114",
                "LanguageGroup": "Nyungar",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s), Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "York",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Perth Area",
                "description": "In September 1833 an article appeared in the <i>Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal</i> (September 7, 1833, p 142), describing how Noongar leaders Migo and Munday expressed a desire to meet with Noongar interpreter Methodist Missionary Francis Armstrong. Armstrong and the pair could converse sufficiently to come to an explanation that the Noongar people 'wished to come to an amicable treaty with us, and were desirous to know whether the white people would shoot any more of their black people. Being assured that the white people would not, they proceeded to give the names of all the black men of the tribes in this immediate neighbourhood who had been killed [Names not included in article], with a description of the places where they were shot, and the persons who shot them. The number amounted to sixteen, killed, and nearly twice as many wounded; indeed it is supposed, that few have escaped uninjured...They seemed perfectly aware that it was our intention to shoot them if they \"quippled\"\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdcommitted theft, they said then no more white men would be speared' (<i>The Perth Gazette</i> September 7, 1833, p 142).",
                "id": "te16b0",
                "source": "<i>Perth Gazette and West Australian Journal</i>, September 7, 1833, p 142 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/641889/148\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/641889/148</a>",
                "datestart": "1833-04-01",
                "dateend": "1833-09-01",
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                "udateend": -4302324292000,
                "latitude": "-31.953",
                "longitude": "115.861",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=886",
                "Source_ID": "886",
                "LanguageGroup": "Whadjuk Noongar",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Perth",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "16",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "Swan River",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Pinjarra",
                "description": "Captain James Stirling's plan to create a settlement south of Perth at Pinjarra was thwarted by the 'Murray tribe.' He told the Colonial Office in London that they threatened to destroy all the whites in the district and argued that if a 'check' was not made on them, they may 'tempt other tribes to pursue the same course, and eventually combine together for the extermination of the whites' (Owen, 2016, p 73).  The 'check' occurred on 28 October 1834 when Governor Stirling and twenty-four soldiers and civilians cornered the Murray Tribe' of some 'estimated eighty men, women and children in what has become one of the most infamous punitive expeditions in Western Australian history.' A large number of 'people were killed, the event itself created political controversy and, later, historians debated whether the 'check' was legal, 'just battle' or a 'massacre'. Stirling's own words on this matter were explicit and suggested the massacre description was apt. In his report to the Colonial Office, he declared that he had set out to punish the whole tribe and that his intention was to instill fear in the Aborigines and break their resistance. The only way to deal with Aboriginal people, he wrote, was to 'reduce their tribe to weakness' by inflicting 'such acts of decisive severity as will appall them as people'. The <i>Perth Gazette</i> reported on an uncompromising warning to the survivors that if there were any more trouble 'four times the present number of men would proceed amongst them and destroy every man woman and child' (Stirling, 1834, cited in Owen 2016, p 73). \nStirling later wrote to British Colonial Secretary Stanley (1 Nov 1834). He stated he said this to the surviving prisoners: 'they were then informed that the punishment had been inflicted, because of the misconduct of the tribe, that the white men never forgot to punish murder, and that on this occasion the women and children had been spared, but that if any person should be killed by them, not one would be allowed to remain alive this side of the mountains. Upon this they were dismissed' (Stirling cited in Contos et al, 1998). The 'mountains' Stirling referred to are the Darling Scarp, a mountain range east of Perth that extends for over 400 km from Bindoon in the North to Pemberton in the South West. Stirling was effectively threatening to kill 80% of the Noongar population of the South West. Another account from Grose (1927) states 'The whites opened fire. About 80 blacks were killed and the bodies of many of the dead floated down the river. A bugle then blew to cease fire, after which the native women and children were gathered together and Sir James Stirling warned them that a similar punishment would come back to blacks in the future if any more whites were killed or molested. About 50 natives were buried in one great hole, which was afterwards located in Mr Oakley's field beside Captain Fawcett's property at Pinjarra Park' (Grose 1927, pp 30-34).",
                "id": "te16b1",
                "source": "Owen, 2016; Stirling, CSO No 14 to Stanley, 1 November 1834, CO 18/14 f134; Grose, 1927; Green, 1981; Contos, 1998; Hunt, 1978; Harris, 2003; Green, 2003.\nSee Also:\n <i>Perth Gazette and West Australian Journal</i>, November 1, 1834, p 382 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/641213/402\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/641213/402</a>; Large stone monument, Battle of Pinjarra Memorial Park, McLarty Road, Pinjarra, 6208.",
                "datestart": "1834-10-28",
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                "udateend": -4265863492000,
                "latitude": "-32.63",
                "longitude": "115.871",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=887",
                "Source_ID": "887",
                "LanguageGroup": "Pinjarup Noongar",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Pinjarra - Peel region",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "15",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Government Official(s), Settler(s), Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "Swan River",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Cattle Chosen, Busselton (1)",
                "description": "The Bussell family of four brothers John, Joseph Vernon, Alfred and Charles were early colonists in 1831 in the town named after them \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Busselton.  Conflict started between the Bussells and the Noongar Wardandi traditional owners and escalated over the next four years, as increasingly severe tactics were used to stop the Wardandi from visiting their farms. They shot at 'intruders', made a wooden cannon to fire at them and took hostages, on one occasion holding a 'little girl', and another four women and a child (Shann, 1978, pp 98, 106). On 23 June 1837, a calf went missing. Allegedly Gaywal and Kenny had speared it. In retaliation on 28 June 1837, Henry Chapman  and his brother, Alfred Bussell, an unnamed Corporal, a man named Moloney and Elijah Dawson went to Yulijoogarup and were involved in a massacre in which at least nine of the tribe were shot down. Brothers Vernon and Alfred Bussell later 'went down to the estuary, and saw that the natives had been afraid to return and bury their dead.' (Shann, 1978) 'In a letter to John Bussell in England, Charles wrote that \"the war with the natives had been properly conducted\", and was pleased that no European had died, although the family had been reprimanded by the WA government for taking the law into their own hands.' (Allbrook, 2014, pp 150-151).",
                "id": "te16b2",
                "source": "Allbrook, 2014, <a href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13wwvzc.10\">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13wwvzc.10</a>; Jennings, 1983; Shann, 1978 <a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cattle_Chosen/Chapter_7\">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cattle_Chosen/Chapter_7</a>",
                "datestart": "1837-01-10",
                "dateend": "1837-07-28",
                "udatestart": -4196311492000,
                "udateend": -4179117892000,
                "latitude": "-33.674",
                "longitude": "115.357",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1034",
                "Source_ID": "1034",
                "LanguageGroup": "Wardandi",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Busselton",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "9",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s), Stockkeeper(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "South West",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "South",
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                "name": "York (2)",
                "description": "After the southwest Pinjarra massacre of October 1834 sites of conflict shifted northeast into Whadjuk and Ballardong Aboriginal Noongar country around Northam and York. From 1836 through 1837 tensions escalated with many reprisal killings between Aboriginal people and colonists. \n<br>\nIn 1836, the Sydney Herald reported 'by late arrival' that 'The natives in the York district had committed several outrages, and two were shot. Additional military aid, under the charge of Lieutenant Bunbury, was despatched to the settlement' (<i>Sydney Herald</i>, 13 Oct, 1836).\n<br>\nLieut. Bunbury wrote, in a published letter dated, 10 July 1836\n'A few days after my return I was ordered over here [York] with a detachment to make war upon the Natives, who have been very troublesome lately, robbing farms and committing other depredations, even attempting to spear White people. \n...I hope, however, it will not last very long as the Natives seem inclined to be quiet since I shot a few of them one night. I have no doubt, however, that ere long they will revenge the death of those we shot by spearing some White men when they can meet them alone and unarmed' (Bunbury, 1930, p 27)\n<br>\nIn June 1837 a group speared and killed Isaac Green, a soldier (<i>Perth Gazette</i>, July 22, 1837, p 941). \n<br>\nA letter to the Swan River Guardian alluded to this being a retaliation for attacks on Aboriginal men and women,\n'If the Natives have committed it wantonly, they ought to be severely punished. If on the other hand, their wives have been shot at in cool blood, and many of the males killed in a vindictive manner, then, the Natives have only obeyed one of their immutable Laws, which demands blood for blood'\n(<i>Swan River Guardian</i>, 1 Jun 1837, p 128).\n<br>\nOn 8 July 1837 Edward Jones and Peter Chidlow were working on a property called Katrine when a large group of up to 40 Ballardong Noongar, incensed by the arrest of some of their countrymen for stealing, approached them demanding flour and bread. A fight broke out and both Jones and Chidlow were speared to death (nine and seven spears respectively) in an event creating months of payback conflict (Perth Gazette, 22 July, 1837 p 941). \n<br>\nThese killings prompted calls from colonists for reprisals: \n'To the Government Resident of York, D. MacLeod, Esq., and Lieutenants Bunbury and Mortimer, of H.M.'s 21st Regt., the difficult task of conciliating or coercing the natives has been confided... The barbarous murder of Jones and Chidlow has called for a severe and well-merited chastisement; the lives of three natives have fallen a sacrifice ... we therefore unhesitatingly, in common with the majority of our fellow colonists, give our full approbation of the proceedings of the government, being strongly impressed with the conviction, that nothing short of a bold and daring display of our superiority of which the distant tribes hold some doubt, construing our acts of kindness into timidity or imbecility will effectually eradicate from the mind of the savage, the impression that we may be plundered and murdered with impunity' (Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, 29 Jul 1837, p 944). This article also lists the names of Aboriginal people accused of murder and livestock stealing livestock.\n<br>\nOn 20 July 1837 a writer in the Swan River Guardian commented, 'Some parties advocate an indiscriminate slaughter of the Blacks, in the York district, others transportation of the Natives, from the Main Land, to one of the neighbouring Islands...Unnecessary cruelty ought not to be inflicted, but the deaths of Chidlow and Jones must be avenged, and we say that ample justice ought to be dealt against their Murderers in the first place, as a terror to their assistants or abettors, and in the next place let us enquire what salutary measures can be adopted to civilize the Natives, and make them acquainted with our Laws, our Religious, Civil and Military Institutions, and their own rights as British Subjects. A general Massacre would be offensive to the Laws of God, as well as those of Man, because the innocent might then be sacrificed to atone for the crimes of the guilty... The Murder of Chidlow and Jones calls aloud for vengeance, but Justice should be tempered with mercy, indiscriminate slaughter of inoffending Tribes can never be palliated' (Swan River Guardian, July 20, 1837 pp 205-206).\n<br>\nAnother article warned, '... for so long as the British Government withhold protection and assistance from this Colony, a continual warfare will exist between the whites and blacks' and 'let us never forget that a general warfare must end in an utter extermination of one or other of the contending powers...' (Swan River Guardian, 20 July, 1837).\n<br>\nIn November 1837 Reverend Louis Giustiniani wrote a series of letters to the Swan River Guardian saying in one that 'The huts of the Natives have been wantonly fired into during the night by Mr McLeod, and his assistants and the Kangaroo Cloaks of the poor creatures tossed into the fire' (Swan River Guardian, 16 November, 1837, p 248), and elsewhere that, 'The death of Jones and\nChidlow has required <i>eighteen</i> innocent victims, (that is the complaint of the Aboriginal British Subjects). They have been immolated to the vengeance of a party in the most cruel manner. Every Soldier had received a <i>carte blanc</i> from Lieutenant Bunbury and Mr Mc Leod, to <i>shoot the Natives in all directions</i>, and they have been faithful to their mission; but none of those victims had been previously tried, nor even the least evidence brought against them, before the deadly weapon of the armed European prostrated them to the ground. Barbarities of the middle age have been committed even by boys and Servants, who shot the unarmed woman, the unoffensive child, and the men who kindly showed it them the road in the bush; the <i>ears of the corpses have been cut off</i>, and hung up in the kitchen of a gentleman, as a <i>signal of triumph</i>!' (Swan River Guardian, 16 November, 1837, p 249).\n<br>\nViolence continued after this massacre. In May 1839 Sarah Cook and her infant child were killed at York by Nyungar people and there were attacks on Aboriginal groups subsequently (Green 1984 p 214). An attack by a posse in June 1839 reportedly resulted in one dead and two wounded and there was an attack on the York Encampment in July 1839 by a posse in which three were reported as wounded (Green 1984, p 214). Green cites 'C. S. O. 1839, Bland, 26 August' for the first and 'C. S. O. 1839, 74 Bland, 31 July' for the second. The link between the killings of Sarah Cook and her child and the June-July attacks, and the ideas that the attacks were on Ballardong people, and were organised by Lieutenant Mcleod, Government Resident at York, come from Mary Blight (Blight 2024) rather than from Green. Green, however, does say that McLeod was responsible for 'a new wave of violence' at York when he ignored an existing truce between the Nyungar and the colonist Heal (Green 1984 pp 122-3).",
                "id": "te16b3",
                "source": "<i>Sydney Herald</i>, 13 Oct, 1836 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/12862021\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/12862021</a>; <i>Perth Gazette</i>, July 22, 1837, p 941 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/639907\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/639907</a>; <i>Swan River Guardian</i>, July 20, 1837, pp 205-206 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article214041794\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article214041794</a>, November 16, 1837, p 249 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article214041771\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article214041771</a>; Bunbury, 1930, p 27 <a href=\"https://library.dbca.wa.gov.au/static/FullTextFiles/628354.pdf\">https://library.dbca.wa.gov.au/static/FullTextFiles/628354.pdf</a>; Borowitzka, 2011 p 367; Lieut Bunbury Odds and Ends book, Battye Library, MN 2575, Papers of the H.W. (Henry William) Bunbury, ACC 327A, 6895A, 7146A <a href=\"https://purl.slwa.wa.gov.au/slwa_b1845344_1\">https://purl.slwa.wa.gov.au/slwa_b1845344_1</a>; <i>The Swan River Guardian</i>, November 16, 1837, p 248 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/23543294\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/23543294</a>; <i>The Swan River Guardian</i> November 16, 1837, p 249 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/23543295\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/23543295</a>;\n<i>The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal</i> July 29, 1837, p 944 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/639896/1010\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/639896/1010</a>;   \nH.W. Bunbury, 1834-37 in Cameron and Barnes, 2014; Blight 2024 <a href='https://maryblight.com/2024/02/25/massacres-on-noongar-boodjar-from-1830-onwards/'>https://maryblight.com/2024/02/25/massacres-on-noongar-boodjar-from-1830-onwards/</a>; Green 1984",
                "datestart": "1837-06-01",
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                "latitude": "-31.886",
                "longitude": "116.786",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1101",
                "Source_ID": "1101",
                "LanguageGroup": "Whadjuk, Ballardong",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "18",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "York",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Cattle Chosen, Busselton (2)",
                "description": "On 30 July 1837, Wardandi Noongar people were heard shouting on the nearby estuary. Bessie Bussell reported in a day-by-day diary entry (cited in Shann 1978, p 19) : 'Everyone immediately armed themselves, and in a little while we heard the firing of guns. After two hours' absence, they returned amidst crowds of natives. I fear more women were slain than men. All our little party returned safely. All was intended to be right, so I hope this skirmish will turn out for the best. Three women, one man, one boy are known to be dead, but more are supposed to be dying.'",
                "id": "te16b4",
                "source": "Allbrook, 2014 <a href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13wwvzc.10\">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13wwvzc.10</a>; Jennings, 1983;  Shann, 1978 <a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cattle_Chosen/Chapter_7\">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cattle_Chosen/Chapter_7</a>. \nSee Also: \nCarmody, 2021<a href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-17/wonnerup-minninup-massacre-the-ghosts-are-not-silent/100458938\">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-17/wonnerup-minninup-massacre-the-ghosts-are-not-silent/100458938</a>",
                "datestart": "1837-07-30",
                "dateend": "1837-07-30",
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                "udateend": -4178945092000,
                "latitude": "-33.674",
                "longitude": "115.358",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1035",
                "Source_ID": "1035",
                "LanguageGroup": "Wardandi",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Busselton",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "7",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "South West",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "South",
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                    115.438,
                    -33.618
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Wonnerup 'Minninup'",
                "description": "The events leading to the massacre(s) began early in February, 1841. Some Noongars were employed in threshing wheat on the farm of Molloy's neighbour John Layman, and some Noongar women were employed in the house. A dispute arose over payment (in damper) and Noongar man Gayware approached Layman. Layman grabbed Gayware by the beard and shook him, Gayware speared him and Layman struggled inside and died. On 6 February 1841 Magistrate John Molloy and John Bussell raised a party of settlers and workers and 'soldiers', which pursued and surrounded the Noongars, killing seven, and then subsequently pursued a larger body of Noongar north towards Bunbury where many more were killed around 'Lake Mininup' (<i> Perth Gazette</i>, March 13 , 1841, p 3). (Wonnerup, Layman's property, is a few kilometres north of present-day Busselton and Minninup another 15 km or so up the coast.) In 1897 the historian Warren Bert Kimberly wrote up this event as a massacre which took place at Lake Minninup near Wonnerup as 'one of the most bloodthirsty deeds ever committed by Englishmen'...'Although several natives were killed the settlers and soldiers were not satisfied. They redoubled their energy, determined to wreak vengeance on the main body. They rode from district to district, from hill to hill, and searched the bush and thickets. At last they traced the terrified fugitives to Lake Mininup. Here and there a native was killed, and the others seeing that their hiding place was discovered fled before the determined force. They rushed to a sand patch beyond Lake Mininup. Colonel Molloy observed a boy forsaken by his parents. He rode up to him, and to save him took him on his saddle. The lad, whose name was Burnin, survived, and lived in the district until a short time ago. The soldiers and settlers pushed on, and surrounded the black men on the sand patch. There was now no escape for the fugitives, and their vacuous cries of terror mingled with the reports of the white men's guns. Native after native was shot, and the survivors, knowing that orders had been given not to shoot the women, crouched on their knees, covered their bodies with their bokas, and cried, \"Me yokah\" (woman). The white men had no mercy. The black men were killed by dozens, and their corpses lined the route of march of the avengers. Then the latter went back satisfied' (Kimberly 1897, p 116).",
                "id": "te16b5",
                "source": "<i>Perth Gazette</i>, March 13, 1841, p 3 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/642768\">https://trove<.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/642768</a>; Kimberly 1897, p 116; White, 2017, <a href=\"https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/JASAL/article/view/12148/11483\">https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/JASAL/article/view/12148/11483</a> pp 2-13.\n\nSee Also: Carmody, 2021 <a href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-17/wonnerup-minninup-massacre-the-ghosts-are-not-silent/100458938\">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-17/wonnerup-minninup-massacre-the-ghosts-are-not-silent/100458938</a>",
                "datestart": "1841-02-27",
                "dateend": "1841-03-10",
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                "udateend": -4064983492000,
                "latitude": "-33.618",
                "longitude": "115.438",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=889",
                "Source_ID": "889",
                "LanguageGroup": "Wardandi Noongar",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Busselton - South West region",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "7",
                "VictimDescription": "Government Official(s), Settler(s)",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "South West",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "South",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16b5",
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Bootanell Swamp/Springs Greenough",
                "description": "This incident relates to retaliation for threats of cattle killing and threats on the lives of colonists including the spearing of shepherds. The local Aboriginal group made threats to Lockyer Burgess that they would kill his sheep 'when they wanted.' Deputy Superintendent of police, John Nicol Drummond, with a group of station hands from nearby property holdings conducted a massacre of the Aboriginal people who had allegedly been killing stock from the Bootenall (Greenough) area, with Drummond and his force attacking their refuge at Bootenall swamp/springs. Over the next couple of months follow up raids occurred on the Aboriginal people living on the Irwin, Bowes and Chapman Rivers around Geraldton (Pashley, 2002, pp 53\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd56).",
                "id": "te16b6",
                "source": "Pashley, 2002, pp 53\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd56.",
                "datestart": "1854-06-03",
                "dateend": "1854-08-11",
                "udatestart": -3647412292000,
                "udateend": -3641450692000,
                "latitude": "-28.896",
                "longitude": "114.683",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=890",
                "Source_ID": "890",
                "LanguageGroup": "Naaguja, Nanda",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Geraldton - Midwest region",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "15",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Shepherd(s), Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "North",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "South",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16b6",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Eight Mile Well, Bridgetown",
                "description": "Eight Mile Well in the shire of Bridgetown is a registered site with the State Government of Western Australia's Heritage Council (Aboriginal Sites and Events, Bridgetown Historical Society Heritage Council of Western Australia). The site is thought to have originally been used as a traditional watering hole by the local Aboriginal Noongar Kaniyang people. In the 1860s conflict was created over access to the waterhole between the traditional owners and the British settlers. The Heritage Council (HC) and others suggest a massacre took place prior to any police being stationed in Bridgetown and was carried out by a group of colonists. The HC write 'The survivors of the attack were reported to have relocated to Three Acre Pool on the Blackwood River above Bridgetown. They subsequently caught chicken pox and in an attempt to cool their fever, they bathed in the Blackwood River, which in turn gave them pneumonia that eventually killed them' (Citing Hadley, P, 1995).",
                "id": "te16b7",
                "source": "Brad Goode & Associates, 2011; Hadley, Heritage Council of Western Australia <a href=\"http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Inventory/Details/87a012e8-522e-47ad-b4a6-bc7a3dc03184\">http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Inventory/Details/87a012e8-522e-47ad-b4a6-bc7a3dc03184</a>",
                "datestart": "1860-01-01",
                "dateend": "1860-12-31",
                "udatestart": -3471329092000,
                "udateend": -3439793092000,
                "latitude": "-33.57",
                "longitude": "116.08",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1032",
                "Source_ID": "1032",
                "LanguageGroup": "Kaniyang / Wardandi",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Bridgetown",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "20",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "AboriginalPlaceName": "Geegelup",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "South West",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "South",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16b7",
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            },
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                    -33.582
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Ravensthorpe (Conconurup/Kukenarup/Carracarrup)",
                "description": "\"Many years ago, jambed down a deep crevice between two huge rocks, lay a whitened human skull, and with a boy's curiosity I asked the pioneers of the district (the Dunn brothers) if they knew anything about it. In explanation I was told the following story by Mr. Walter Dunn (now deceased)... [After John Dunn's death] The remaining members on the station were then granted licence to shoot the natives for a period of one month, during which time the fullest advantage was taken of the privilege. Natives were shot from the station through Lime Kiln Flat, Manjitup and down to where Ravensthorpe is now situated. In the course of their guerrilla warfare, the whites arrived one day at the Carracarrup Rock Hole, and, knowing it was a watering place for the blacks, they crept quietly over the hill until they could peer down into the hole. There they saw two natives who had just risen from drinking. Two shots broke the stillness of the gorge and two dusky souls were sent home to their Maker. The bodies were left lying at the rock hole where they dropped as a grim reminder to the rest of the tribe of the white man's retribution.\" (<i>Western Mail</i>, 17 October 1935, p 8)",
                "id": "te16b8",
                "source": "Brockway 1998, pp 429-445; De Landgrafft <a href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2015-05-22/kukenarup-memorial-opened-in-ravensthorpe/6490332\">https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2015-05-22/kukenarup-memorial-opened-in-ravensthorpe/6490332</a>; <i>Western Mail</i>, October 17, 1935, p 8 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/38944566\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/38944566</a>",
                "datestart": "1880-10-01",
                "dateend": "1880-11-30",
                "udatestart": -2816503492000,
                "udateend": -2811319492000,
                "latitude": "-33.582",
                "longitude": "120.047",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=895",
                "Source_ID": "895",
                "LanguageGroup": "Minang Noongar",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Ravensthorpe South West region",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Noongar",
                "Stage": "Albany",
                "Region": "South West",
                "Period": "Outlier",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te16b8",
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            },
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            "content": "<div><p><strong>Listen</strong></p>\r\n<p><em>Honouring Indigenous cultural hero Yagan</em>, Stuff The British Stole, ABC TV + iview <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3F0x-vliGY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3F0x-vliGY</a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>\r\n<p></p>\r\n<p>Events in this conflict will be added as Australian Wars and Resistance research continues.</p></div><p><a href=\"https://docs.tlcmap.org//help/guides/guide/\" target=\"_blank\">Help</a></p>",
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