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                "name": "Thouringowa Waterhole, Bulloo River, Bullawarra, Thargomindah",
                "description": "In September 1865 reports emerged that John Dowling of Paroo in the Warrego District had been murdered by his Aboriginal assistant and guide, Waddy Galo, of the Buela River and that Mr William Hall and Mr George Podmore with an Aboriginal assistant had tracked them to where they found his body with his belongings and with his skull crushed (Sydney Mail, 2 Sep, 1865, p 4).\n<br>\nLong after the event, in 1922, E.O. Hobkirk claimed to have been at a massacre led by John Dowling's brother, Vincent Dowling, and attempted to sell his story for 10 shillings at the Home Secretary's Office. He wrote:\n<br>\n'When Mr Vincent Dowling heard the sad news, he was very math [sic] as well as may be expected and cut up. \nA short time after he received the sad tidings, he came  to Thouringowa Station. I was informed that he (Mr \nDowling) had written to the Queensland government authorities concerning the murder and the reply was \"to \ntake whatever measures he thought best to revenge the murder\" as there were no Native Police at that time in the District \nto see to the matter. \n<br>\nThe following procedure was adopted. All the men in the neighbourhood who were available and willing (not \nincluding myself) were banded together, armed with revolvers and rifles, set out to revenge the blacks' camp, \nwhich was close to the homestead and when doing so there they found belonging [sic] of the murdered man consisting of \nhis hat, coat, blankets, tomahawk, sheath knife etc. \n<br>\nMr V Dowling who could talk the blacks' lingo pretty well asked several of them \"who killed white fellah? \nbrother belonging to me.\" They one and all answered \"they knew nothing about the murder.\" He also enquired, \n\"Where Pimpilly.\" This they also confessed \"that they knew nothing whatever about him.\" Mr Dowling then said, \"If \nyou do not tell me, I will shoot the lot of yous.\" Still they all remained silent. Mr Dowling and the others, then set \nto work and put an end to many of them not touching the lubras and young fry. This I know is true as I helped \nfirst to burn the bodies and then to bury them. A most unpleasant undertaking but as I was only a jackaroo on \nCheshunt station at the time, I had to do what I was told. Later in the day the party went to another camp of blacks \nabout 20 miles down the river and there again shot about the same number. \n<br>\nAfter the massacre, the whole tribe of blacks left the river frontage and that locality and went miles away out \nin the ranges and elsewhere. We found it hard to prevent the few that were employed on the stations from doing \nlikewise as they were so scared at what had taken place that we had to lock them up in the hut that was used as\na store for a short time. For many months there was not A single black to be seen for miles around excepting \nthe few already mentioned among these was an elderly man who was deaf and dumb' (Hobkirk in Dillon, 2019, pp 108-110).\n<br>\nAlthough arguing against the veracity of details reported in this massacre, Dillon has researched and published many relevant sources (Dillon, 2019).\nHobkirk also tried to sell other stories, and Dillon highlights many discrepancies in details between his stories and other evidence. As Hobkirk was an old man recalling an event after 57 years and is trying to sell his story we should expect some details to be misremembered or exaggerated. None the less, it is most likely that his story has some basis in real events. Hobkirk's story begins with a verifiable event - the killing of John Dowling. \n\n<br>\nAs well as the full text of Hobkirk's story, Dillon provides sources on a controversy in the press prior to John Dowling's murder that provides important context. In 1864 and 1865, a series of letters were published in newspapers beginning with a claim made by a correspondent referred to as 'Bourke' in 1864 that Mr Dowling had been killed by Aboriginal people (Dillon, 2019, pp 95-103). \n\nAbout a year prior to the murder of John Dowling an article appeared stating that 'Mr Dowling, son of Judge Dowling' had been murdered along with three or four of his men. This appears to refer to either Vincent or John Dowling, though no first name was used, as their father was a judge. According to this article 3 or 4 men were murdered with Dowling and the Native Police and colonists were 'stuck up' and held under siege at Thom's station by Aboriginal people. Another group of Native Police came to reinforce them after 'dispersing' Aboriginal people at Tooth's run (<i>The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser</i>, 25 Jun 1864, p 4)\n\nThis was contradicted by Vincent Dowling, who wrote that he was alive and that 'The blacks on the Paroo are the quietest I know in the colonies' (<i>Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i>, 12 July, 1864, p 3). 'Bourke' replied that it was a shepherd also named 'Dowling' who had been killed (<i>Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i>, 9 August, 1864, p 3). The exchange then focuses on whether the region is safe or dangerous, with Vincent Dowling arguing that '...many of those paragraphs are not only untrue in themselves, but calculated to seriously injure the character of the district... The Warrego district, which is, without exception one of the largest and most valuable possessed by Queensland, is not the lawless state your correspondent would evidently lead your readers to believe... I have no hesitation in asserting that the blacks are, as a body, perfectly inoffensive, quiet, and well disposed... This immunity from crime will, I think, convince every impartial member of the community that in this far distant portion of the Queensland territory there is greater security both for life and property than in any part of New South Wales...' (<i>Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i>, 1 April, 1865, p 5) Bourke's response stated that Mr Dowling (the shepherd) and others had died and lists the names of five men who had died of thirst, adding, 'And your correspondent did his duty in warning travellers against coming into this waterless country... We are only working men; but we read the papers, and know what is the truth and what is the untruth.' The letter from 'Bourke' is signed by 6 men of the Warrego River (<i>Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i>, 6 June, 1865, p 3).\n<br>\nFrom other news it appears that Vincent Dowlings was misrepresenting the situation. There was a drought in the region. It affected some more than others (<i>The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i>, 7 Dec 1865, p 4) but was bad enough to force some pastoralists off their runs (The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 14 Sep 1865, p 3). Vincent Dowling seems to be no exception to the hardships in the region as \nMaxwell's short biography of Dowling says that, 'During his life in the far west it may be said that he fought with nature to achieve success. Many times he suffered agonies from thirst, on one occasion having been for seventy hours without water, and then just getting back to the settlement when at the last stage and almost dying. His knowledge of articles of food is very extensive, having been acquired under the pressure of starvation' (Maxwell, 1889, p 386).\n<br>\nPastoralists in the Warrego were keen to sell parts of their runs which they could not fully utilise (Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 9 Jul 1868 p 3). This is probably why Vincent Dowling was concerned over the reputation of the region and motivated to portray it favourably. Contrary to Vincent's claims, there was conflict with Aboriginal people in the region. That Vincent's own brother John Dowling was murdered by his Aboriginal servant in 1865 (after the correspondence around Dowling the shepherd being killed) belies his insistence that the region was safe. Two articles calling for more protection from the Native Police show that, far from being peaceful, in 1864 and 1865 there was conflict between Aboriginal people and colonists including murders and stock raids:\n<br>\n'Information has just reached Brisbane, by a gentleman whose veracity is unimpeachable, that two shepherds of Mr. Cameron's, a father and his son, have been very recently murdered on a creek which runs nearly midway between and parallel with the Mungalarla and the Angelarla\nCreeks and from the same source I learn that a flock of sheep belonging to Messrs. Humphries and Bullmore, on the Ward river, had been taken from a shepherd, and before they could be rescued from the blacks over 130 had been killed, and that the blacks were getting very\ntroublesome all over the district. These outrages, I believe, result more from the way in which the Native Police are distributed\nthroughout the western districts, than from any want of more police or officers. The Warrego is a very remote and large district, and\nthe aborigines cannot be depended on in any part of it for the protection of life and property' (The Brisbane Courier, 9 Dec 1864 p 2).\n<br>\nAnother article states: \n'That this district has received no protection from the hostile natives - with which it swarms - except a small force of native police, under Lieutenant Lambert, who, although a very meritorious officer, finds it impossible with his force to guard efficiently a district extending in length to 500 miles' (The Age, 20 Apr 1865, p 5). \n\n<br>\nThis is important context as the stress on resources created by drought, Aboriginal resistance and conflict including murders and stock theft, and the killing of Vincent's brother amount to a situation similar to events leading up to many other massacres throughout the history of frontier conflict in Australia. It also corresponds with Hobkirk's statement that Vincent and other colonists proceeded without police assistance as there were no Native Police available in the area, bearing in mind that although Native Police were sometimes active in the area, the complaint was that they were too few and too remote to be adequate.\n<br>\nIn 1888 Charles F Maxwell wrote in a biography of Vincent Dowling that, 'Although exposed to frequent attacks from the blacks, he escaped without hurt, but not without some close shaves, as on one occasion he had a spear driven through his hat; and on another a boomerang thrown by a wild man cut open the ribs of the mare he was riding. Yet he did not retaliate, and not until 1865, when his brother John was murdered by the blacks, did he ever shed a drop of blackfellow's blood' (Maxwell, 1889, v1, p 185).\n<br>\nAccording to Hazel McKellar in <i>Matyu-mundu</i> one of these massacres is recorded in Kullilla oral history, 'Some whites say these people belonged to the \"Bitharra\" tribe but Peter Hood, a Kullilla descendant, is certain they were his people. He says the site of this massacre was further south towards Bulloo Downs' (McKellar, 1984, p. 57). This is most likely the second massacre mentioned by Hobkirk which he said was further south (See <a href=\"https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1108\">Bulloo Downs</a>).\n<br>\nVarious later accounts of this massacre claim the death toll of these massacres was as high as 300 (Bottoms 2013, p64). An estimate of 30 killed at each campsite is thus conservative. Although details may be uncertain it is most likely that the massacres described by Hobkirk and recorded in Kullilla oral history occurred.",
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                "description": "This is the second of two massacres committed in this region, see <a href=\"https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=675\">Thouringowa Waterhole, Bulloo River, Bullawarra, Thargomindah</a>)",
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                "source": "Sydney Mail, 2 Sep, 1865 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/16551220'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/16551220</a>;\nDillon, 2019;\n\n<i>The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser</i>, 25 Jun 1864, p 4 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/188349532'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/188349532</a>;\n\n<i>Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i>, 12 July, 1864, p 3 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18705276'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18705276</a>;\n<i>Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i>, 9 August, 1864, p 3 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/139549'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/139549</a>;\n<i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>, 28 March 1865, p 6\n<i>Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i>, 1 April, 1865, p 5 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/140033'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/140033</a>;\n<i>Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i>, 6 June, 1865, p 3 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18706592/140167'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18706592/140167</a>;\n\n\nThe Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 7 Dec 1865, p 4 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18700008'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18700008</a>;\nThe Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 14 Sep 1865, p 3 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18701195'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18701195</a>;\nQueensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 9 Jul 1868 p 3 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/123355190'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/123355190</a>;\nThe Brisbane Courier, 9 Dec 1864 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1265443'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1265443</a>;\nDillon, 2020 <a href='https://pauldillon.org/2019/04/08/the-murder-of-john-francis-dowling-and-the-massacre-of-300-aborigines/'>https://pauldillon.org/2019/04/08/the-murder-of-john-francis-dowling-and-the-massacre-of-300-aborigines/</a>;\nMcKellar, 1984, p 57",
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                "description": "According to historian Timothy Bottoms (2013, pp 65-66), some time in 1872 stockman Maloney, aged 18, who was one of two stockmen on Alex Reid's station at Wombunderry, was killed when fishing in one of the tributaries of Cooper's Creek by Birria people for shooting one of their dogs. Richard Welford of Welford Downs, who had arrived from England in 1869, was also killed in 1872. A stockman rode to Charleville to report the death of Welford. Meanwhile, John Costello send news of Maloney's murder to Thargomindah. When sub-inspector Gilmour and a detachment of native police arrived at the station and found Maloney's body in the creek, they shot an entire camp of Kungkari at Wombunderry waterhole.",
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                "name": "Thundapurty Waterhole near Durrie, SW Queensland",
                "description": "According to Watson (1998, p 98), 'In 1875, Conrick, a pastoralist, found the remains of about 42 bodies with bullet wounds at Thundapurty Waterhole near Durrie' in south west Queensland.",
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                "name": "Annandale Station, Channel Country",
                "description": "Sub Inspectors William Kaye and William Gough, and a detachment of three native police 'dispersed' a 'large camp' of Pitta Pitta people near Annandale station. They were in search of the killer of a stockman at Murgah station. However the killer and others got away and fled across the border to South Australia (<i>The Queenslander</i>, 24 May, 1879). Settler William Paull (Nolan cited in Bottoms, 2013) from South Australia said that 27 Pitta Pitta were slaughtered and that the incident was first of two massacres  of Pitta Pitta carried out by the native police.",
                "id": "te15d4",
                "source": "<i>The Queenslander</i>, 24 May 1879, p 668 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19780897\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19780897</a>; Bottoms, 2013, pp 71-72.",
                "datestart": "1879-03-05",
                "dateend": "1879-03-05",
                "udatestart": -2866269892000,
                "udateend": -2866269892000,
                "latitude": "-25.448",
                "longitude": "138.424",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=976",
                "Source_ID": "976",
                "LanguageGroup": "Pitta Pitta",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Bedourie",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "27",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Government Official(s), Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Channel Country and Thargomindah",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d4",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
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                    "links": [
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                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15d4",
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                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                    ]
                },
                "source": {
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                        "id": "te15d4",
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                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
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                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    139.133,
                    -24.777
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Glengyle station, Channel Country",
                "description": "Following the Annandale station massacre of 5 March 1879, 'Sub-inspector Kaye afterwards patrolled up the Herbert to Glengyle, where he dispersed a large camp of niggers as punishment for the murder of a stockman named Scott, about a month previously.' \n(<i>Queenslander</i>, 1879, p 668).",
                "id": "te15d5",
                "source": "<i>Queenslander, The,</i> 24 May 1879, p 668 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19780897\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19780897</a>; Bottoms, 2013, pp 71-72.",
                "datestart": "1879-04-01",
                "dateend": "1879-04-30",
                "udatestart": -2863937092000,
                "udateend": -2861431492000,
                "latitude": "-24.777",
                "longitude": "139.133",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=975",
                "Source_ID": "975",
                "LanguageGroup": "Pitta Pitta",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Bedourie",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "40",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police, Stockmen/Drover(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Channel Country and Thargomindah",
                "Stage": "Early",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d5",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
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                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15d5",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d5"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15d5",
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                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
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                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    139.313,
                    -26.139
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Nappamanna Station, near Pandie Pandie station",
                "description": "The massacre was in reprisal for the Wanganuru  murder of a white man who had raped a Wanganuru woman (Hercus, 1977, p 56). The incident was the third massacre in the region told to linguist Luise Hercus in the 1960s by Wardumba man Ben Murray, a nephew of Rib Bone Billy who was alive at the time of the massacre (Hercus, 1977, p 56).  Journalist George Farwell was also told of the massacre on his journey through the region in the 1940s (Farwell, 1950, pp 38-40).",
                "id": "te15d6",
                "source": "Hercus, 1977, p 56; Farwell, 1950, pp 38-40.",
                "datestart": "1890-01-01",
                "dateend": "1899-12-31",
                "udatestart": -2524557892000,
                "udateend": -2209111200000,
                "latitude": "-26.139",
                "longitude": "139.313",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=687",
                "Source_ID": "687",
                "LanguageGroup": "Wanganuru",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "SA",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "40",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s), Stockmen/Drover(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Channel Country and Thargomindah",
                "Stage": "Late",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d6",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15d6",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d6"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15d6",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d6"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    139.226,
                    -26.574
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Cooninghera Waterhole, Diamantina River",
                "description": "The massacre was in reprisal for killing of the station cook 'who was guilty of rape.'  Linguist Luise Hercus recorded an account of the massacre in the 1960s from Ben Murray, the nephew of a survivor, Rib Bone Billy. It took place when a large number of Mindiri and Wardamba people had gathered for a ceremony. 'It made a huge impact on the Aboriginal community' (Hercus, 1977, p 56). Journalist George Farwell was also told of the  massacre during his travels along the Birdsville Track in the 1940s.  It was one of 'several' and 'no official enquiries were ever held into these massacres which appeared to have been common morality of the day' (Farwell, 1950, p 132).",
                "id": "te15d7",
                "source": "Hercus, 1977, p 56; Farwell, 1950, pp 36-40.",
                "datestart": "1890-01-01",
                "dateend": "1890-12-28",
                "udatestart": -2524557892000,
                "udateend": -2493367492000,
                "latitude": "-26.574",
                "longitude": "139.226",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=697",
                "Source_ID": "697",
                "LanguageGroup": "Mindiri and Wardumba",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "SA",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "40",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockmen/Drover(s), Pastoralist(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Channel Country and Thargomindah",
                "Stage": "Late",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d7",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
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                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15d7",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d7"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15d7",
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                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
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                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
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                "coordinates": [
                    139.504,
                    -26.685
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Koonchera Waterhole (Clifton Hills)",
                "description": "In the 1890s a punitive expedition of pastoralists and stockmen was undertaken in reprisal for Mindiri and Wardumba people killing bullocks. According to Wardumba man Ben Murray, who was told of the massacre by his uncle, Rib Bone Billy, the massacre was large scale. Linguist Luise Hercus recorded Ben Murray's account of the massacre in the 1960s and published in 1977   (Hercus, 1977, pp 56-62).",
                "id": "te15d8",
                "source": "Hercus, 1977, pp 56-62.",
                "datestart": "1890-01-01",
                "dateend": "1899-12-31",
                "udatestart": -2524557892000,
                "udateend": -2209111200000,
                "latitude": "-26.685",
                "longitude": "139.504",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=686",
                "Source_ID": "686",
                "LanguageGroup": "Wardumba",
                "Colony": "SA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "SA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Innaminka",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "40",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Stockmen/Drover(s), Pastoralist(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Channel Country and Thargomindah",
                "Stage": "Late",
                "Region": "Centre",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d8",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: te15d8",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d8"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "te15d8",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te15d8"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    140.140370999996,
                    -28.7946834996211
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Murder of Cornelius Mulhall, 25 March 1878",
                "placename": "Tinga Tingana Station",
                "description": "In March 1878 Logic, an Aboriginal stockman, was working with Cornelius Mulhall on the boundary of Tingatingana station when a fight between the two men ensued and Mulhall was killed. Logic fled the district but returned in 1880, was recognized and taken into custody. Logic was tried in February 1881, found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to 14 years hard labour. <br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN54\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebabf",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1878-03-25",
                "dateend": "1878-03-25",
                "udatestart": -2896077892000,
                "udateend": -2896077892000,
                "latitude": "-28.7946834996211",
                "longitude": "140.140370999996",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN54",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Approximate",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN54",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebabf",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebabf",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebabf"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebabf",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebabf"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    138.560389900131,
                    -28.6260383997045
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Killing of Richard Marick by Jacky, 05 October 1889",
                "placename": "Near Killalpaninna",
                "description": "An Aboriginal stockman known as Jacky charged with murdering a European stockman, Richard Marrick of Cadelgo station. He was found guilty and sentenced to death, but the sentence was later commuted to life imprionment.<br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN56\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebac0",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1889-10-05",
                "dateend": "1889-10-05",
                "udatestart": -2532161092000,
                "udateend": -2532161092000,
                "latitude": "-28.6260383997045",
                "longitude": "138.560389900131",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN56",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Approximate",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN56",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac0",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
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                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebac0",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac0"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebac0",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac0"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    138.557356300196,
                    -28.5965965997608
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Pinya expedition threatens Killalpaninna mission, 22 April 1871",
                "placename": "Killalpaninna mission",
                "description": "On the night of 21 April 1871 the Killalpaninna mission was surrounded by a Pinya expedition, reportedly intent on payback for the death of \u2018Charley\u2019 at a ceremony in March. The Aboriginal people on the mission were said to have crowded onto missionary Homann's verandah where they remain until the Pinya party departs the next day. <br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN49\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebac1",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1871-04-22",
                "dateend": "1871-04-22",
                "udatestart": -3114583492000,
                "udateend": -3114583492000,
                "latitude": "-28.5965965997608",
                "longitude": "138.557356300196",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN49",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Close",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN49",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac1",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
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                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebac1",
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                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebac1",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac1"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
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                "coordinates": [
                    138.6837750001,
                    -28.5861306996368
                ]
            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Moravian missionaries at Lake Kopperamanna fear imminent attack, March 1867",
                "placename": "Lake Kopperamanna",
                "description": "Moravian missionaries endeavour to establish a mission camp at Lake Kopperamanna, but hearing rumours that Aboriginal people gathered at Lake Perigundee planned to murder them, they sought refuge further south on Bucaltinnana station.<br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN39\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebac2",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1867-03-01",
                "dateend": "1867-03-01",
                "udatestart": -3245306692000,
                "udateend": -3245306692000,
                "latitude": "-28.5861306996368",
                "longitude": "138.6837750001",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN39",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Approximate",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN39",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac2",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebac2",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac2"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebac2",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac2"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    138.775833399998,
                    -28.4751470996137
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "PT Henry Quincy-Smith encounters Pinya party on Cooper's Creek, December 1877",
                "placename": "Neaylon's camp on Cooper's Creek",
                "description": "Police Trooper Henry Quincy-Smith was at Cooper's Creek searching for the body of Henry Graham when a number of Aboriginal people came into their camp fleeing a Pinya party. Quincy-Smith, with the assistance of three other Europeans, dispersed the Pinya party. Discovered that Aboriginal had been killed three miles from their camp by the Pinya party which numbered 100 to 150 people.<br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN53\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebac3",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1877-12-01",
                "dateend": "1877-12-01",
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                "udateend": -2905927492000,
                "latitude": "-28.4751470996137",
                "longitude": "138.775833399998",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN53",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Approximate",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN53",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac3",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
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                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebac3",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac3"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebac3",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac3"
                    },
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                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                }
            }
        },
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            "type": "Feature",
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                "coordinates": [
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Attempted sexual assault at Mount Margaret Station, 1-2 July 1863",
                "placename": "Mt Margaret Station",
                "description": "On 1 July 1863 Mrs Jarvis, the wife of the Superintendant of Messrs Levi and Co's Mount Margaret Station, was allegedly 'rushed' by an Aboriginal man who reportedly attempted to rape her. On the following day the same Aboriginal man returned and threw a boomerang at her before being frightened off by the arrival of an armed station worker.<br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN23\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebac4",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1863-07-01",
                "dateend": "1863-07-01",
                "udatestart": -3360996292000,
                "udateend": -3360996292000,
                "latitude": "-28.4744767999251",
                "longitude": "136.069646800031",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN23",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Approximate",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN23",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac4",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
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                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebac4",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac4"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebac4",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac4"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    139.280703200422,
                    -28.3987062003245
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Cattle killing on the Lake Hope run, c. 20 June 1868",
                "placename": "Lake Hope Station, near Kopperamanna",
                "description": "Reports of cattle killing on Elder and Dean\u2019s Lake Hope run. Police arrest two Aboriginal suspects, but they are released because they could not be identified. <br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN40\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebac5",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1868-06-20",
                "dateend": "1868-06-20",
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                "udateend": -3204093892000,
                "latitude": "-28.3987062003245",
                "longitude": "139.280703200422",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN40",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Approximate",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN40",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac5",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebac5",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac5"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebac5",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac5"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    139.249317961636,
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Clashes near Lake Hope, c. 3-4 December 1865",
                "placename": "Lake Hope",
                "description": "Report that a party of Dean\u2019s men, in endeavouring to recover stolen sheep, had been \u2018repulsed\u2019 by the Aboriginal people in possession of them.<br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN34\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebac6",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1865-12-04",
                "dateend": "1865-12-04",
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                "udateend": -3284359492000,
                "latitude": "-28.3884704746779",
                "longitude": "139.249317961636",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN34",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Approximate",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN34",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac6",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebac6",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac6"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebac6",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac6"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                }
            }
        },
        {
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            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    139.248153400075,
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Police expeditionary force dispatched to the Lake Hope district, 25 December 1865 \u2013 c. 13 March 1866",
                "placename": "Lake Hope region",
                "description": "A Police Expeditionary force, eventually numbering 15 men in total, assembled at Lake Hope in December 1865 and January 1866 to assist in the recovery of cattle that had been stolen.<br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN36\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebac7",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1865-12-25",
                "dateend": "1865-12-25",
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                "udateend": -3282545092000,
                "latitude": "-28.3882040999648",
                "longitude": "139.248153400075",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN36",
                "LocationAccuracy": "District",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN36",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac7",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebac7",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac7"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebac7",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac7"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
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                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Police Expeditions to the Lake Hope region, 1 August \u2013 16 October 1863",
                "placename": "Lake Hope region",
                "description": "Responding to recent reports of violence and threats in the Far Northern districts, Police Commissioner Warburton mounted a police expedition \u2018to secure the safety of the lives and property of the settlers on the South Eastern and Eastern side of Lake Eyre. Three different parties patrolled the area in the period between early August and the middle of October. No reports of clashes or confrontations from any of their expeditionary parties.<br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN25\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebac8",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1863-08-01",
                "dateend": "1863-08-01",
                "udatestart": -3358317892000,
                "udateend": -3358317892000,
                "latitude": "-28.3851224002964",
                "longitude": "139.248834599742",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN25",
                "LocationAccuracy": "District",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN25",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac8",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebac8",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac8"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebac8",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac8"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
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                "coordinates": [
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "William Rooke fires upon cattle killers, c. 20 July 1868",
                "placename": "Lake Hope Station, near Kopperamanna",
                "description": "William Rookes tracked a mob of cattle driven off Elder, Dean and Hack's station and came upon a group of Aborigines killing a beast. A confrontation ensured in which Rookes reported firing upon them, but then fled when he ran out of ammunition. No indication of deaths or injuries.<br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN41\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebac9",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1868-07-20",
                "dateend": "1868-07-20",
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                "udateend": -3201501892000,
                "latitude": "-28.3555103996269",
                "longitude": "139.225771599887",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN41",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Approximate",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN41",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac9",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebac9",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac9"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebac9",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebac9"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    135.903431399941,
                    -28.2470885000228
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Murder of Henry Graham on Coopers Creek, October 1877",
                "placename": "Near Kallakoopah Creek",
                "description": "Henry Graham, a cook on Cowarie Station disappeared while travelling in the vicinity of Kopperamanna. His body was later discovered by a surveyor <br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN52\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebaca",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1877-10-01",
                "dateend": "1877-10-01",
                "udatestart": -2911197892000,
                "udateend": -2911197892000,
                "latitude": "-28.2470885000228",
                "longitude": "135.903431399941",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN52",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Approximate",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN52",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebaca",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebaca",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebaca"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebaca",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebaca"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    137.469653499571,
                    -27.8049895997525
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Surveyor W.H. Cornish encounters Queenland Aboriginal people near Lake Eyre",
                "placename": "North of Lake Eyre",
                "description": "While conducting survys north of Lake Eyre. W. H. Cornish discovers the body of the missing man Henry Graham. He subsequently has a series of tense encounters with Queensland Aboriginal people, but without incident.<br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN57\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebacb",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1878-01-01",
                "dateend": "1878-01-01",
                "udatestart": -2903249092000,
                "udateend": -2903249092000,
                "latitude": "-27.8049895997525",
                "longitude": "137.469653499571",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN57",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Approximate",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN57",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebacb",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebacb",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebacb"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebacb",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebacb"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                    }
                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    139.402906699585,
                    -27.7838877997805
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Killing of Carl Neumann at Perigundee, near Lake Hope, 8 December 1865",
                "placename": "Lake Hope station, Perigundee",
                "description": "William Dean\u2019s party of ten station workers, looking for stolen cattle, attacked in the early hours of the morning by a party of about 160 Aboriginal people. One station worker killed, and three others injured in the clash. At least four Aboriginal people killed.<br>(See <a href=\"https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN35\">'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'</a> for more details.)",
                "id": "tebacc",
                "state": "SA",
                "source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, <i>The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies</i>,  The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, <a href=\"http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier\">http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier</a>",
                "datestart": "1865-12-08",
                "dateend": "1865-12-08",
                "udatestart": -3284013892000,
                "udateend": -3284013892000,
                "latitude": "-27.7838877997805",
                "longitude": "139.402906699585",
                "linkback": "https://frontiersa-uofadel.hub.arcgis.com/pages/flindersfarnorth/#FFN35",
                "LocationAccuracy": "Close",
                "War": "flindersfarnorth",
                "Identifier": "FFN35",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebacc",
                "TLCMapDataset": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
            },
            "display": {
                "popup": {
                    "links": [
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Record: tebacc",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebacc"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": "TLCMap Layer",
                            "link": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "source": {
                    "TLCMapID": {
                        "id": "tebacc",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=tebacc"
                    },
                    "Layer": {
                        "name": "Kati Thandi, Innamincka, Mithaka and Thargomindah (community contributed)",
                        "url": "https://tlcmap.org/publicdatasets/2483"
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                }
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Feature",
            "geometry": {
                "type": "Point",
                "coordinates": [
                    139.372696699736,
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            },
            "properties": {
                "name": "Clash at Perigundee, near Lake Hope, 11-15 November 1865",
                "placename": "Perigundee",
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                "name": "Cattle Killing on Cowarie Station, Warburton River, May 1880",
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