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    <name><![CDATA[Victoria River Wars]]></name>
    <description><![CDATA[<p>The Victoria is the longest river in the Northern Territory and is located southwest of Katherine near the Warlpiri community of Lajamanu, formerly known as Hooker Creek (Lajamanu is a long way north of traditional Warlpiri country, but it is one of the places to which Warlpiri were driven while being pursued during the Coniston reprisal massacres of 1928). &lsquo;The Vic&rsquo;, as it is known, is about 560 km long, originates at Judbarra, flows into the Timor Sea and is fed by the West Baines, Wickham, Gordon, Armstrong and Camfield Rivers. The small town of Timber Creek is on the Victoria Highway, which runs broadly parallel to the river.</p>
<p>Pastoralism was the catalyst for the Victoria River Wars, which commenced when Charles Brown Fisher and his business partner J Maurice Lyons took the first pastoral leases in December 1879. By the end of 1882 Fisher &amp; Lyons had 100,000 square kilometres under lease and named it Victoria River Downs (Main, 1972, np).</p>
<p>Nathaniel &lsquo;Nat&rsquo; &lsquo;Bluey&rsquo; Buchanan established Wave Hill Station in 1882. The same year, his brother William&mdash;who had vast pastoral holdings in New South Wales, Queensland and the Northern Territory&mdash; took up neighbouring Sturt Creek Station and later went into partnership with Nat. With his son Gordon and Sam Croker, Nat Buchanan pioneered the Murranji Track, which was a 230km stock route from Newcastle Waters to old Top Springs, in 1886 (Smith, 2024, pp 84-87).</p>
<p>A police station was established at Gordon Creek in 1894 and in 1898 was relocated to Timber Creek.</p>
<p>The Victoria River Wars continued well into the 1900s as stations were established along the river, a bountiful and permanent water source, and the stock route it enabled from Queensland, across the Northern Territory and into the Kimberley region of Western Australia.</p>
<p>Native Police were not common in the Northern Territory but were twice formed under the command of Constable William Willshire. Willshire had already killed 19 Aboriginal people (Mulvaney, 1990) before being arrested for murdering Aboriginal people in 1891, and released after a controversial trial that raised questions among colonists over its failure to accept evidence from witnesses (<em>South Australian Register</em>, 7 Aug 1891, p 6). Willshire was posted to the Victoria River region to command Native Police in 1893 where his brutal practices resulted in him being ordered back to Adelaide in 1895 (Mulvaney, 1990, np). While at Victoria River he was held back for a time by a group of 7 Aboriginal warriors, "You no doubt remember the weary, anxious time I spent on the Victoria, when there were seven civilized blacks at large in the ranges with firearms, and not one of them had any love for me, and had I overstepped the limits of prudence on that occasion I would have been shot from behind their hiding places." (Willshire, 1896, p 5) and was involved in the killing of a resistance leader known as 'Newingurry', 'It was a great blow to the blackfellows' prestige when they lost "Newingurry." He was a reserve force within himself, but he suddenly left for that "undiscovered country from whence no traveller returns." Proudly I recall the day when on the Lower Victoria I came full butt on to the murderers of "Joseph Bradshaw's boy"' (Willshire, 1896, p 6).</p>
<p>Romantic narratives were attached to the pioneers of the era, however:</p>
<p><em>In their later years&hellip;some men lifted a corner of this veil of secrecy to reveal glimpses of the dark past. Donald Swan, a member of Nat Buchanan&rsquo;s 1882 party, explained the bush code that enshrouded punitive expeditions:</em></p>
<p><em>The bushman&rsquo;s code of honour is this way: either stand in with the mob and keep your mouth shut, or refuse to stand in and also keep your mouth shut. In either case you will be respected and no more will be required of you in the matter (Roberts, 2005, p 138; Owen, 2016, p 147).</em></p>
<p>Warriors fought back by spearing stock and raiding stores, and by targeting colonial leaders and the worst colonial offenders. This led to severe reprisal killings of Aboriginal people. The earliest recorded massacre was at Waterloo in 1886, which was a reprisal for the spearing death of &lsquo;Big Johnny&rsquo; Durack near Mount Duncan. Lewis (2018, pp 51-52) wrote that the &lsquo;name Waterloo is said to be a reference to the &ldquo;unrestrained slaughter&rdquo; of local Aborigines by police&rsquo; after Durack&rsquo;s death. Other reprisals were for:</p>
<ul>
<li>the killing of GS &lsquo;Syd&rsquo; Scott, Manager of Willeroo Station, in 1892</li>
<li>the killing of Police Trooper Joe Collins at Behn River in 1893</li>
<li>pilfering stores, sheep and cattle killing at Bradshaw Station in 1895 and 1896 (Ryan et al, 2024, np).</li>
</ul>
<p>The wars continued well into the next century. For example, &lsquo;Brigalow Bill&rsquo; Ward was killed at Yarralin in 1909. Of this man, Rose recorded Tim Yilgnayarri, who said:</p>
<p><em>And you know that Brigalow? Right. Brigalow was doing wrong. He was shooting all the people. Shoot-i-i-n-n-n-g, get all the sing girls for married. Take them down to his place. Just the young girl, and some of the middle aged, all that girl. Four fellow&hellip; Watchin him that waaay, get the towel and soap&hellip;Too late. That spear killed him. Bbbbb. Strike him la water. Right. All the boys go back, take the women. And sugar, tea, flour, all the blanket, fly, take the whole lot (Rose, 1991, p 122).</em></p>
<p>Clashes were recorded at Humbert River Station in 1910 and elsewhere in the district well afterwards. A large massacre of Malngin people was recorded at Limbunya Station in 1920 (Charola &amp; Meakins, 2016, pp 70-71); another at Bedford Downs in 1924.</p>
<p>Police, without appropriate&mdash;or any&mdash;supervision, acted in the interests of the pastoralists. Rather than being dismissed for his conduct at Borroloola, Mounted Constable Gordon Cameron Heaslop Stott was posted to Victoria River in 1933. There, he resumed his sadistic practices, as Banjo Ryan recalled in 2015:</p>
<p><em>"'You reckon you can run as fast as a horse?' Gordon Stott the policeman taunted the prisoner. Stott took the chains off one of the prisoner's feet and then the other. Then he got a horse rasp and filed the sole of his foot until it bled" (Charola &amp; Meakins, 2016, p 221).</em></p>
<p>The poisoning deaths of at least five Gurindji people was recorded at Timber Creek in 1936 (<em>Chronicle</em>, 11 June 1936, p 41).</p>
<p>This is how Daly Pulkara, a Ngarinman man from Yarralin, recalled the wars, many of which were triggered by the abduction of women for sexual slavery:</p>
<p><em>Pulkara: them bloody whatsa &ndash; European come on after that. Banging, banging time now. They reckon lightning somewhere. &lsquo;Ah, that man he get out bushed&rsquo;. They reckon that lightning. Another bloke drop. Yeah. Bang! &lsquo;Nother bloke. They bin lookin&rsquo; at, you know, they bin lookin&rsquo; eye. Something wrong. Got a blood come through the nose. &lsquo;Oh might be lightning&rsquo;. Bang! See? They didn&rsquo;t catch on for while. They pick up all the woman and European takem away. Eh? Aborign just followem up (Read &amp; Read, 1993, pp 7-8).</em></p>
<p><strong>Contributor:</strong> Robyn Smith</p>
<h3>Notable People</h3>
<p>Jerry, a Ngarinman man who escaped the Waterloo reprisal massacres in 1886&nbsp;(Moore cited in Lewis, 2021, pp 527-528).</p>
<p>Newingurry, a resistance leader mentioned by Willshire, who implied he was killed during the Bradshaw reprisals (Willshire, 1896, p 6).&nbsp;</p>
<p>Gurindji (Ngarinman and Bilinara), Wardaman and Karrangpurru warriors (see AIATSIS map).</p>
<p>Bradshaw, Joseph &lsquo;Captain Joe&rsquo; - cousin of and closely associated with Aeneas Gunn of Elsey Station, he took up Bradshaw Station in 1893. He was later involved with Arafura Station in Arnhem Land, which was owned by the Eastern and African Cold Storage Company from 1903 until 1908 and in which he was a shareholder and the General Manager (Smith, 2024, pp 82-83).</p>
<p>Braitling, William Walter &lsquo;Billy&rsquo; &ndash; a drover for Vesteys, he took up Passchendale Station in 1921 and sold it in 1928 (Smith, 2024, p 83).</p>
<p>Buchanan, Nathaniel &lsquo;Nat&rsquo; aka &lsquo;Bluey&rsquo; &ndash; took up Wave Hill Station with his brothers in 1882 and pioneered the Murranji Track with his son Gordon and Sam Croker in 1886 (Smith, 2024, pp 84-87).</p>
<p>Cahill, Patrick &lsquo;Paddy&rsquo; &ndash; buffalo shooter who accompanied Buchanan on several expeditions. Managed Wave Hill, Delamere and Gordon Downs Stations.</p>
<p>Crawford, Lindsay &ndash; originally employed on the overland telegraph line, appointed Manager of Victoria River Downs 1884-1890. In 1895, he said:</p>
<p><em>&hellip;during the last ten years, in fact since the first white man settled here, we have held no communication with the natives at all, except with the rifle. They have never been allowed near this station or the outstations, being too treacherous and warlike</em> (Smith, 2024, p 94).</p>
<p>Croker, Samuel Burns &lsquo;Greenhide Sam&rsquo; &ndash; long-time employee of Nat Buchanan. Shot dead during a card game by Charlie (also spelt Charley) Flannigan on Auvergne Station in 1892 because he refused to partner with a half-caste (Flannigan) or a Chinaman, the station cook. Flannigan hanged for it at Fannie Bay Gaol in 1893 (Smith, 2017, p 11).</p>
<p>Eastern &amp; African Cold Storage Co &ndash; held Elsey and Hodgson Downs Stations (Powell, 1982, pp 101, 129).</p>
<p>Fisher, Charles Brown and Lyons, J Maurice &ndash; formed Fisher and Lyons and held extensive pastoral leases in the Victoria River district. Sold to Goldsborough Mort in 1890&nbsp;(Main, 1972, np).</p>
<p>Farquharson, Archie Mosman, Harry Gordon and Hughie (brothers) &ndash; owners of Inverway Station, 1896&nbsp;(Lewis, 2021, pp 231-232).</p>
<p>Ledgerwood, James Logan &lsquo;Long Jim&rsquo; - Head Stockman of VRD Station in 1895 and was one of the leaders of the punitive expedition known as the Gordon Creek massacre that followed an attack on teamsters Mulligan and Ligar in the same year (Lewis, 2021, p 477).</p>
<p><a>Stott, Cameron Gordon Heaslop&nbsp;</a>&lsquo;Gordon&rsquo; &ndash; born en route to Cooktown in 1905, Stott was the son of a well-respected police officer who went on to become Commissioner. The younger Stott&rsquo;s conduct was highly questionable and included grievous bodily harm and &lsquo;deplorable cruelty&rsquo; in relation to prisoners (Wilson, 2000, p 130).</p>
<p>Watson, Jack &lsquo;the Gulf hero&rsquo; &ndash; managed Victoria River Station after Crawford:</p>
<p><em>There is a source which credits Watson and the previous VRD manager, Crawford, with&nbsp;making &lsquo;it possible for white men to travel in most parts of the empty north without fear of&nbsp;being murdered to make a myall&rsquo;s holiday&rsquo;</em> (<em>North Queensland Herald</em>, 20-5-1911) (Lewis, 2021, p 16; see also Smith, 2024, pp 112-113).</p>
<p>Wye, Oliver Garfield Walter &lsquo;Walter&rsquo; - Manager of Bradshaw Station from 1907 until 1910. He was known by Aboriginal people in the district as &lsquo;Old Wallaway&rsquo; (Lewis, 2021, p 69).</p>
<h3>Sources</h3>
<p>Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (1996) <em>Map of Indigenous Australia</em>:&nbsp;<a href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia">https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia</a>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Charola E and Meakins F (Eds) (2016) <em>Yijarni: true stories from Gurindji Country</em>, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.</p>
<p>Lewis D (2021) <em>The Victoria River Doomsday Book</em>, Lewis &amp; National Centre for Biography, Australian National University, Canberra:&nbsp;<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10070/836453">https://hdl.handle.net/10070/836453</a></p>
<p>Main JM, &lsquo;Charles Brown Fisher (1818-1908)&rsquo; in <em>Australian Dictionary of Biography</em>, Vol 4, 1972, Australian National University, Canberra:&nbsp;<a href="https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fisher-charles-brown-379">https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fisher-charles-brown-379</a></p>
<p>Mulvaney DJ &lsquo;William Henry Willshire (1852-1925)&rsquo; in <em>Australian Dictionary of Biography</em>, Vol 12, 1990, Australian National University, Canberra:&nbsp;<a href="https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/willshire-william-henry-9128">https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/willshire-william-henry-9128</a></p>
<p>Northern Territory Place Names Register search:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/">https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/</a></p>
<p>Owen C (2016) <em>Every Mother&rsquo;s Son is Guilty: policing the Kimberley Frontier of Western Australia 1882-1905</em>, University of Western Australia Publishing, Perth.</p>
<p>Powell A (1982) <em>Far country: a short history of the Northern Territory</em>, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.</p>
<p>Read P and Read J (1993) <em>Long Time Olden Time: Aboriginal accounts of Northern Territory history</em>, Institute for Aboriginal Development, Canberra.</p>
<p>Roberts T (2005) <em>Frontier Justice: a history of the Gulf country to 1900</em>, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane.</p>
<p>Rose DB (1991) <em>Hidden Histories: back stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations</em>, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.</p>
<p>Ryan et al (2024) <em>Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia 1788-1930</em>, Centre for 21st Century Humanities, University of Newcastle, NSW:&nbsp;<a href="https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/groups.php">https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/groups.php</a></p>
<p>Smith R (2017) <em>Habeas Corpus: deaths at Fannie Bay Gaol 1883-1972</em>, Heritage Branch, Northern Territory Government, Darwin.</p>
<p>Smith R (2021) &lsquo;Kill or be killed: the real story of Charlie Flannigan, the first man hanged in the Northern Territory&rsquo; in <em>NT Independent</em>, 11 April 2021:&nbsp;<a href="https://ntindependent.com.au/kill-or-be-killed-the-real-story-of-charlie-flannigan-the-first-man-hanged-in-the-nt/">https://ntindependent.com.au/kill-or-be-killed-the-real-story-of-charlie-flannigan-the-first-man-hanged-in-the-nt/</a></p>
<p>Smith R (2024) <em>Licence to Kill: massacre men of Australia&rsquo;s North</em>, Historical Society of the Northern Territory, Darwin.</p>
<p><em>South Australian Register</em> August 7, 1891 p 6 <a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48241058">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48241058</a></p>
<p>Staff Writers, &lsquo;Put poison in food after being speared&rsquo; in <em>Chronicle</em> (Adelaide), 11 June 1936, p 41.</p>
<p>Willshire, W.H. <em>The Land of the Dawning</em> W.K.Thomas &amp; Co. Adelaide, 1896.</p>
<p>Wilson, WR (2000) <em>A force apart?: a history of the Northern Territory Police Force 1870-1926</em>, PhD thesis, Charles Darwin University, Darwin:&nbsp;<a href="https://researchers.cdu.edu.au/en/studentTheses/a-force-apart/">https://researchers.cdu.edu.au/en/studentTheses/a-force-apart/</a></p>]]></description>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p><p>The NT News (Hope 2016, p. 12) reported: 'According to his stories [Phillip Yamba Jimmy], Seale Gorge is not just a resting place for the murdered, but a massacre site in itself. "Two (white) men heaped up wood until there was a large pyre," he said... Author and historian Darrell Lewis wrote extensively of the region's violence in his book <em>A Wild History[: Life and Death on the Victoria River Frontier]</em> and knew the stories. "I don't know of any documentation, but it doesn't mean it's myth and legend" he said'. <br>Ronnie Wavehill Wirrpngayarri, (cited in Charola &amp; Meakins 2016, pp 32-39) recounted: 'This happened right at the start when <em>kartiya</em> (Europeans) found the place on the east side of the Victoria River (the site of original Wave Hill Station) and they made their camp...' <br>As this was in the early years of colonisation at Wave Hill Station, it may related to spearings of Victoria River Station workers on 30 April 1886 and 1 May 1886 reported in <em>The North Australian</em> (April 30, 1886, p 3) and <em>NTTG</em> (May 1, 1886, p 2) <br>According to Ronnie Wavehill Wirrpngayarri, 'Those <em>kartiya</em> had a lot of rifles and they had men with them too, Aboriginal men. Where could they have been from? Maybe Darwin or Queensland - Aboriginal people who used to live alongside <em>kartiya</em>. They came to shoot. 'Well,' they asked each other, 'where to go from here?' 'We can go up west to Warluk (upstream from Daguragu).' Right here to the west they went on horseback, along the river at Daguragu, going to Seale River (Steven's Creek)... Early in the morning they ambushed people there and shot all the <em>ngumpin</em> there. They shot the whole lot of them right there at the yards at Warluk... Then they went back down to the river. But in the afternoon, two of the <em>kartiya</em> returned. 'You two young blokes go back!' Why did they go back there? What for? They went up-river to the same place near the yard, that very clearing where the dead bodies remained: children, grown men and women who had been shot dead en masse. They had been killed off like dogs from their own country... They just left them there, dead on the ground. The two men heaped up wood until there was a large pyre... They threw them all on the fire.' Two Aboriginal men then speared and killed the two kartiya men by the fire: 'Then they dragged them over to the fire and threw them on top, burning both of them... That's how <em>ngumpin</em> would sometime get their own back.' (Charola &amp; Meakins 2016, pp 32-39).</p>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>Ronnie Wavehill Wirrpngayarri (cited in Charola & Meakins 2016, pp 43-44): 'They were spearing the cattle. The <i>kartiya</i> [whitefellas] came and surrounded the <i>ngumpin</i> [Gurindji]. There was no hope; they were only going to shoot... The <i>ngumpin</i> at the creek went running across the plain, running the way they used to be able to run. The others on horseback tried catching up to them but they couldn't. They followed them, shooting from behind. Some of the old people couldn't run so fast and got shot. 
Hope reported in the <i>Northern Territory News</i> (19 Aug 2016, p. 12): 'Locals say Wirrilu, or Blackfella's Creek, about 25km away from Tartarr, was an earlier (perhaps late 1800s) and more brutal event. Here white men on horses picked up frightened toddlers and flung them into rocks, they say. The bodies are reportedly still next to the creek, underneath still-visible mounds of stone'.
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>Following the killing of GS Scott, manager of Willeroo station in October 1892, two posses were formed to avenge his death (see also <a href="https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=747">Willeroo #2</a>). The first was led by station owner Lindsay Crawford who rode to Willleroo Station and when he realised that Aboriginal people had taken guns and ammunition from the store he and the party, 'charged' the Aboriginal camp and retrieved some of the weapons.  However he gave no indication of the number of Aboriginal people killed. 
Lewis (2004, pp 243-244) noted: 'A decade later Hely Hutchinson, who passed through Willeroo with drover Rose on his epic trek with cattle from Lissadell Station in 1905, and who met many of the early residents, wrote that [Lindsay] Crawford had "found the myalls gloriously drunk and capering about the house like a mob of black devils". Crawford then avenged Scott's death, in a terrible manner, and the "gruelling" he gave the myalls on that occasion is still spoken of by the niggers in those parts as the Israelites of old told to their children the horror of the wrath of the Lord, when he sent plague, pestilence and famine into their lands as a correction for their misdeeds... He and his half-caste dealt out white man's justice with their Winchesters, and when the police arrived from Pine Creek, a couple of days later, they found plenty of employment burying the sons of darkness".' 

The police were Troopers Dooley and Freeman.

A John Giles reported to the <i>Northern Territory Times and Gazette</i>(November 11, 1892, p 3) that "There were no niggers visible when Mr. Crawford arrived on the Tuesday morning, but that evening he accidentally discovered there were from thirty to forty camped in the horse paddock, about half a mile from the station. Mr. Crawford and his party [which was not named, but which included Messrs GS Scott, brother of the murdered man, and Sayle, Frayne, Clarke and Diamond] charged their camp and found Mr. WS Scott's saddle and bridle and some other things". It is not stated how many Aboriginal people were killed.
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          <value><![CDATA[0]]></value>
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        <Data name="AttackerDescription">
          <value><![CDATA[Stockmen/Drover(s)]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[***]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[Victoria River]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Stage">
          <value><![CDATA[Willeroo Station]]></value>
        </Data>
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        <Data name="Period">
          <value><![CDATA[North]]></value>
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        <coordinates>131.58,-15.562</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Willeroo (2)]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>This massacre is the second of two reprisal massacres following the killing of GS Scott, manager of Willeroo station in October 1892. This group was led by Mounted Constable Browne. Lewis (2004, p 243-244) noted: 'Writing in 1895, Mounted Constable Willshire stated that, "They were tracked up by an avenging party, and sic transit gloria mundi!" ('Thus passes the glory of the world')'. (The first was perpetrated by Lindsay Crawford, a well-known station manager in the VRD region, on 20 October 1892, see <a href="https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1017">Willeroo #1</a>).
According to Kulumput, as recorded by W. Arndt (1965, p 245), Paddy Cahill was involved in these Willeroo massacres and one occurred in a cave. He also stated it was Bulinara people who were massacred, and Wardaman people later moved into the country as a result of the 'decimation'. 'The Bulinara tribe murdered Syd. Scott, the overseer at Old Willeroo, some time between 1886 and 1892. According to Kulumput the Bulinara tribe was then "yarded up in a cave" by the famous Paddy Cahill, who then "shot the whole blooming lot." Kulumput's family were "visiting" near the V.R.D. homestead at the time of the reprisal, if not at the time of the murder.'(Arndt, 1965, p245) According to Arndt, Kulumput 'was of Yungman-Bulinara extraction, born in Mudbura territory, and an elder in a Wardaman migrant group in Bulinara country.' and respected by Wardaman people because of his birthright to the former Bulinara country of this region (Arndt, 1965, p245).
Kulumput's statement that Paddy was involved in a massacre in a cave accords with the newspaper report that the reprisal parties were headed into rough ranges, 'In addition to the party in charge of Mr. Crawford, there left Springvale on Saturday Messrs M. C. Browne, A. J. Giles, Clarke, Frayne, Palmer, Ah Sing, Joe Wah, five blackboys and some thirty horses, so that the country will get a good turning out, and the culprits will have to show a considerable amount of agility if they wish to keep out of the road. The country about the McClure Creek has always had a bad name on account or the "cheekiness" of the natives. There have already been three or four outrages about that district, resulting (I think) in the death of three Europeans. The ranges in the neighbourhood are very high and rough.' (NTTG October 21, 1892, p 3) Since the other recorded incident was at a campsite near the homestead, it would either be this massacre led by Mounted Constable Browne that Paddy Cahill participated in, occurring in a cave, or a third massacre.


These incidents occured at 'Old Willeroo', which is to the south of the later Willeroo Station, about half way to Delamere Station, between tributaries of Victoria River and Aroona River. Davidson, in Archaeological Problems of North Austalia (Davidson, 1935) notes that caves at Willeroo and at Delamere have been inhabited for a long time, and that they are inhabited during the wet season, which is when these massacres occurred). Lewis suggests there may be some confusion in Arndt's reporting of Kulumput's account, because Willeroo is Wardaman country and Bilinara country is further south around Victoria River. The Delamere caves are as close to Old Willeroo as the Willeroo caves, and they are to the south, near the Victoria River tributaries such as Gregory Creek. The Delamere caves are the most likely location then. They are close to Old Willeroo, and where Wardaman and Billinara country meet. This agrees with Kulumput's account that this region was once Billinara country but was populated by Wardaman following the 'decimation' of Billinara people in the massacres. This region between Wardandi and Billinara is also known as Karangpurru (aka Karanga) country. According to Meakins and Nordinger 'The Karrangpurru, who lived to the north of Bilinarra, were virtually wiped out by disease and massacres. Now only a handful of people from one family claim some Karrangpurru heritage.' (Meakins and Nordinger, 2014, p17)

In 1900 Paddy Cahill wrote that '... I had lived on Cullin-la-ringo, a station in Queensland where the whole tribe of blacks were outlawed and shot down by the black police like crows. The reason of their being outlawed was on account of a massacre by them on the station...' He notes that his brother M. Cahill had been speared near where Scott was killed, and some Aboriginal people were shot, that Mr J Bradshaw was attacked on the same route and that he himself had killed Aboriginal people when attacked in this area. 'I could do nothing but shoot as quickly as possible, and I can shoot fairly quickly. I don't know how many niggers I shot - I didn't stop to count them.' (SA Register, 4 Sep 1900, p 6) He also mentions the killing of Scott,

'One glaring case was that of the late W S Scott, of Willeroo Station, one of the kindest men it was possible to find to the natives; yet he was killed by them not far away from his station. The natives, after murdering him, went to the station and tried to kill the cook, but he got away. The black demons then looted the station, and not one of them was punished for his foul work.' (SA Register, 4 Sep 1900, p 6)

This prompted a response from W.A. Millikan, 'Concerning the murder of the late Mr. Scott, of Willeroo Station, whom we all respected, it is absurd for Mr. Cahill to say that "not one of the blacks was punished for the foul work." He surely knows that at the time two parties of men stirred to anger and well armed started out professedly to avenge the murder, and were gone some weeks; and was it not an open secret that they made the locality particularly "unhealthy" for the "poor blacks."' (SA Register, 10 Sep 1900, p5)

In Paddy's reply to Millikan he asked if there were any <i>proof</i> of this and clarified that he meant that no-one had been brought to justice by the <i>police</i>: 

'Again, regarding Scott's murder at Williroo, has Mr. Millikan an proof that blacks were shot by the parties that went out to avenge that outrage? I said in my letter that no blacks were brought to justice by the police, except in one or two cases.' (SA Register, 29 Jan 1901, p 5)

In arguing for increased police presence in the region to bring 'evildoers' to justice, he warned that, 'Unless something like this is done a wholesale murder will take place at some of the stations in the Victoria River district.' (South Australian Register, 4 Sep 1900)
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1725'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1892-11-01</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[Gordon Creek]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>Mounted Constable William Willshire, who was notorious for killing Aboriginal people, wrote the following account alluding to the massacre of a group of people and the capture of young women (1896, p 47), 'A civilised blackboy belonging to a Justice of the Peace in the Lower Victoria district was murdered by the wild natives of the Gregory River. I started out from Gordon Creek with the native police to arrest the offenders if possible. On arriving in the locality the first thing we observed was a beautiful savage maiden, who in her startled movements was a graceful as a stag. She ran screaming through the gnarled overhanging branches to escape capture and warn the male portion of our advent. But let me inform my readers that this untutored beauty was too late. The black trackers were on the spot before she could give warning by her screams. She had only seen me in the first place; the auxiliaries were in ambush, and closer to her than I was. When all was over my boys brought her and some others to our camp.'
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1726'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1894-08-01</begin>
        <end>1894-08-02</end>
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      <Point>
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      <name><![CDATA[Victoria River (1)]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>Mounted Constable Willshire (1896, p 61) wrote: 'We were flanked on either side by great walls of stone, and the bucks will fight like demons when there is no "get away". Then we all rose to show ourselves, and there was a furious stampede of powerfully built niggers, some climbing the cliffs, some running back to us with spears, some diving in the water, several climbing into the rocky fissures, and the women and children huddling together in a cave, the rude interior of which fairly glowed with girlish beauty. The imagination cannot conceive the terrors of that dreadful time. Language is not equal to the task of expressing the abject fear of the tribe, especially if it must flow from the pen and be taken from the writer's limited vocabulary. <i>Honi soit qui mal y pense</i> [evil be to those who evil think].'
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1727'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1894-10-30</begin>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>130.866,-16.45</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Gordon Creek]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>The <i>NTTG</i> of June 14, 1895, p 3 reported that teamsters John Mulligan and George Ligar were attacked at TK (Tom Kilfoyle) Camp on Jasper Gorge around 8pm on 14 May 1895. Ligar survived. Mulligan died within a year.

Read and Read (1991, pp 55-62) recount the stories of Aboriginal people in the area about what followed, 'A police party that included stockmen, tried to arrest a man named Major but the stockman concerned had a gun that "accidentally fired, killing Major". It was at this time that a man named Harry was arrested and gaoled. He was later acquitted. It was probably in about February 1896 that police - notably Mounted Constable E O'Keefe - persuaded two Aboriginal women to entice a "big mob" [15-20?] of Pilinara men to the police station to build a stock yard in return for the policeman providing tobacco and being a "good boss". When the men came to the station in the afternoon, they were chained together, which the women told them was to make them "little bit quiet. Like a dog". Police trackers, who had been hiding in the creek bed, were ordered into the station. One man was kicked in the ribs before all the men were lined up and shot. Their bodies were taken to the nearby creek bed where they were piled and burnt. 

Oral histories record: "They puttem big mob of wood, there, top of him. And chuckem kerosene, strike some matches, and burnem. Lot. No anything left, eh. All ashes. Burnem finish. Lot."' 

Lewis (2021, p 482) wrote that 'Back at the gorge Willshire found that Jack Watson and a large party of men had gone out into the ranges after the blacks. In the South Australian Records Office there is a newspaper cutting of this event with a hand-written annotation stating that 60 Aborigines were shot by this party. People allegedly massacred while engaged in a "corroboree" at Kanjamala, about twenty kilometres south of the gorge, may be victims of this punitive party.'
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1728'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1895-07-14</begin>
        <end>1896-02-01</end>
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          <value><![CDATA[***]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>131.286,-15.687</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Little Gregory]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>This incident was a daylight attack on Paddy Cahill who had a reputation for his ability to shoot accurately at a gallop on horseback. 

Lewis (2004, pp 247-248) wrote: 'In November 1895, Paddy Cahill took a mob of horses from Katherine to the Depot where he had arranged to meet the Government Resident, Charles Dashwood. As he was crossing the Little Gregory Creek about fourteen miles from its junction with the Victoria River he was attacked by Aborigines. In his words: "We had just started from the luncheon camp and had hardly gone 300 yards when I noticed some very fresh black's tracks. Knowing that the blacks were very bad in that part of the country I took my rifle from under my saddle flap and filled it with cartridges. I rode on a few yards when one of my boys cried out, 'Look out Paddy!' I knew the blacks must be behind me, so I dodged down alongside my horse's shoulder, and only just in time. A spear struck my hat, going through it, and giving me hard knock on the head. Luckily I am Irish, and a bit thickheaded, so it did very little harm! Before I could say a word, I had niggers all around. I could do nothing but shoot as quickly as possible, and I can shoot fairly quickly. I don't know how many niggers I shot-I didn't stop to count them". (<i>SA Register</i> September 4, 1900, p 6) Cahill continued on and was followed by the Aborigines for several days and nights, but was not attacked again.'
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1729'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1895-11-01</begin>
        <end>1895-11-30</end>
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          <value><![CDATA[***]]></value>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>130.284,-15.352</coordinates>
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      <name><![CDATA[Bradshaw Station (1)]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>Historian of the Victoria River District, Darrell Lewis (2018, pp 65-66) noted: 'An account of the mass killing of Aborigines on Bradshaw survives as oral history. According to Pauline Rayner (pers. comm.) her father, Peter Murray, who owned Coolibah and Bradshaw from 1958 to 1963 and remained on the station for a further five years, was told the following story by an old Aborigine named Johnson: '"Bradshaw station had continual trouble with bush blacks breaking into the station store and stealing bags of flour, tobacco and so on. Eventually the station whites decided to leave a bag of flour laced with poison in the store. The bag was stolen and a big mob of Aborigines were poisoned"'. The mass poisoning took place in late 1895.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te172a'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>130.284,-15.349</coordinates>
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      <name><![CDATA[Bradshaw Station (2)]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>Lewis (2004, p 206) puts the date at between 1894 and 1898: 'Just as had happened on other stations in the region, conflict with Aborigines quickly became a dominant aspect of life on Bradshaw. Not long after the sheep arrived the Aborigines began to spear them, and consequently the Bradshaw stockmen fired on Aborigines whenever they saw them. After one instance of sheep spearing, a number of Aborigines are said to have been shot dead and their bodies burned by John McPhee and Hugh Young'. 

The <i>Northern Territory Times and Gazette</i> (18 Sept 1896, p 2) records Jock McPhee as taking up Willeroo Station in1896.

Lewis wrote (2021, p 56) that 'In at least one instance Aborigines who had killed sheep were tracked down and shot by Bradshaw stockmen'.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te172b'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1896-01-01</begin>
        <end>1896-12-31</end>
      </TimeSpan>
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        <Data name="Source_ID">
          <value><![CDATA[1006]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[Ngarinman, Bilinara]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Colony">
          <value><![CDATA[SA]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="StateOrTerritory">
          <value><![CDATA[NT]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="PoliceDistrict">
          <value><![CDATA[Gordon Creek/Timber Creek]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Victims">
          <value><![CDATA[Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="VictimsDead">
          <value><![CDATA[30]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[0]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[Pastoralist(s)]]></value>
        </Data>
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          <value><![CDATA[**]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="War">
          <value><![CDATA[Victoria River]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Stage">
          <value><![CDATA[Bradshaw Station]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Region">
          <value><![CDATA[North West]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Period">
          <value><![CDATA[North]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>130.285,-15.352</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Bradshaw Station (3)]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>Lewis (2004, p 207), citing the log book of Bradshaw Station, wrote: 'In April 1896, "The Myalls made themselves obnoxious by spearing horses and cows, so had to be dispersed near the stockyard beyond Anglepoint". Possibly the same "dispersal" was reported by a "correspondent" to the Northern Territory Times and Gazette: "The niggers have speared a few more horses and were kind enough to send in word (the messenger standing on top of a cliff and sheltered by a big rock) that they would spear all the horses and then come along and spear all hands. They also tackled me and another man while poking about in the ranges, but they only hurt themselves".'
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te172c'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1896-04-01</begin>
        <end>1896-04-30</end>
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          <value><![CDATA[1007]]></value>
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        </Data>
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          <value><![CDATA[Colonists]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[0]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[**]]></value>
        </Data>
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        </Data>
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          <value><![CDATA[Bradshaw Station]]></value>
        </Data>
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        </Data>
        <Data name="Period">
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        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>131.104,-16.358</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Victoria River (2)]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p><p>An undated index card from the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London reads: '20.1601; 1028.1 - skull and femora, male. 20.1062; 1028.2 ... skull and femora, male. Natives of the NW Territory of Australia, near the Victoria River, shot early in 1900 in a punitive expedition, in which forty natives male and female were killed. They live sometimes on the coast, sometimes inland; white traders make no irregular unions with their women, so the race remains pure. (For other details of tribe see letters).' 'Pres by Dr Arthur J Gedge 1920' [but the cranium says 1921]. '(Accompanying these remains are glass &amp; stone arrowheads made by them, and sharp oval stones used for an operation on many of the males).' Dr Arthur Gedge does not appear to have been in Australia. The British Medical Journal of 16 September 1927 (p 475) records that he died in London on 16 August 1927.</p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te172d'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1900-06-01</begin>
        <end>1900-06-30</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="Source_ID">
          <value><![CDATA[1086]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="LanguageGroup">
          <value><![CDATA[Allura or Ngarinyman]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Colony">
          <value><![CDATA[SA]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="StateOrTerritory">
          <value><![CDATA[NT]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="PoliceDistrict">
          <value><![CDATA[Timber Creek]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Victims">
          <value><![CDATA[Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="VictimsDead">
          <value><![CDATA[40]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[0]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[*]]></value>
        </Data>
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          <value><![CDATA[Victoria River]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Stage">
          <value><![CDATA[Downs]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Region">
          <value><![CDATA[North West]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="Period">
          <value><![CDATA[North]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>130.623,-16.483</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Humbert River Station]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p><p>Lewis (2021, p 214) wrote that 'Brigalow Bill' Ward was speared and killed at the homestead in late 1909. "His body was thrown into the river and never recovered (Timber Creek Police Journal (TCPJ), 5-3-1910, 17-4-1910). A report in the <em>NTTG</em> (8 April 1910, p 2) related news from a correspondent at Willeroo Station: "A poor fellow known as Briglo Bill (J. J. Ward) was murdered by blacks here some time ago. He has been missing in this district for nearly six months, and then the blacks report his murder. I think the police might interest themselves more than they do, especially in this district. The blacks do not fear the police out here in any way, and thousands of cattle are killed by these useless brutes annually." A court report (<em>NTTG</em>, 16 September 1910, p 3) noted the trial of two Aboriginal people for Ward's murder: "As in previous case, the crime was apparently an unprovoked and cold-blooded business, chiefly concocted by a lubra named Judy and a native known as Gordon. As a preliminary to the murder the deceased man's only firearm was cunningly stolen by the lubra Judy, and by her handed to her fellow conspirator, Gordon, leaving their intended victim practically at their mercy. A number of natives - including the prisoners Mudgella and Wolgorora - surrounded Ward as he was engaged in burning off grass near his hut, and chasing the doomed man speared him near the door of his house as they would do a kangaroo. After a patient hearing, the Jury returned a verdict of guilty, with a recommendation to mercy, against both the prisoners, upon whom His Honor then passed the death sentence." According to the police account of the hunt for his murderers at least one Aboriginal person, Gordon, was shot dead (TCPJ 26-6-1910). However, local knowledge suggests the death toll was higher. Charlie Shultz (pers comm) heard from old-time VRD locals that "a great many were shot." Rose quoted Tim Yilngayarri of Yarralin (p 122): "And you know that Brigalow? Right. Brigalow was doing wrong. He was shooting all the people. Shoot-i-i-n-n-n-g, get all the sing girls for married. Take them down to his place. Just the young girl, and some of the middle aged, all that girl. Four fellow - Watchin him that waaay, get the towel and soap - Too late. That spear killed him. Bbbbb. Strike him la water. Right. All the boys go back, take the women. And sugar, tea, flour, all the blanket, fly, take the whole lot."</p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te172e'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1910-06-01</begin>
        <end>1910-06-30</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="Source_ID">
          <value><![CDATA[1042]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[20]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[0]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[**]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[Late]]></value>
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      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>130.91,-16.262</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Bull's Head Pocket]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>In his report on the Kidman Springs/Jasper Gorge Land Claim, Justice Howard Olney (1989, pp 18-19) found that: "Aboriginal oral traditions tell of a massacre near the claim area, in Bull's Head Pocket near Bull's Head Springs. According to the claimant Big Mick Kankinang, the massacre took place during the time when Townsend was manager of VRD (1904-19). A great crowd of Aboriginals had gathered in the area for purposes of ceremony and in the early hours of the morning, while they were still singing and dancing, they were surrounded by Europeans and their 'imported' Aboriginals, and shot. ... While evidence of these and other massacres in only rarely obtainable in European documents, the oral traditions are fully borne out by current demography."

The stockmen concerned spared the lives of young women who they abducted (Rose & Lewis, 1982, p 2).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te172f'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1911-01-01</begin>
        <end>1914-06-30</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
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          <value><![CDATA[1057]]></value>
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        </Data>
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        </Data>
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          <value><![CDATA[NT]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="PoliceDistrict">
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          <value><![CDATA[Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[0]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[***]]></value>
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    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>130.96,-16.117</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Kidman Knob]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>In his report on the Kidman Springs/Jasper Gorge Land Claim, Justice Howard Olney (1989, pp 18-19), based on Aboriginal evidence, was told that during Townsend's time as manager of Victoria River Downs station, a massacre of Aboriginal people took place at Kidman's Knob. 'While evidence of these and other massacres is only rarely obtainable in European documents, the oral traditions are fully borne out by current demography.'

The stockmen concerned spared the lives of young women who they abducted (Rose & Lewis, 1982, p 2).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1730'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1911-01-01</begin>
        <end>1914-06-30</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
        <Data name="Source_ID">
          <value><![CDATA[1066]]></value>
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        </Data>
        <Data name="Colony">
          <value><![CDATA[SA]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="StateOrTerritory">
          <value><![CDATA[NT]]></value>
        </Data>
        <Data name="PoliceDistrict">
          <value><![CDATA[Timber Creek]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[0]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[**]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[Ranges]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[Late]]></value>
        </Data>
      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>130.75,-17.657</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Jurlakkula (Nero Yard)]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p><p>Ronnie Wavehill Wirrpngayarri (cited in Charola &amp; Meakins, p 45) recounts it in these terms: 'Yet another one was an ambush up at Nero Yard... This is where <em>kartiya</em> ambushed some ngumpin. And what for? Maybe for stealing cattle; that's how they told it to me...They had a big battle there. Spears were aimed and missed... they hooked up the short spears and sent them straight down ... couldn't miss! The first one aimed and hit a <em>kartiya</em> right in the belly as soon as he came out from his hiding place. One down! As soon as the other <em>kartiya</em> saw him get speared, they all went running away. Towards here, to the east is where they buried him. At Jurlakkula it happened the same way as at Warluk. They just massacred a whole lot of Aboriginal people. Is it right that <em>kartiya</em> come from another place and wipe out people on their own country? That kind of thing can't be right!'. <br>While this massacre is clearly different to the other massacres in the region, estimating a date is difficult. The year 1901 and number killed is a speculation from the following conjecture. This may be a massacre that Paddy Cahill was involved in at Wave Hill. <br>In his narrative Ronnie Wavehill Wirrpngayarri says that <em>ngumpin</em> [Aboriginal people] helped the <em>kartiya</em> [colonists] during the killing at Jurlakkula, saying they were from 'maybe Queensland or maybe from somewhere up here' (Charola &amp; Meakins, p 45). While it was common for colonists to have Aboriginal workers, Paddy Cahill was from Queensland and was well known for working with a very close Aboriginal assistant named 'Quilp' and other Aboriginal people (<em>The Register</em>, 3 Mar 1919, p 6; <em>The Register</em> 6 Feb 1923, p 7). <br>Read &amp; Japaljarri (1978, p 147) say that 'A white informant [Dr Stephen Harris] stated that Paddy Cahill, the manager of Oenpelli Station, had been called over in about 1924 to deal with cattle killers. He shot over 30 bush people'. However, Paddy Cahill moved to Oenpelli Station, further north, with his wife in 1906 and, after struggling for flu, died on 4 Feb 1923 in Sydney (NTDB, Vol 1, p 84). The estimated year '1924' must be wrong as he was dead, and while Paddy was famed for riding hundreds of kilometres in a short amount of time, it's less likely he was 'called over' during this more settled phase of his life. <br>Paddy's brother, Tommy Cahill, was the manager of Wave Hill Station from 1895 to 1905. Tom Cahill said that, 'At first the natives were very wild and used to give us a lot of trouble, killing our cattle' (SMH, February 19, 1921). <br>The Wave Hill station, and more broadly Victoria River District, were violent areas from at least from 1889 when 'Mr. T. Cahill, the station manager, and several of the station men (principally blackboys) were out one day in the locality where "Paddy the Lasher" was murdered a couple of years ago.' (<em>Northern Territory Times and Gazette</em> 20 Jan 1899) and continued at least until 1924 when 'the last massacre' (Ward, 2016, p 24) is estimated to have taken place. There were numerous killings and reprisals between these dates, and Paddy was involved in another massacre further north at Willeroo in 1892 (Arndt, 1965, p245) and was attacked at the Gregory Creek/Victoria River junction some time prior to 1900 (<em>The Register</em> 18 Dec 1905, p 6). <br>Following an intensification of resistance to colonists around Wave Hill in the 1890s, Paddy wrote a letter complaining that Aboriginal people had not been punished for murders in the Victoria River District, and that in the previous 6 months there had been repeated attacks on travellers and spearing of cattle and horses. He recommended, 'place police enough in the Victoria River district to cope with the blacks... and let us have the evildoers brought to justice' and warned that 'Unless something like this is done a wholesale murder will take place at some of the stations in the Victoria River district' (<em>South Australian Register</em>, 29 Jan 1901, p 5). Throughout the history of massacres it was common for colonists to complain that Aboriginal people were getting away without being punished for theft and murder and that the Government was not doing anything, or were inneffectual, as a justification for taking matters into their own hands. <br>For these reasons the best estimate is that this was a massacre that Paddy Cahill was involved in and that it occurred around 1901 as a reprisal for ongoing violent acts of Aboriginal resistance in the area.</p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1731'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
      <TimeSpan>
        <begin>1919-12-10</begin>
        <end>1920-02-28</end>
      </TimeSpan>
      <ExtendedData>
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          <value><![CDATA[NT]]></value>
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          <value><![CDATA[Wave Hill Late]]></value>
        </Data>
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        <Data name="Period">
          <value><![CDATA[Late]]></value>
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      </ExtendedData>
    </Placemark>
    <Placemark>
      <Point>
        <coordinates>130.8,-17.4</coordinates>
      </Point>
      <name><![CDATA[Wattie Creek]]></name>
      <styleUrl>#TLCMapStyle</styleUrl>
      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>Charola and Meakins (2016, p 69) noted that:
"Deaths of women continued at least into the early twentieth century. Hobbles Danayarri of Yarralin reported to Rose that in the 1920s a group of women who lived near Daguragu refused to submit to gang rape and were shot."
As the date is unclear, the date of 1923 provided here is a rough estimate based on other massacres in the area.
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1732'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1923-01-01</begin>
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          <value><![CDATA[Gurindji]]></value>
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        <coordinates>130.811,-17.371</coordinates>
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      <name><![CDATA[Tartarr (Blackfellows Knob)]]></name>
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      <description><![CDATA[<p class='tlcmwarning'><p>Colonial violence. Linked sources include racist language and violence.</p></p>Ronnie Wavehill Wirrpngyarri says, in Charola and Meakins (2016, p 42): 'The <i>ngumpin</i> [Aboriginal people] ran away southwards, away from Tartarr. They went downstream a bit and then out across the rocks. The <i>kartiya</i> [whitefellas] were chasing them on horseback, galloping like mad... The horsemen never caught up to them, so a lot of them got away.' 
<br>
Phillip Yamba Jimmy spoke to the <i>Northern Territory News</i> about Tartarr (Hope, 2016, p 12): 'Men with rifles and Aboriginal trackers returned soon after and shot anyone they could. The version told by Mr Jimmy has it that people were sat around a tree and murdered one by one. He said the families let the dead decompose in the sun then collected the bones in paperbark and carried them 10km to Seale Gorge, a sacred site of the Gurindji and associated tribes...The Tartarr story featured on the 1967 land petition signed in thumbprint by Vincent Lingiari and other Wave Hill walk-off leaders...'. 
<br>
The 1967 Gurindji Petition to the Governor-General (National Museum of Australia 1967, para. 2) included: 'Our people have lived here from time immemorial and our culture, myths, dreaming and sacred places have evolved in this land. Many of our forefathers were killed in the early days while trying to retain it'. And (para. 3): 'We have begun to build our new homestead on the banks of beautiful Wattie Creek in the Seal [sic] Yard area, where there is permanent water. This is the main place of our dreaming only a few miles from the Seal [sic] Gorge where we have kept the bones of our martyrs all these years since white men killed many of our people'.
<br>
This oral history appears to be the same massacre which Charlie Ward dates at about 1924: 'Meanwhile, the last massacre in Gurindji country occurred in about 1924 on a small knoll, midway between Vestey's cattle station and the police outpost at Bow Hill. Decades later, an old man remembered: "They been coming with the horses and found this mob [at] Blackfellow's Knob. They trying to race away from them but they shot them like a dog [...]. One or two can get away. They shoot that bloke climb up the tree [...]; he fell over. Warlatarrka was his name. He was Jungurra [skin]"' (Ward, 2016, p 24) This is also mentioned in Thomas Mayo's article 'A dream that cannot be denied' (Mayo, 2017).
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1733'>TLCMap</a></p>
			<p><a href='https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2511'>TLCMap Layer</a></p>]]></description>
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        <begin>1924-01-01</begin>
        <end>1924-12-31</end>
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