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        "name": "Lutruwita War and Resistance",
        "description": "<p><strong>Listen</strong></p>\r\n<p><em>The Black War: Tasmania still torn by its history</em> The Point, NITV, 2018 <a href=\"https://www.facebook.com/reel/10155519202722005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.facebook.com/reel/10155519202722005</a></p>\r\n<p><em>Tasmanian Aboriginal resistance warriors still not recognised</em>&nbsp;ABC News, 2025 <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4e-5e2gpUXQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4e-5e2gpUXQ</a></p>\r\n<p>Spearim, Bo <em>Frontier War Stories - Teangi Brown - Black Wars</em> Frontier War Stories, 2020 <a href=\"https://open.spotify.com/episode/2pXAVh47HWnenavZNuNr7H?si=1b266e524ae048ed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://open.spotify.com/episode/2pXAVh47HWnenavZNuNr7H?si=1b266e524ae048ed</a></p>\r\n<p>Spearim, Bo <em>Uncle Rodney Dillon</em> Frontier War Stories, 2022 <a href=\"https://open.spotify.com/episode/5m9k8bobucswrfR1n5E6QT?si=257e7ffbe44a4917\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://open.spotify.com/episode/5m9k8bobucswrfR1n5E6QT?si=257e7ffbe44a4917</a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>\r\n<p>Events in this conflict will be added as Australian Wars and Resistance research continues.</p>",
        "warning": "<p>Colonial Violence. Sources may include racist language and attitudes. References to recordings and works of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people does not necessarily mean they support this work - the intention is only to refer people to the right speakers and sources.</p>",
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                "name": "Risdon Cove, River Derwent",
                "description": "About 11am on 3 May 1804, a large group of Big River/Oyster Bay men, women and children suddenly appeared on top of a hill on a kangaroo drive near the recently established British colonial outpost at Risdon, on the eastern shore of the River Derwent.  According to witness Edward White, 'they did not know there was a white man in the country' and they 'looked at me with all their eyes' (BPP 1831, p.53).  Lt William Moore, the officer in charge at the outpost, ordered two detachments comprising eight soldiers from the garrison, 102nd Regiment (NSW Corps) to fire at the Big River/Oyster Bay people in two separate engagements in which at least two Big River/Oyster Bay warriors were killed. Then in a third engagement, the magistrate at Risdon Cove, surgeon Jacob Mountgarret, ordered that a twelve-pounder carronade be dragged up the hill from the water's edge and loaded with grape and canister shot and fired at the Big River/Oyster Bay people to disperse them. The sound of the carronade was heard at Hobart on the other side of the River Derwent at 2pm. Mountgarret then led a group of armed men comprising at least 12 soldiers,  ten convicts and two  settlers, in a charge 'some distance up the valley' where 'more were wounded' and 'a fine Native boy' about two years old was captured after his 'Mother and Father were both killed' (Watson, (ed.) 1925, HRA, III, i, 237-8). Three British witnesses recorded their experiences of the massacre.  Two of them were the leading perpetrators,  Moore and Mountgarret, who each provided written reports in the immediate aftermath.  Mountgarret claimed that 600 Aboriginal warriors threatened the outpost by attacking a settler and that only two Aboriginal men were killed, although the official report, prepared by Lt Governor David Collins on 15 May 1804, said that 'at least three' were killed (Nicholls 1977, p 51; Watson ed (1925) HRA III, i, pp. 237-8). The third witness, Edward White, a convict in 1804, was interviewed about the incident at an official inquiry, known as the Broughton Committee, 26 years later in March 1830 and provided the first coherent account of the massacre. He said that the soldiers began firing at 11am and that 'a great many' Oyster Bay/Big River people were 'slaughtered and wounded' and in the aftermath, surgeon Mountgarret, dispatched 2 casks of Tasmanian Aboriginal remains to Sydney (BPP 1831, 53-4). At the Broughton inquiry, the Reverend Robert Knopwood, said that he visited the Risdon outpost a week after the 'affray' and supposed that 'five or six' Tasmanian Aboriginal people were killed  (BPP 1831, p53). However, the harbour master James Kelly told the Committee that '40 or 50' were killed (BPP 1831, p.51).  John Pascoe Fawkner,  later said  in his 'Reminiscences' that 'not less than fifty were shot down' (Fawkner 2007, p.24).\nHistorian James Bonwick,  investigated the 'affray' in the 1850s and noted that Dr Mountgarret sent two casks of Aboriginal remains to Sydney and they may have been the remains of the six bodies observed by Knopwood. Bonwick was also told by Moore's commanding officer, Captain A F Kemp, that Moore 'saw double that morning from an overdose of rations rum'  and 'the whole was the effect of a half-drunken spree, and that the firing arose from a brutal desire to see the Niggers run'  (Bonwick 1870, p35).  Bonwick was the first to publicly call the 'affray' a 'massacre' and was in no doubt that the soldiers of the 102nd Regiment (the NSW Corps) were responsible for the  'barbarous onslaught upon the Natives at Risdon' (Bonwick 1870, p36). \nThe claim by genocide scholars in the early 21st century that the Risdon massacre was the beginning of the genocide of the Tasmanian Aboriginal people, attracted a host of deniers whose purpose was to undermine Edward White as a reliable witness. Keith Windschuttle(2002) and W F Refshauge (2016) each used an out of date map of Risdon Cove to claim that Edward White could not have witnessed the massacre from where he said he was standing. Windschuttle also said that Bonwick could not have interviewed a settler of 1804 because no one who was present was still alive when  Bonwick conducted his alleged interview; and that there is no evidence that  2 barrels of Tasmanian Aboriginal remains were shipped to Sydney (Windschuttle 2002, pp 11-28; Refshauge 2016). The claims were ably refuted by  Phillip Tardif (2003).  In 2022, Scott Seymour, George Brown and Roger Karge in their book, 'Truth-Telling at Risdon Cove', claimed that  Edward White could not have been a witness to the massacre because, according to the records, he was not in Tasmania at the time (Seymour, Brown and Karge 2022). Tardif rejected their claims in 2023.  He considers that White's  'detailed, accurate and consistent testimony, the acceptance by settlers and officials that he was a Risdon pioneer, and the clear statement made (in 1833) by long-term Hobart resident John Fawkner that he had known White for almost thirty years (i.e. since 1804), make for a strong case in his favour.' (Tardif 2023, p.27).\n<br>\nIn 1833, in response to Edward White's petition, endorsed by the Colonial Surgeon and other early settlers, the Colonial Secretary, John Burnett stated that \"Your Memorialist [Edward White] arrived in the Colony in the year 1803 being the first settlement of this Colony.\" [Tasmanian Archive and Heritage Office (TAHO): Colonial Secretary correspondence 1824-1836, File Number 14693, Record ID: NAME_INDEXES:1616823,  Image 7 -pp.117-118.]\n\nWhile some details vary in individual accounts, the incident was a matter of common knowledge in the early colony. The massacre is mentioned in an article in the Hobart Town Gazette in 1826 in relation to widespread conflict, as being the first act to have \"...brought things to their present irremediable pass.\" (Hobart Town Gazette, November 11, 1826, p 2)\n\nIn 1830 a public meeting was held to discuss a proposed war of extermination in relation to government proclamations, including Government Order No. 10 [Hobart Town Courier, September 25, 1830, p 1] which details what came to be known as 'The Black Line'. The discussion was opened by Mr Kemp who attributed the conflict to the killings at Risdon Cove:\n\n\"Mr. Kemp commented at some length upon the aggressions committed by the Blacks, which he attributed in a great degree to some officers of his own regiment, (the late 102d), who had, as he considered, most improperly fired a four pounder upon a body of them, which having done much mischief, they had since borne that attack in mind, and have retaliated upon the white people, whenever opportunity offered.\" [Colonial Times, September 24, 1830, p 3] \nThis was seconded by Mr Gellibrand who added: \"It has been stated by Mr. Kemp that we have been aggressors in the present unhappy state of hostility that prevails between the white people and the black Aborigines. This reflection cannot but give rise to the most painful feelings. How dreadful is it to contemplate that we are about to enter upon a war of extermination, for such I apprehend is the declared object of the present operations, and that in its progress we shall be compelled to destroy the innocent with the guilty.\" [Colonial Times, September 24, 1830, p 3]",
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                "source": "Nicholls 1977, p 51;  <i>HRA III,</i> I, pp 237-8; BPP 1831, pp 37, 51-54;  Fawkner 2007, p.24;  Bonwick 1870, pp 32-36;   Windschuttle 2002, pp11-28;  Tardif, 2003, pp144-147; Refshauge 2016; Seymour, Brown and Karge 2022; Tardif 2023, pp 6-28; Tasmanian Archive and Heritage Office (TAHO): Colonial Secretary correspondence 1824-1836, File Number 14693, Record ID: NAME_INDEXES:1616823,  Image 7 -pp.117-118. <a href=\"https://stors.tas.gov.au/CSO1-1-655-14693$init=CSO1-1-655-14693-7\">https://stors.tas.gov.au/CSO1-1-655-14693$init=CSO1-1-655-14693-7</a> HTG, November 11, 1826 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/8791038\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/8791038</a>; HTC, September 25, 1830 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4206949/642570\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4206949/642570</a>; CT, September 24, 1830 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/8645368/666816\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/8645368/666816</a>",
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                "name": "Scantlands Plains",
                "description": "On November 8, 1815, Colonial Chaplain Robert Knopwood recorded in his diary that Oyster Bay warriors had killed 930 sheep at Scantlands Plains.  In 1830 settler James Hobbs in testimony to the Aborigines Committee, recalled that 300 sheep were killed and that the next day a detachment of the 48th Regiment shot 22 Oyster Bay people in reprisal. Nineteenth century historian John West, said that 'seventeen were slain' (West, cited in Shaw, 1971, p 265).",
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                "source": "Nicholls, 1977, p 216; BPP 1831, p 50; West in Shaw, 1971, p 265.",
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                "name": "East Bay Neck",
                "description": "Historian James Bonwick recorded the story of a male convict who was 'engaged as one of the convict crew of a small coaster, carrying round a party of ladies and gentlemen to the east coast. Landing for the night at East Bay Neck, a notable place for depredations at that period [in 1826], he heard the stealthy approach of the bloodthirsty tribe, when his companions were asleep. Arousing the crew, and putting them upon their guard, he permitted the band of some forty marauders to near the fire, when, at a signal from him, a general discharge of muskets took place, which strewed the ground with dead and dying.' (Bonwick 1870, p.123)",
                "id": "te166d",
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                "LanguageGroup": "Paredarerme",
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                "name": "Mayfield, Oyster Bay",
                "description": "In March 1826, following the alleged killing by Oyster Bay warriors of Roberts, a convict servant assigned to settler Thomas Buxton, at 'Mayfield', Oyster Bay, the magistrate at Waterloo Point recorded four or five years later, that at the time of the incident a party went out after them and that one Aborigine was wounded.(TAHO CSO 1/316/7478, p 840). A few years later Buxton's neighbour, Dr Story, interviewed Buxton's daughter about the incident and sent her account to historian James Bonwick (1870, p 117). She said that the party killed several Aborigines at their camp that night.",
                "id": "te166e",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/316, 1831, p 840; Bonwick, 1870, p 117.",
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                "LanguageGroup": "Oyster Bay / Little Swanport",
                "Colony": "VDL",
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                "PoliceDistrict": "Waterloo Point",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
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                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Stockkeeper(s)",
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                "name": "Dairy Plains (2), Meander River",
                "description": "A report in the <i>Hobart Town Gazette</i>(September 23, 1826, p2) stated: 'It is with pain we learn that a skirmish has taken place between numerous tribes of the black natives, and some stockkeepers, on the other side of the island, in which many of the former were severely wounded, if not slain. They made, it would appear, an outrageous attack on the cattle and persons of the stockmen, and provoked them to fire in self-defence.'",
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                "source": "<i>HTG</i> September 23, 1826 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679510\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679510</a>",
                "datestart": "1826-09-15",
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                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=487",
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                "LanguageGroup": "Port Sorell [Pallittore North]",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Launceston",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockkeeper(s)",
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                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "Gog Range",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Bank Head Farm, Pittwater",
                "description": "When a mob of Oyster Bay people led by Black Tom (Kickerterpoller) the most feared Aboriginal warrior in Van Diemen's Land were seen in the Pittwater area on 9 December 1826, the District Constable, Alexander Laing, four soldiers of the 40th regiment and some stock-keepers, killed 14 of them and captured ten others, including their leader, Kickerterpoller. The capture was reported by magistrate at Sorell, James Gordon, to the Colonial Secretary in Hobart later that day and reported in the two Hobart newspapers a week later (Gordon to Col Sec, 10 December 1826, TAHO CSO 1/331, pp 194-195; CTTA, December 15, 1826; HTG, December 16, 1826). However neither Gordon nor the newspapers acknowledged the massacre. Yet Kickerterpoller who was wanted for murder, was released on 9 January 1827, along with his nine compatriots. A coverup had taken place. In March 1830, Chief District Constable Gilbert Robertson was the first to mention the massacre in evidence to the Aborigines Committee and stated that: 'The Richmond Police in 1827, killed fourteen of the natives, who had got upon a hill, and threw stones upon them. The police expended all their ammunition, and then charged with a bayonet.' (BPP, 1831, p 221) In 1948, local historian Roy Bridges (1948, p 69) provided more information: 'Black Tom and his force of natives, after a succession of outrages through the Richmond Police District and beyond, were chased by Chief District Constable Lang [sic] and his men up the Sorell Valley, overtaken and destroyed near the head-waters of the rivulet.' Lyndall Ryan and Robert Cox have each reconstructed the events leading to the massacre (Ryan, 2012, pp 87-89; Cox, 2021, pp 90-101).",
                "id": "te1670",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/331, pp 194-195; <i>CTTA</i> December 15, 1826  - <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2449083\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2449083</a>; <i>HTG</i> December 16, 1826;  <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679629\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679629</a> \nBPP 1831, p 49; Bridges 1948, p 69; Ryan, 2012, pp 87-89; Cox, 2021, pp 90-101.",
                "datestart": "1826-12-09",
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                "latitude": "-42.735",
                "longitude": "147.589",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=464",
                "Source_ID": "464",
                "LanguageGroup": "Oyster Bay",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Pittwater",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "14",
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                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Foot Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South East",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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                    "links": [
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                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te1670",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Mt Augusta, Ross",
                "description": "On May 4 1827 on page 3, the <i>Colonial Times</i> reported that three weeks earlier, Thomas Rawling [Rawlins] and Edward Green, servants of settler Walter Davidson on the Elizabeth River, had been killed by a party of Aborigines led by Black Tom (Kickerterpoller) and \"Several persons assisted by a small party of soldiers made immediate pursuit.\"  The incident was also reported in the <i>Hobart Town Gazette</i>. While both newspapers reported the finding of the bodies of Green and Rawlins, accounts of fatalities in the reprisal varied from a tally of 'not less than thirty' (Colonial Times, 11 May 1827, p 2) to  the claim that 'not a single Native was killed' (Colonial Times, 25 May 1827, p 4). . Further information appeared in 2002, p 13  in a published memoir of settler James George, who recorded the aftermath: \"Having seen their fires in a gully near the River Macquarie, some score of armed men, Constables, Soldiers and Civilians, and Prisoners (convicts) or assigned Servants, who fell in with the Natives when they was going to their Breakfast. They fired volley after volley in among the Blackfellows, they reported killing some two score\".",
                "id": "te1671",
                "source": "<i>HTG</i> May 5,1827 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679817\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679817</a>; <i>CTTA</i> May 4, 1827 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679292\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679292</a>, <i>CTTA</i> May 11, 1827 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679295\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679295</a>, <i>CTTA</i>May 25, 1827 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679305\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679305</a>; BPP 1831, pp 48-49; George, 2002, p 13; Ryan, 2012, p 90.",
                "datestart": "1827-04-12",
                "dateend": "1827-04-12",
                "udatestart": -4503981892000,
                "udateend": -4503981892000,
                "latitude": "-41.979",
                "longitude": "147.49",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=478",
                "Source_ID": "478",
                "LanguageGroup": "Oyster Bay",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Campbell Town",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "40",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Settler(s), Convict(s), Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South East",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1671",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2495"
            },
            "display": {
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                    "links": [
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                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te1671",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Sally Peak (1)",
                "description": "In May 1827 Richard Addey, stock keeper to Andrew Gatehouse, was killed by Oyster Bay Aborigines. The reprisal killings that followed were not made public for nearly 50 years when historian James Bonwick (1870) published the interview he conducted 20 years after the incident with one of the perpetrators, stockman James Gumm who was assigned servant to settler George Meredith.  Gumm told Bonwick that a party of 30 colonists \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd comprising constables, soldiers (of the 40th Regiment), and neighbours, the master of the slain stock keeper, John Radford and himself - set off in bloody revenge. They heard that a large group of Aboriginal people were camped for the night in the gully by Sally Peak, 10 kilometres from Bushy Plains, on the border of Prosser's Plains.  'They proceeded stealthily as they neared the spot; and, agreeing upon a signal, moved quietly in couples, until they had surrounded the sleepers. The whistle of the leader was sounded, and volley after volley of ball cartridge was poured in upon the dark groups around the little camp-fires. The number slain was considerable' (Bonwick, 1870, pp 98-99).",
                "id": "te1672",
                "source": "Bonwick, 1870, pp 98-99.",
                "datestart": "1827-05-01",
                "dateend": "1827-05-15",
                "udatestart": -4502340292000,
                "udateend": -4501130692000,
                "latitude": "-42.62",
                "longitude": "147.715",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=466",
                "Source_ID": "466",
                "LanguageGroup": "Oyster Bay",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Richmond",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Military, Settler(s), Stockkeeper(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South East",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1672",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Quamby Bluff (1), Westmoreland Falls",
                "description": "Following the Pallittore killing of William Knight, overseer at TC Simpson's stock-hut at Dairy Plains on 23 June1827, Peter Mulgrave, the Police Magistrate at Launceston, dispatched Corporals William Shiners and James Lingan from the 40th Regiment to Gibson's hut at the Western Marshes (Dairy Plains) where they met Field Constable Williams. Shiners expanded his party to include four stockmen on horseback, Thomas Baker, James Cubit, Henry Smith and Thomas White. At the end of day on 26 June they surrounded a Pallittorre  camp  of six fires at Laycock Falls (Westmoreland Falls) at the base of Quamby Bluff. They waited until dawn to attack and allegedly killed between 30-60 Pallittorre (Laycock in Mulgrave to Col. Sec. 6 July 1827, TAHO CSO  1/316/7578, p 15-37; Ryan, 2008, p 492). Two different accounts of reprisal killings appeared in the same issue of the <i>Colonial Times</i> (July 6, 1827, p 4). The first account stated that: 'The Military instantly pursued the blacks \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd brought home numerous trophies, such as spears, waddies, tomahawks, muskets, blankets \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd killed upwards of 30 dogs, and as the report says, nearly as many natives, but this is not a positive fact.' The second account stated that: 'The people over the second Western Tier have killed an immense quantity of blacks this last week, in consequence of their having murdered Mr Simpson's stockkeeper. They were surrounded whilst sitting around their fires when the soldiers and others fired at them about 30 yards distant. They report there must have been about 60 of them killed and wounded.' The official report of this incident however, said that 'between twenty and thirty of their dogs' were killed and one Aboriginal 'possibly wounded.' When  government agent, G.A. Robinson, traveled through the area in September 1830,  stock keeper Thomas Johnson  told him that William Knight was known to 'kill Aborigines for sport' (Plomley, 1966, p 219; 2008, p 254). Historian Shayne Breen (2001) considers that the accounts in the <i>Colonial Times</i>, relate to two separate incidents.  \nThe massacre is the first of four carried out by the party in an 18 day killing spree known as the Quamby Bluff massacres.",
                "id": "te1673",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/316, 15-37;  <i>CTTA</i>, July 6, 1827 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679329\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679329</a>; Breen, 2001;  Ryan, 2008, pp 492-493; Plomley, 1996, p 219;  2008, p 254.",
                "datestart": "1827-06-26",
                "dateend": "1827-06-26",
                "udatestart": -4497501892000,
                "udateend": -4497501892000,
                "latitude": "-41.62",
                "longitude": "146.39",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=481",
                "Source_ID": "481",
                "LanguageGroup": "Port Sorell [Pallittore North]",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Launceston",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Stockmen/Drover(s), Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "Gog Range",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1673",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Quamby Bluff (2), Quamby Brook",
                "description": "Following the first massacre of 30 Pallittore at Quamby Brook on 26 June 1827, in reprisal for the killing by Pallittorre warriors  of stock-keeper William Knight, overseer to settler TC Simpson at Dairy Plains on 23 June 1827.  Corporal William Shiner's party  included Corporal James Lingren, district constable Williams and stock keepers, Thomas Baker,  James Cubit, Henry Smith and Thomas White. They attacked a Pallittore camp at Quamby Brook on 27 June 1827 and allegedly killed 30 of them.  This was the second massacre in the 'Quamby Bluff' massacres.",
                "id": "te1674",
                "source": "<i>CTTA</i> July 6, 1827, p 4 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679329\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/679329</a>; TAHO CSO 1/316, pp 15-45; Plomley, 2008, p 254; Breen,  2001, p 27; Ryan, 2008, p 493.",
                "datestart": "1827-06-27",
                "dateend": "1827-06-27",
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                "udateend": -4497415492000,
                "latitude": "-41.595",
                "longitude": "146.71",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=483",
                "Source_ID": "483",
                "LanguageGroup": "Port Sorell [Pallittore North]",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Launceston",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Stockmen/Drover(s), Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "Gog Range",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1674",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Quamby Bluff (3)",
                "description": "On 3 July 1827 the Pallittorre killed two shepherds assigned to settlers William Widowson and Abraham Walker at Dairy Plains, sixty kilometers west of Launceston. Corporals John Shiners and James Lingan, field constable Thomas Williams and stockmen Thomas Baker, James Cubit, Henry Smith and William White,  set off in reprisal. Three years later, stock-keeper George Johnson told government agent GA Robinson that on this occasion 'the soldiers killed nine or ten' Pallittore. (Plomley, 1966, p 219 ; 2008, p 254 )  This is the third reprisal massacre carried out by Shiners and his party in an 18 day killing spree in which at least 78 Pallittore were killed and is known as the Quamby Bluff killings.",
                "id": "te1675",
                "source": "Colonial Times, 6 July 1827; Plomley, 1966, p 219; 2008, p 254.",
                "datestart": "1827-07-05",
                "dateend": "1827-07-05",
                "udatestart": -4496724292000,
                "udateend": -4496724292000,
                "latitude": "-41.653",
                "longitude": "146.624",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1052",
                "Source_ID": "1052",
                "LanguageGroup": "Pallittore",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Launceston",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "9",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Foot Soldier(s), Stockmen/Drover(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "Gog Range",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Quamby Bluff (4)",
                "description": "Nine Pallittore Aboriginal people were killed in in reprisal for the attempted killing of Thomas Baker, overseer to landowner David Gibson at Dairy Plains. The dawn attack on the Pallittore camp near Quamby Bluff was probably led by Corporals William Shiners and James Lingan, assisted by District Constable Thomas Williams and stock-keepers James Cubit, Henry Smith and Thomas White.  This was the 4th reprisal massacre in the cluster known as the Quamby Bluff killings. They were carried out in reprisal for the killing of an overseer and the wounding of another; and the killing of two shepherds. It is estimated that more than 78 Pallittore were killed in the four massacres.",
                "id": "te1676",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/316, 15-37; Plomley, 2008, p 254;   Ryan, 2008, p 491.",
                "datestart": "1827-07-13",
                "dateend": "1827-07-13",
                "udatestart": -4496033092000,
                "udateend": -4496033092000,
                "latitude": "-41.551",
                "longitude": "146.481",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=486",
                "Source_ID": "486",
                "LanguageGroup": "Port Sorell [Pallittore North]",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Launceston",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "9",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Foot Soldier(s), Stockkeeper(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "Gog Range",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1676",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Blackman River, intersection of Brumby Creek and Lake River",
                "description": "When Aboriginal warriors were alleged to have killed three shepherds and slaughtered 100 sheep in the Blackman river area in early  November 1827 , the <i>Tasmanian</i> on November 16 1827 reported: \"two parties of military were dispatched, ...in order to join the Field Police in putting a stop to these outrages; and we trust his Excellency will follow up this matter with such measures as will entirely prevent any future occurrences of a similar nature.\" In January 1828, when the Land Commissioners arrived in the area one of them noted in his journal at the junction of Brumby Creek and Lake River that: \"mysterious Murders have also been committed in this recess, and have hitherto remained undetected\" (McKay, 1962, p 74).",
                "id": "te1677",
                "source": "<i>Tasmanian</i> November 16, 1827 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/25173464\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/25173464</a>; McKay, 1962, p 74.",
                "datestart": "1827-11-01",
                "dateend": "1827-11-10",
                "udatestart": -4486442692000,
                "udateend": -4485665092000,
                "latitude": "-42.233",
                "longitude": "147.21",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=473",
                "Source_ID": "473",
                "LanguageGroup": "Big River",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Launceston",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "10",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "Centre",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1677",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "The Retreat, (Cheshunt) Dairy Plains, Meander River",
                "description": "Traveling through the Surry Hills on 12 August 1830, government agent GA Robinson was informed by Henry Hellyer, the surveyor of the VDL Co of an incident at \"The Retreat\", a cattle run on the Meander River at Dairy Plains, leased by Hobart solicitor, Gamiel Butler. In 1827 stockkeeper Paddy Heagon 'shot nineteen of the western natives with a swivel gun charged with nails' (Plomley, 2008, p 231; 1966, pp 197-198).",
                "id": "te1678",
                "source": "Plomley, 2008, p 231; 1966, pp 197-198.",
                "datestart": "1827-12-01",
                "dateend": "1827-12-31",
                "udatestart": -4483850692000,
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                "latitude": "-41.622",
                "longitude": "146.519",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=480",
                "Source_ID": "480",
                "LanguageGroup": "Port Sorell [Pallittore North]",
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                "VictimsDead": "19",
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                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockmen/Drover(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "Gog Range",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Dairy Plains, Meander River",
                "description": "According to Geoff Lennox, historian of the VDL Co, in December 1827, a group of its employees, taking eleven pairs of oxen from Launceston to Circular Head, were attacked by a \"strong party of Natives who were however 'severely handled'\" (Cited in Lennox, 1990, p 170).",
                "id": "te1679",
                "source": "Lennox, 1990, p 170.",
                "datestart": "1827-12-01",
                "dateend": "1827-12-31",
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                "udateend": -4481258692000,
                "latitude": "-41.593",
                "longitude": "146.521",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=484",
                "Source_ID": "484",
                "LanguageGroup": "Port Sorell [Pallittore North]",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Launceston",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
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                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockkeeper(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "Gog Range",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Cape Grim (1)",
                "description": "Richard Frederick, master of the VDL Co sloop, <i>Fanny</i>, told Mrs Rosalie Hare, wife of the captain of the <i>Caroline</i>, that he and four shepherds had surprised a party of Aborigines at Cape Grim, killing 12 of them before retreating to their ship. Mrs Hare recorded the incident in her diary on 19 January 1828 (Lee, 1927, p 41).  Edward Curr, the manager of the VDL Company, acknowledged the attack in a report to his superiors in London on 14 January 1828  but claimed there were no casualties because \"the guns mis-fired.\" (TAHO VDL 5/1 No.2) According to historian Ian McFarlane, the massacre was carried out in reprisal for Aboriginal people  killing sheep (McFarlane, 2003, pp 277-298).",
                "id": "te167a",
                "source": "TAHO VDL 5/1 No. 2; Lee, 1927, p 41; McFarlane, 2003, pp 277-298.",
                "datestart": "1828-01-01",
                "dateend": "1828-01-31",
                "udatestart": -4481172292000,
                "udateend": -4478580292000,
                "latitude": "-40.709",
                "longitude": "144.688",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=493",
                "Source_ID": "493",
                "LanguageGroup": "North West",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Circular Head",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "12",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Shepherd(s), Sailor(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "North West",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Cape Grim (2)",
                "description": "Four shepherds employed by the VDL Co, Charles Chamberlain, John Weavis, William Gunshannon and Richard Nicholson, crept up on a group of Aborigines hunting and shot 30 dead and then threw their bodies to the rocks below. The incident was reported by a VDL Company officer, Alexander Goldie to Lieutenant-governor Arthur in Hobart in November 1829 (TAHO CSO 1/333, p 116-117). Arthur then ordered his agent, G.A. Robinson, to investigate the incident during his visit to the area between June and September 1830. Robinson interviewed two of the four perpetrators who confirmed the number killed and the location of the incident but said that only one woman had been shot (Plomley, 2008, p 206-207). Robinson then interviewed an Aboriginal woman witness, who confirmed the number killed but insisted that many of the victims were women (Plomley, 2008, pp 212-214).  However, Edward Curr, the superintendent of the VDL Company, in a dispatch to the Board of Governors in London on October 7 1830, reported that only six Aborigines were killed and several wounded and then revised down the number killed to three (TAHO VDL 5/1, pp 104-105). Historian Ian McFarlane provides the most comprehensive account of the massacre (McFarlane, 2003, pp 277-298).",
                "id": "te167b",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/333, pp 116-117; Plomley, 2008, pp 206-207, 212-214; TAHO VDL 5/1, pp 104-105; McFarlane, 2003, pp 277-298.",
                "datestart": "1828-02-10",
                "dateend": "1828-02-10",
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                "udateend": -4477716292000,
                "latitude": "-40.697",
                "longitude": "144.688",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=494",
                "Source_ID": "494",
                "LanguageGroup": "North West",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Circular Head",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Shepherd(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "North West",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Lagoon Lower Marshes near Jordan River",
                "description": "On 4 March 1828, Aboriginal warriors killed stockman William Walker on the Den Hill road near Bothwell (TAHO CSO 1/323 p 113; HTC March 15, 1828, p 3; HTC 22 March 1828, pp 3-4). Three years later, when government agent G.A. Robinson passed through the area, he was told by settler Robert Barr that in reprisal, a group of stockmen 'killed seventeen Natives; that they had first killed seven and they then followed them to a lagoon and killed ten more. The Natives could not get away' (Plomley, 1966, p 503; 2008, p 537).",
                "id": "te167c",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/323, 113; <i>HTC</i>, March 15, 1828, p 3 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641575\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641575</a>; <i>HTC</i>, March 22, 1828, pp 3-4 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641580\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641580</a>; Plomley, 1966, p 503; 2008, p 537.",
                "datestart": "1828-03-01",
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                "udateend": -4473396292000,
                "latitude": "-42.339",
                "longitude": "147.188",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=468",
                "Source_ID": "468",
                "LanguageGroup": "Big River",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Oatlands",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "17",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockmen/Drover(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "Centre",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Elizabeth River, Eastern Tiers",
                "description": "At the end of March 1828,  Oyster Bay warriors killed Henry Beames, stock keeper to settler William Robertson on the Elizabeth River.  James Simpson, the magistrate at Campbell Town, ordered a party of  soldiers from the 40th Regiment along with stock keepers and field police to pursue the culprits. In his report to the Colonial Secretary a few days later he said that: 'it is believed that 17 Aborigines were slaughtered' (Simpson to Col. Sec.  April 1, 1828, TAHO CSO 1/316/7578, p 137). The killing of Henry Beams was reported  in the <i>Hobart Town Courier</i> on April 5, p 3, but did not mention the reprisal massacre.  At the hearings of the Aborigines Committee two years later, Gilbert Robertson, the Chief District Constable at Richmond, testified  that 'great ravages were committed by a party of constables and some of the 40th Regiment, sent from Campbell Town; the party consisted of five or six; they got the Natives between two perpendicular rocks, between which there was a sort of shelf on which the Natives got; has heard and does believe that 70 of them were killed by that party; ...the party killed them by firing all their ammunition upon them, and then dragging the women and children from the crevices in the rocks and dashing out their brains; ...believes, from Dugdale's account, who was one of the party, that the whole tribe was destroyed.'   However, settler Mr Robertson disputed the massacre and said that 'no bodies were found' (BPP, 1831, pp 48-49). In 1835, Henry Melville, in <i>The History of Van Diemen's Land</i>, (1835, pp 71-72) provided an account of the incident from an eyewitness: 'A mob of some score or so of natives, men, women, and children, had been discovered by their fires, and a whole parcel of the Colonists armed themselves, and proceeded to the spot. These advanced unperceived, and were close to the natives, when the dogs gave the alarm; the natives jumped up in a moment, and then the signal for slaughter was given, fire-arms were discharged, and those poor wretches who could not hide themselves from the light thrown on their persons by their own fires, were destroyed...One man...was shot, he sprang up, turned round like a whipping top, and fell dead; - the party then went up to the fires, found a great number of waddies and spears, and an infant sprawling on the ground, which one of the party pitched into one of the fires.'",
                "id": "te167d",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/316, p 137; <i>HTC</i> April 5, 1828 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641590\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/64; Melville, 1835, in Mackaness, 1965, pp 71-72.",
                "datestart": "1828-04-02",
                "dateend": "1828-04-02",
                "udatestart": -4473223492000,
                "udateend": -4473223492000,
                "latitude": "-42.037",
                "longitude": "147.504",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=477",
                "Source_ID": "477",
                "LanguageGroup": "Oyster Bay",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Campbell Town",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "17",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Stockkeeper(s), Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South East",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te167d",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Eastern Tiers",
                "description": "A settler, Robert Ayrton wrote to the Aborigines Committee on March 1, 1830 about an 'affray' between soldiers and Aboriginal warriors that took place in the Eastern Tiers in July 1828. 'On this occasion not less than sixteen of them  [the Aborigines] were massacred and gathered into heaps and buried.' Two weeks later he repeated his claim in a deposition at the Launceston Police Office: 'A party of soldiers of the 40th Regiment and some constables went in quest of the Aborigines. On the return of the party (to Oatlands) I heard many of them boast, that they had killed sixteen of the natives, one man in particular boasted that he had run his bayonet through two of them, and that they gathered them into a heap and burned their bodies. I think that Constable Danvers stationed at Oatlands was one of the number, the soldiers do not recollect this.' The two guides were never questioned about this incident. By March 1830 the 40th Regiment were preparing to depart for India. This incident does not appear to have been a reprisal killing.",
                "id": "te167e",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/320, pp 152-154; TAHO CSO 1/330, p 109.",
                "datestart": "1828-07-01",
                "dateend": "1828-07-30",
                "udatestart": -4465447492000,
                "udateend": -4462941892000,
                "latitude": "-42.12",
                "longitude": "147.837",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=470",
                "Source_ID": "470",
                "LanguageGroup": "Oyster Bay / Big River",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Oatlands",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "16",
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                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Military",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South East",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Cockatoo Valley, Hollow Tree",
                "description": "In two separate attacks over two weeks in October 1828, near the northern and western shores of Lake Tiberias, 23 Oyster Bay warriors, possibly led by Tongerlongter, killed Anne Geary and Mrs Gough and two of her little girls and then Mrs Langford's son, John.  On 23 October a reprisal party of 'stockkeepers and others', 'fell upon' the warriors' campsite near Cockatoo Valley at 11pm and fired after them, (<i>HTC</i>, Nov, 1, 1828) and  'killed  and wounded a considerable number' (<i>The Tasmanian</i>, October 31, 1828). The killing of the two women, the little girls and the boy was the trigger for the proclamation of martial law on 5 November 1828.",
                "id": "te167f",
                "source": "<i>The Tasmanian</i>, October 31, 1828 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/25173660\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/25173660</a>; <i>HTC</i> October 18<a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4220434\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4220434</a>; November 1, 1828 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641811\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641811</a>; Ryan, 2012, pp 103-105.",
                "datestart": "1828-10-23",
                "dateend": "1828-10-23",
                "udatestart": -4455597892000,
                "udateend": -4455597892000,
                "latitude": "-42.532",
                "longitude": "146.943",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=471",
                "Source_ID": "471",
                "LanguageGroup": "Oyster Bay",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Oatlands",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockkeeper(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South West",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Tooms Lake, Eastern Tiers",
                "description": "After Aboriginal people killed settler Adam Wood and two shepherds, on 6 December 1828 an armed party of nine soldiers of the 40th Regiment, two constables, and guides, John Danvers and William Holmes, surrounded an Aboriginal camp at Tooms Lake at daybreak. Three days later, the guide, John Danvers, reported to Thomas Anstey, the police magistrate at Oatlands: 'One of them getting up from a small fire to a large one, discovered us and gave the alarm to the rest, and the whole of them jumpt [<i>sic</i>] up immediately and attempted to take up their spears in defense, and seeing that, we immediately fired and repeated it because we saw they were on the defensive part, they were about twenty in Number and several of whom were killed, two only were, unfortunately taken alive' (Danvers to Anstey, 10 December 1828, TAHO CSO 1/320/7578, p 22).  <i>The Hobart Town Courier</i> (December 13, 1828, p 2) also reported the incident: 'The party of the 40th regiment which was led into the bush by John Danvers and William Holmes, is returned, bringing with them a black woman and her boy, the only prisoners made in the attack upon the Aborigines at the Great [Tooms] Lake at the source of the Macquarie River. Ten of the natives were killed on the spot and the rest fled.'",
                "id": "te1680",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/320, p 22; <i>HTC</i> December 13, 1828, p 2 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641858\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641858</a>.",
                "datestart": "1828-12-06",
                "dateend": "1828-12-06",
                "udatestart": -4451796292000,
                "udateend": -4451796292000,
                "latitude": "-42.231",
                "longitude": "147.792",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=474",
                "Source_ID": "474",
                "LanguageGroup": "Oyster Bay / Little Swanport",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Campbell Town",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "10",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South East",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "St Paul's River",
                "description": "In December 1828 by warriors carried out a series of raids on various farms that included the killing of James Shirton, a servant of settler Mr Hawkins, and an attack by twelve warriors on John Allen's farm at Great Swanport on 14 December 1828. The attack at John Allen's farm was visually recorded in a sketch (ML, SLNSW). A correspondent from Great Swanport reported that, in retaliation, two massacres had been carried out. In the first 'Nine were killed and three taken, near St. Paul's River, ten days back.' The other was 'near the Eastern Marshes' (Launceston Advertiser, February 9, 1829, p 2).",
                "id": "te1681",
                "source": "<i>LA</i> February 9, 1829 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/8721080\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/8721080</a>; \n'The Aborigines of Van Diemen's Land endeavouring to kill Mr John Allen  in the District of of Great Swanport on the 14th December 1828', ML, SLNSW.",
                "datestart": "1829-01-31",
                "dateend": "1829-01-31",
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                "latitude": "-41.814",
                "longitude": "147.951",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1104",
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                "LanguageGroup": "Paredarerme / Oyster Bay or Tyerrernotepanner or Ben Lomond",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "9",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
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                "Stage": "North East",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
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                "name": "Eastern Marshes",
                "description": "In December 1828 by warriors carried out a series of raids on various farms that included the killing of James Shirton, a servant of settler Mr Hawkins and an attack by twelve warriors on John Allen's farm at Great Swanport on 14 December 1828. The attack at John Allen's farm was visually recorded in a sketch (ML, SLNSW). A correspondent from Great Swanport reported that in retaliation two massacres had been carried out, one at St Paul's River  'ten days back,' and then 'about the same time ten were shot and two taken, near the Eastern Marshes.' (Launceston Advertiser, February 9, 1829, p 2).",
                "id": "te1682",
                "source": "<i>LA</i> February 9, 1829 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/8721080\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/8721080</a>; \n'The Aborigines of Van Diemen's Land endeavouring to kill Mr John Allen  in the District of of Great Swanport on the 14th December 1828', ML, SLNSW.",
                "datestart": "1829-01-31",
                "dateend": "1829-01-31",
                "udatestart": -4446957892000,
                "udateend": -4446957892000,
                "latitude": "-42.384",
                "longitude": "147.672",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=497",
                "Source_ID": "497",
                "LanguageGroup": "Paredarerme / Oyster Bay",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Campbell Town",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "10",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Settler(s), Stockkeeper(s), Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South East",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "West Tamar",
                "description": "A military party was attacked by Aboriginal warriors at West Tamar and in the engagement seven Aboriginal people were killed. The next day, constables who had been with the officer denied the incident. According to the <i>Hobart Town Courier</i> a 'gallant officer' with '...three or four constables, was attacked by a party of the blacks on the west bank of the Tamar on Wednesday last, when seven of the latter fell, the chief on [sic] receiving a ball from the officer's fusee jumped twelve feet from the ground, (a tremendous leap truly). This officer describes the engagement as worthy of great praise, and states that much generalship was displayed by him as commander of the vanquishing party, but his brother officers of the staff and comrades, (perhaps jealous of the honour of the field) declare that they did not see one of the black people during the whole of their excursion.' (<i>HTC</i> February 28, 1829, pp 1-2).",
                "id": "te1683",
                "source": "<i>HTC</i> February 28, 1829, pp 1-2 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641939\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641939</a>.",
                "datestart": "1829-02-18",
                "dateend": "1829-02-18",
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                "udateend": -4445402692000,
                "latitude": "-41.325",
                "longitude": "146.964",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=492",
                "Source_ID": "492",
                "LanguageGroup": "Port Sorell [Pallittore North]",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "George Town",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "7",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "North",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Richmond, Coal River",
                "description": "A report in the <i>Hobart Town Courier</i>(March 7, 1829, p 1) stated that: 'One black native was brought in on Friday being one of a party of six, the five others were shot in the pursuit.'",
                "id": "te1684",
                "source": "<i>HTC</i> March 7, 1829, p 1 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641947\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/641947</a>.",
                "datestart": "1829-03-01",
                "dateend": "1829-03-05",
                "udatestart": -4444452292000,
                "udateend": -4444106692000,
                "latitude": "-42.765",
                "longitude": "147.455",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=498",
                "Source_ID": "498",
                "LanguageGroup": "Oyster Bay",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Richmond",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South East",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Clyde and Ouse Rivers",
                "description": "In a report on 10 April 1829 to Thomas Anstey, the police magistrate at Oatlands, Jorgen Jorgenson the leader of a roving party between the Clyde and Ouse rivers, said that the leader of another, \"fired at a party of natives. He had no recourse left but to fire at them and by the traces of blood some of them were wounded if not mortally.\" Six Aboriginal people were killed. (TAHO CSO 1/316, p 189).",
                "id": "te1685",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/316, p 189.",
                "datestart": "1829-03-10",
                "dateend": "1829-03-10",
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                "udateend": -4443674692000,
                "latitude": "-42.316",
                "longitude": "146.886",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=500",
                "Source_ID": "500",
                "LanguageGroup": "Big River",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Clyde",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Settler(s), Stockkeeper(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South West",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Bullock Hunting Ground",
                "description": "According to the 'Hobart Town Courier' March, 21, 1829, 'On Tuesday last [10 March 1829], the Blacks made their appearance and robbed one or two huts near the Cataract, and on Friday they were seen on the North Esk river, a short distance from Launceston, where they robbed three or four farm homes and killed a woman [Mrs Miller] and two men [James Hales and Thomas Johnson] at the farm of a man named Miller. They also speared a man in his master's barn [Russell], and another who was on the road at Patterson's plain with a bag of flour on his back; both these persons are badly wounded, and are now in the Hospital. Two stock-keepers are also missing, and are supposed to have been killed by the Blacks in the same neighbourhood. Several parties have been sent in pursuit, but the soldiers and constabulary are unsuccessful.  Yesterday morning [Thursday 12 March] a party of volunteers came up with the murderers about 12 miles [20 kilometers] from hence [Launceston] at a place called Bullock's hunting ground, where four men, a woman and a child were killed. One of the men that was shot had a red coat on which was stolen from the Commandant's stock-keeper, in a hut near the Cataract Hills. I am told there is a woman amongst them who formerly lived in Launceston for several months.'",
                "id": "te1686",
                "source": "Hobart Town Courier March 21, 1829, p.1.",
                "datestart": "1829-03-12",
                "dateend": "1829-03-12",
                "udatestart": -4443501892000,
                "udateend": -4443501892000,
                "latitude": "-41.428",
                "longitude": "147.296",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=491",
                "Source_ID": "491",
                "LanguageGroup": "North Midlands",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Launceston",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s), Stockkeeper(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "North",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Jones River,  near Miles Opening",
                "description": "Magistrate Thomas Anstey reported to the Colonial Secretary on 8 April 1829, that towards the end of March 1829, in reprisal for Aborigines robbing McPherson's stock hut near Jones' River, digging up potatoes on McPherson's farm and wounding a stockman, a party of shepherds and police pursued them and attacked their campsite, killing nine Aboriginal people. A Black woman was injured and taken to New Norfolk and was not expected to live long. TAHO CSO 1/316/75878/pp 232, 239.",
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                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/316: pp 232, 239.",
                "datestart": "1829-03-28",
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                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Clyde",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "9",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Settler(s)",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Three Thumbs, Pittwater",
                "description": "In early June 1829 in a series of raids on huts for food, at the Carlton River, Pittwater, 15-20 Oyster Bay people killed two stockkeepers, James Turtin and Edward Harthill and wounded at least three others.  James Gordon, the magistrate at Sorell, dispatched a  party of soldiers from the 40th Regiment and field police in pursuit and they returned with Aboriginal weapons and items belonging to the missing men.  Gordon reported that the 'particular object of this non-commissioned officer [was] to capture ...without loss of life, but as they fled on the approach of the Party, I am [sorry ] to state that it is supposed eight or ten of the natives were severely wounded' (Gordon to Col Sec 16 June 1829, TSA CSO 1/321).   The 'Hobart Town Courier', 20 June 1829, p 2, provided more details. ' After the late outrages at the Carlton, it appears that the natives proceeded towards Prossers Plains. The settlers, with the constables and military stationed in that neighbourhood, suspecting that their movements would be made in that direction, were fortunately on the alert. A man named Douglas Evans (Hibbins) succeeded in observing them encamp for the night on Friday last [13 June 1829] under a hill called 'the Three Thumbs' on very rocky ground, with thick brush. A party of ten set out about 11 o'clock [at night] in hopes of surrounding them and taking them alive. On arriving within 300 yards of the spot, about one o'clock, they advanced very cautiously in order to avoid giving alarm, but within 20 yards, one of the dogs which was with the blacks began barking, and they all instantly rose up, and the attacking party rushed on them, threatening to shoot them if they did not surrender. But they fled precipitously in all directions. Six of the party immediately fired at them (the guns carried by the other 4 missed fire). Douglas Evans (Hibbins) pursued them alone into the brush for a few minutes, and fired a second shot, having then been surrounded by them on separating from his companions. The night being very dark, all further pursuit was fruitless. When daylight appeared, 49 spears, 24 waddies, 2 shirts, a jacket, a number of knives, shears, and razor blades, many of them (besides 2 dogs)  belonging to the men lately murdered at the Carlton. Not a native was to be seen all around, though for a considerable distances marks of blood appeared on different parts on the ground. There were some 30 or 40 of the blacks.'",
                "id": "te1688",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/321 1829: Jun 16;  <i>HTC</i>  June 20, 1829, p 2 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/642061\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/642061</a>.",
                "datestart": "1829-06-01",
                "dateend": "1829-06-30",
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                "latitude": "-42.604",
                "longitude": "147.831",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=461",
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                "LanguageGroup": "Oyster Bay",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Sorell",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "10",
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                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Field Police, Soldier(s)",
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                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South East",
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                "name": "East of Ben Lomond",
                "description": "On 1 September 1829 John Batman, the leader of a government roving party, made a dawn attack on an Aboriginal camp, numbering 60 or 70 men, women and children. In his report of the incident to Thomas Anstey the police magistrate at Oatlands, Batman estimated that 15 Aborigines died of wounds, and that he executed two other wounded prisoners. The incident was reported in the <i>Colonial Times</i> (September 18, 1829, p 3). Depositions were made by two of Batman's stockkeepers at the Launceston Police Office on 25 September. This incident does not appear to be a reprisal killing.",
                "id": "te1689",
                "source": "Campbell 1987, p 31-2; <i>CT</i>, September 18, 1829 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/666596\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/666596</a>; TAHO CS0 1/330.",
                "datestart": "1829-09-01",
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                "latitude": "-41.553",
                "longitude": "147.781",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=482",
                "Source_ID": "482",
                "LanguageGroup": "Ben Lomond",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Oatlands",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "17",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Government Official(s), Settler(s), Shepherd(s), Convict(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "North East",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Upper Clyde River",
                "description": "On 1 April 1830, a military patrol ambushed an Aboriginal camp on the Upper Clyde river north of Bothwell and killed and wounded at least six in reprisal for an Aboriginal attack on a settler's hut where flour was taken.  (Bothwell magistrate to Co Sec 2 April 1830, TAHO CSO 1/316/7578, p.189)",
                "id": "te168a",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/316, p 189.",
                "datestart": "1830-04-01",
                "dateend": "1830-04-08",
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                "latitude": "-42.322",
                "longitude": "146.836",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=501",
                "Source_ID": "501",
                "LanguageGroup": "Big River",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Clyde",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
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                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Military",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South West",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Whitefoord Hills, Meander River",
                "description": "The police magistrate at Westbury, Captain Moriarty reported on 19 April 1830 that on 18 April,  in a clash with stock keepers employed by another magistrate, M.L. Smith, at Whitefoord Hills, at least  two Pallittorre warriors were shot, and one stabbed, 'presumed killed' (Moriarty to Co Sec, 19 April 1830, TAHO CSO 1/316/7578, p 489). A later report by Moriarty indicated that in the 'affray', six Aboriginal people were killed by stock-keepers in self-defence (Moriarty to Co Sec 30 April 1830, TAHO CSO 1/316/7578 p 504).",
                "id": "te168b",
                "source": "TAHO CSO 1/316, pp 489, 504.",
                "datestart": "1830-04-18",
                "dateend": "1830-04-18",
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                "udateend": -4408769092000,
                "latitude": "-41.488",
                "longitude": "146.686",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=489",
                "Source_ID": "489",
                "LanguageGroup": "Port Sorell [Pallittore North]",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Norfolk Plains",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockmen/Drover(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "North",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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                "name": "Clyde River",
                "description": "According to the  <i>Colonial Times</i> on September 3, 1830, p 3: 'One day last week a servant of Captain Wood, of the Clyde, brought  to Hobart Town an Aboriginal prisoner which he had captured. It appears from what we have heard, that a mob of of these misguided wretches rushed on the man in question, who took shelter in a stock-hut where fortunately for him there happened to be some fire-arms ready loaded, which he put immediately to requisition and in the course of a short time, as we are informed, killed several of the Natives, and took the one in question, prisoner. On arriving in Hobart Town, Captain Wood's man conveyed the black to the Police Office, of course expecting to be immediately paid the reward offered by Government for the apprehension of the Natives, but he was there desired to leave the man, and his case would be in due course  be laid before His Excellency. The man was apparently not very well satisfied in his own mind about the time which might elapse before his reward would be forthcoming, and he therefore refused to deliver his prisoner without payment there and then. Ultimately a letter was written to His Excellency by the magistrate, and handed to the man, who attended at Government House accompanied by his prisoner. His Excellency ordered that one of the black Natives who are under the charge of Mr Robinson of the Newtown Road, to be sent for to act as interpreter, and by his assistance endeavoured to obtain some information from the prisoner, but we understand that all that could be got from him was that the white man had destroyed several of his companions, and that he had most reason to complain; that when the tribe attacked the hut it was in order to obtain food, and such articles and such articles as the whites had introduced amongst them, and which now instead of being luxuries as formerly, had become necessaries, which they could not any other way procure. ...the reward was given instantly.'",
                "id": "te168c",
                "source": "<i>CT</i>, September 3, 1830 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/666800\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/666800</a>",
                "datestart": "1830-08-22",
                "dateend": "1830-08-27",
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                "latitude": "-42.244",
                "longitude": "147.118",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=472",
                "Source_ID": "472",
                "LanguageGroup": "Big River",
                "Colony": "VDL",
                "StateOrTerritory": "TAS",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Clyde",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockkeeper(s), Servant(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Lutruwita",
                "Stage": "South West",
                "Region": "Lutruwita",
                "Period": "Early",
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            "content": "<div class=\"warning-message\"><strong>Warning</strong><br><p>Colonial Violence. Sources may include racist language and attitudes. References to recordings and works of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people does not necessarily mean they support this work - the intention is only to refer people to the right speakers and sources.</p></div><div><p><strong>Listen</strong></p>\r\n<p><em>The Black War: Tasmania still torn by its history</em> The Point, NITV, 2018 <a href=\"https://www.facebook.com/reel/10155519202722005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.facebook.com/reel/10155519202722005</a></p>\r\n<p><em>Tasmanian Aboriginal resistance warriors still not recognised</em>&nbsp;ABC News, 2025 <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4e-5e2gpUXQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4e-5e2gpUXQ</a></p>\r\n<p>Spearim, Bo <em>Frontier War Stories - Teangi Brown - Black Wars</em> Frontier War Stories, 2020 <a href=\"https://open.spotify.com/episode/2pXAVh47HWnenavZNuNr7H?si=1b266e524ae048ed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://open.spotify.com/episode/2pXAVh47HWnenavZNuNr7H?si=1b266e524ae048ed</a></p>\r\n<p>Spearim, Bo <em>Uncle Rodney Dillon</em> Frontier War Stories, 2022 <a href=\"https://open.spotify.com/episode/5m9k8bobucswrfR1n5E6QT?si=257e7ffbe44a4917\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://open.spotify.com/episode/5m9k8bobucswrfR1n5E6QT?si=257e7ffbe44a4917</a></p>\r\n<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>\r\n<p>Events in this conflict will be added as Australian Wars and Resistance research continues.</p></div><p><a href=\"https://docs.tlcmap.org//help/guides/guide/\" target=\"_blank\">Help</a></p>",
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