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                "name": "De Grey Station",
                "description": "Some time in the middle of 1864 violent confrontations between colonists and local Ngarla people took place on the newly established De Grey Station in the Pilbara. \n<br>\nIn 1864 it was reported that, 'The De Grey natives had made a most determined attack\nupon Mr. Nairn and his men, but were repulsed, and so severely punished as will probably teach them not to meddle with white men for some years to come' (The Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and News, Fri 12 Aug 1864, p 2).\n<br>\nMore detail was reported later in 1886:\n'At length, when all suspicion of hostility on the part of the blacks had died out, their savage instincts asserted themselves, and they concocted a plot, diabolical in its ingenuity, for destroying the whole of the white men. They decided to await the arrival of the Mystery with supplies, and when the latter had been landed and stored, it was arranged to have a grand corroboree to which all the white men would be invited, and when the latter were ail gathered close around, a large yamena (Dugong) net was to be drawn around them after which they could be speared without difficulty, the natives naturally concluding that the white victims\nwould come unarmed. Like many other well laid-plans, the diabolical scheme failed owing to being imperfectly carried out. On the evening in question Mr.\nNairn whilst sitting in his verandah after tea enjoying a pipe, was invited by two lusty blacks, to come over to the camp -- only about 200 yards off, where about 100\nnatives were congregated -- to see a corroboree. The other whites were also invited, but the latter not being quite ready the manager started away with the\ntwo decoys, without the slightest suspicion of foul play. As they passed over the crest of a slight ridge between the house and camp the miscreants, evidently, wishing to have the honor of shedding first blood, turned upon Mr. Nairn and knocked him down, their accomplices rushing up with clubs to finish him. ln the meantime, a young man named Conway, who stood in the verandah watching the departure of Mr. Nairn and the two blacks, saw that something was wrong, so he called out to the men to arm themselves, and, seizing a revolver, rushed to the rescue of his chief, firing a shot from the revolver as he ran. This report startled the natives and gave Mr. Nairn a chance to get to his legs, when he ran towards Conway and seized the revolver, which, to his chagrin, would not go off again owing to the tumbler getting locked. However, by this time the other white men had reached the spot, and the blacks seeing that their plot had failed suddenly dispersed, leaving most of their newly formed clubs on the ground. As might be supposed, the little band, who had so narrowly escaped death, passed a sleepless night, and when day broke horses were saddled, and a party started on the tracks of the would-be murderers, whom they came upon about midday and\ntaught a lesson that they have never forgotten' (Western Mail, 6 March 1886, p13).\n<br>\nSmith's (2020) research on this massacre cites directly or indirectly: \nPietro Ferrara, letter to The West Australian, 16 November 1892; \nThe Western Mail, 6 March 1886; \nThe Inquirer, August 1864; \nNairn 1986, p 44; \nAusten 1998, pp 49-50; and \nCharles Nairn, diary, cited in Nairn 1980.\n<br>\nNo precise numbers of those killed are given in the sources, apart from Pietro Ferrara's estimate of up to forty killed in his time at De Grey Station over the years 1863 to 1866. The estimate of ten killed in this massacre is based on what is implied by the various accounts.",
                "id": "te16d4",
                "source": "Blight 2024 <a href=\"https://maryblight.com/2024/02/25/massacres-on-noongar-boodjar-from-1830-onwards/\">https://maryblight.com/2024/02/25/massacres-on-noongar-boodjar-from-1830-onwards/>https://maryblight.com/2024/02/25/massacres-on-noongar-boodjar-from-1830-onwards/</a>; Smith 2020; Western Mail, 6 March 1886, p13 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/32700695\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/32700695</a>; The Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and News, Fri 12 Aug 1864, p 2 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2935216\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2935216</a>.",
                "datestart": "1864-01-01",
                "dateend": "1864-08-31",
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                "latitude": "-20.156",
                "longitude": "119.203",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1111",
                "Source_ID": "1111",
                "LanguageGroup": "Ngarla",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "10",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s), Soldier(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Pilbara",
                "Stage": "Mid",
                "Region": "Pilbara",
                "Period": "North",
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                "name": "La Grange",
                "description": "In 1865 Frederick Kennedy Panter, aged 28, James Richard Harding, aged 25, and William Henry Goldwyer, aged 34, set off from Roebuck Bay to explore the La Grange coastal area. They did not return from the trip and the local colonists suspected they had been killed by local Yawru Karajarri people. Noted explorer Maitland Brown led an expedition to search for the men. In April 1865 they found them speared and clubbed to death (Scates, 1989). The expedition party including David Franciso and Lockier Burges launched a punitive expedition with one member George Leake stating 'it is our bounden duty to ascertain how and where they have fallen: and if by violence, avenge them' (Forrest 1996, p 18). On 6 April 1865 the party engaged a local group and killed up to 20 people (Leake cited in Scates, 1989, p 28). A large monument was erected in Fremantle Park to Goldwyer, Painter and Harding. In the early 2000s, the monument was altered to acknowledge the Aboriginal people killed in the reprisal massacre (Mills and Collins).",
                "id": "te16d5",
                "source": "Scates, 1989, pp 21-31; Forrest, 1996, pp 15-16; <i> Australian News for Home Readers</i>, 25 August 1865, pp 1 & 9; \nMills and Collins <a href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-29/explorers-monument-added-to-not-torn-down-or-vandalised/8853224\">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-29/explorers-monument-added-to-not-torn-down-or-vandalised/8853224</a>; Drake-Brockman, H 'Brown, Maitland (1843\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd1905)', ADB, Vol 3, 1969. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brown-maitland-3080",
                "datestart": "1865-04-04",
                "dateend": "1865-04-06",
                "udatestart": -3305441092000,
                "udateend": -3305268292000,
                "latitude": "-18.684",
                "longitude": "121.777",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=891",
                "Source_ID": "891",
                "LanguageGroup": "Yawru, Karajarri",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "La Grange Bay - West Kimberley",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "15",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s), Aboriginal Tracker(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Pilbara",
                "Stage": "North",
                "Region": "Pilbara",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Flying Foam Murajuga, Burrup Peninsula.",
                "description": "On 7 February 1868 Jaburara (or Yaburara) people Coolyerberri, Pordigin, Woolgelgarry, and eight others were identified as killing Police Constable William Griffis, his Native Assistant Peter and a pearler named George Breem. Despite three local Jaburara men being charged and convicted of the killing, Local Magistrate and Government Resident Robert Sholl authorised two parties of punitive expeditions - one led by Alex McRae and seven others, and one by John Withnell and eight others. In one incident on the 17 February there were at least 15 Aboriginal people including children shot dead. This punitive expedition went on for weeks. The 'conspiracy of silence' about these events minimised fatalities. The actual number of Aboriginal people killed was erased from a letter from McRae to his sister. However local David Carley wrote 'it is very well-known by all old hands about Nickol Bay, and the 'Flying Foam Passage' that in one day there were quite sixty natives, men, women and children shot dead. The natives themselves have shown me the skulls of 15 who were shot. Three of the skulls were those of children, and two of these small skulls had bullet holes through them' (Carley, SROWA, Cons. 388, File 13). Historian Peter Gifford has recently described how the punitive party 'harried the Yaburara mercilessly, killing indiscriminately for weeks on end until the Resident Magistrate who had licensed this retribution, Robert John Sholl, now sickened by it, put an end to it' (Gifford 2017, p xii). There is a brass plaque to the massacre located at Burrup Peninsula and a stone arrangement acknowledging the massacre at Murujuga.",
                "id": "te16d6",
                "source": "<i>The Inquirer and Commercial News</i>,  April 1, 1868; 3, <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/6579813\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/6579813</a>; 'The Governor \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Statement\nof D Carley (ii) re: slaughter of natives at \"Flying Foam\" passage (3679/86)',\nSROWA, Cons. 388, File 13;  Gara, nd; Gara, 1983; Dyson, 2002;  Owen, 2016, pp 135, 144, 147; Gifford, 2013; Birman, W 'Sholl, Robert John (1819\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd1886)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol 6, 1976.",
                "datestart": "1868-05-01",
                "dateend": "1868-05-15",
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                "latitude": "-20.581",
                "longitude": "116.807",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=892",
                "Source_ID": "892",
                "LanguageGroup": "Jaburara (or Yaburrara, Yapurarra)",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Roebourne - Pilbara region",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "60",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s), Shepherd(s), Police, Pastoralist(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Pilbara",
                "Stage": "South",
                "Region": "Pilbara",
                "Period": "North",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Minderoo, Pilbara",
                "description": "After Shepherd William Griffiths was speared by Thalanyji people and his body 'obliterated' near the Ashburton River, Farquar McRae organised a small punitive party to join five other white men (led by Edward Timothy 'E T' Hooley, assisted by magistrate Robert Sholl, W. Shenton, T.R. Thatcher, E.J. Kelsh) and a 'native assistant' (Ben). Between 10 July and 15 July they battled several groups, the last being at the junction of the Henry and Ashburton Rivers (Forrest 1996, p 17). This poem describing the incidents lay in a Forrest Brothers safe for over sixty years before being published in full.\n<br>The Battle of Minderoo\n<br>by 'Tien Tsin', August, 1869. [Poem likely written by Richard Thatcher who was on the punitive expedition]\n<br>'Twas Sabbath morn the rising sun had not appeared in view\n<br>But day contested with the night at beauteous Minderoo\n<br>The cork bark shed a sweet perfume the wild Ashburton pea\n<br>Made sweeter still the morning air and birds sang merrily\n<br>What means this band of armed men who ride on fiery steeds?\n<br>What mission brings them thus abroad that so much caution needs\n<br>No pannicans [sic] nor hobbled chains upon their saddles tied\n<br>They seem to hold their very breath as o'er the plain they ride\n<br>How slowly and how silently they're riding neck and neck\n<br>The impatient neighing of a steed it's rider soon doth check\n<br>The sun shows in the Eastern sky illumining the scene\n<br>And lighting up the thick snake bush with leaves of heavy green\n<br>The startled emu o'er the plain is quickly lost to view\n<br>And from the gums with noisy screams there flies the cockatoo\n<br>A smile comes oe'r [sic] the leaders face a smile that seems to show\n<br>He feels that joy a warrior feels who meets a worthy foe\n<br>For there some hundred yards ahead the dimly burning fire\n<br>Betrays the presence of the foes to meet whom he desires\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\n<br>A foe both treacherous and cruel with cunning like to theirs\n<br>He means now to surround their camp and take them unawares\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\n<br>They see the troop and starting up with wild discordant cries\n<br>They yell like fiends and on the whites intimidation try\n<br>They little know that leader bold who fought in many a field\n<br>With stern commanding voice he cries on every man to yield\n<br>They answer with their fighting spears most cruelly barbed in rows\n<br>With cooeys and with club they try to disconcert their foes\n<br>Now Hooley had that barbed spear but one inch nearer been\n<br>But Heaven above\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdyour wife and child you never more had seen\n<br>Well shot bold Bob: that warrior his earthly course had run\n<br>He'll never throw another spear nor view the setting sun\n<br>Bold trooper Vincent's restive steed doth rear with all his force\n<br>He only asks to fight on foot if one will hold his horse\n<br>Now Ensign Willie's mare doth try from off the field to bolt\n<br>She kicks and rears but still Will lets them taste his navy colt\n<br>McRae confronts the dusky foe upon his well trained steed\n<br>He fears no spears alike defies the coyles' whirling force\n<br>An ugly smile upon his face most dangerous to see\n<br>Descended evidently from a Scottish ancestry\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\n<br>His reins hang loosely on his arm his rifle grasped tight\n<br>He sits just like one carved in stone and cooly takes a sight\n<br>The leader of the savages the white man's arms defies\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\n<br>Encouraging his followers with yells and shouts and cries\n<br>His left hand grasped a painted shield his right his spears and rest\n<br>To strike the horses of the foe he bids them do their best\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\n<br>But suddenly his shield is dropped his spears are scattered round\n<br>With loud despairing cry of rage he drops upon the ground\n<br>A bullet from McRaes good piece has gone right through his brain\n<br>He never more will use that shield nor throw those spears again\n<br>Hurrah: cries Thatcher with delight that shot was worth a crown\n<br>Another warrior bites the dust the boldest of them down\n<br>Their leader gone and falling fast for mercy then they pray\n<br>And send the prettiest women out to plead with bold McRae\n<br>That flinty hearted champion the damsels proudly eyes\n<br>He heeds not their entreating looks nor cares about their sighs\n<br>Send out the old men and the boys we only fight with men\n<br>Throw down your arms unship your spears we'll talk of quarter then\n<br>They send out boys and aged men the nuncaberrys stay\n<br>And fight like wolves or tigers till they're vanquished by McRae\n<br>And there they lie upon the plain a ghastly sight to view\n<br>Their life blood stains the clayey soil of beauteous Minderoo\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\n<br>By murdering natives on that plain a lesson may be read\n<br>Whoso sheddeth blood of man by man shall his be shed.\n<br>(<i>Western Mail</i>, Feb 21, 1935)",
                "id": "te16d7",
                "source": "Sholl to Colonial Secretary 12 June 1869, CSR 647-66 SROWA; Forrest 1996;  Gifford 2018, p 89-94; <i>Sunday Times</i>, October 20, 1918, p 8 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57996780\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57996780</a>; Birman, W 'Sholl, Robert John (1819\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd1886)', ADB, Vol 6, 1976; <i>Western Mail</i>, Feb 21, 1935 p 9 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/38398853\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/38398853</a>",
                "datestart": "1869-07-06",
                "dateend": "1869-07-31",
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                "latitude": "-21.996",
                "longitude": "115.042",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=894",
                "Source_ID": "894",
                "LanguageGroup": "Thalanyji",
                "Colony": "WA",
                "StateOrTerritory": "WA",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Roebourne - Pilbara region",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "20",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Pilbara",
                "Stage": "South",
                "Region": "Pilbara",
                "Period": "North",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Kariyarri - Pilbara",
                "description": "'...three incidents were mentioned repeatedly, one involving a group of over fifty natives who were wiped out while fishing in a stream. In another, a much larger horde was driven into tidal swamps and shot, while a third group were rounded up by a large gathering of pastoralists out to avenge the spearing of a European from a desert station. The Aborigines were forced to build a large circular pyre upon which over 80 of them were burnt' (Wilson, 1961, p 61).",
                "id": "te16d8",
                "source": "Wilson, 1961, p 61.",
                "datestart": "1890-01-01",
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                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=922",
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                "LanguageGroup": "Ngarluma, Kariyarri",
                "Colony": "WA",
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                "PoliceDistrict": "Pilbara Region",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "50",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Pastoralist(s)",
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