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                "name": "Hornet Bank massacre, Upper Dawson River",
                "description": "Minutes after first light appeared on 27 October 1857, a group of Yiman warriors  entered the darkened homestead at Hornet Bank, and killed five brothers from the Fraser family along with three male employees, and knocked Sylvester Fraser aged 14, unconscious and left him for dead. Then they induced Mrs Fraser and her two daughters outside and after some deliberation they raped  and then killed them. The eldest son, William Fraser was absent on the road to Ipswich. After sunrise, Sylvester escaped to a neighbouring station and raised the alarm (<i>The Age</i>,  November 20, 1857, p 5). According to historian Jonathan Richards, the massacre was in reprisal for the Fraser sons' sexual abuse of Yiman women (Richards 2008, p 23). The massacre was widely reported  in the Brisbane and Melbourne press. Detailed accounts of the massacre and the reprisals that followed have been sourced by historian Gordon Reid (1980, 1982).",
                "id": "te1713",
                "source": "<i>The Age</i>,  November 20, 1857, p 5 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/18215858\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/18215858</a>; <i>The Courier</i>, 25 November, 1861, p 3 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4602408\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4602408</a>; Reid, 1980-1: 62-82; Reid, 1982; Richards, 2008, p 23.",
                "datestart": "1857-10-27",
                "dateend": "1857-10-27",
                "udatestart": -3540103492000,
                "udateend": -3540103492000,
                "latitude": "-25.757",
                "longitude": "149.407",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=622",
                "Source_ID": "622",
                "LanguageGroup": "Gungabula or Yiman",
                "Colony": "NSW",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Taroom",
                "Victims": "Colonists",
                "VictimsDead": "11",
                "VictimDescription": "Settler(s)",
                "Attackers": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
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                "Region": "North East Inland",
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                "name": "Hornet Bank aftermath (1)",
                "description": "After the Yiman massacre of the Fraser family at Hornet Bank in October 1857,  three large scale reprisal massacres were carried out.  The first was carried out by a posse of 12 settlers known as 'The Browns', who tracked down Yiman people across the Upper Dawson Valley and shot down 80 of them. The posse included  Ernest Davies, 'Arthur (or John) McArthur, George  Serocold, Peter Piggot, Thomas Murray-Prior, Alfred Thomas... a man named Olton and two Aboriginal trackers from Brisbane, known as Billy Hayes and Freddy' (Richards, 2008, p 63).  Historian Jonathan Richards quotes from a letter Serocold wrote to his brother in England:  \"Whatever you do be careful as I do not wish anybody to be able to read what I have written ...Twelve of us turned out and taking rations with us, we patrolled the country for 100 miles round for three weeks and spared none of the grownup blacks which we could find\" (Richards, 2008, p 64). Settler George Lang, in a letter to a  relative Gideon Scott Lang, said that local squatters and their 'confidential overseers' shot 'upwards of eighty men, women and children' (Lang, 1858).",
                "id": "te1714",
                "source": "A63  Autobiographies, George Lang to GS Lang, 31 October 1858; Davies, 1958, pp 36-39; Richards, 2008, pp 23, 63-64.",
                "datestart": "1857-11-01",
                "dateend": "1857-11-23",
                "udatestart": -3539671492000,
                "udateend": -3537770692000,
                "latitude": "-25.761",
                "longitude": "149.993",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=641",
                "Source_ID": "641",
                "LanguageGroup": "Yiman",
                "Colony": "NSW",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Taroom",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "80",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s), Stockmen/Drover(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Upper Dawson",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
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                "name": "Hornet Bank aftermath (2)",
                "description": "In the aftermath of the massacre of the Frazer family at Hornet Bank in October 1857, three reprisal massacres were carried out.  In the second massacre, two members of the Fraser family, Sylvester and William Fraser, killed at least 70 Yiman people. According to Richards (2008, p 64),  'When grazier Andrew Murray met William Fraser... three years after Hornet Bank, Fraser reportedly said that he had shot \"seventy blacks to date\"' (quote from Andrew Murray's diary in Richards 2008, p 64). Richards also said that Fraser was 'known to many Aboriginal people at the time as Nemesis and Debil Debil' (Richards, 2008, p 64).",
                "id": "te1715",
                "source": "Richards, 2008, p 64.",
                "datestart": "1857-12-01",
                "dateend": "1857-12-31",
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                "udateend": -3534487492000,
                "latitude": "-25.813",
                "longitude": "149.45",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=991",
                "Source_ID": "991",
                "LanguageGroup": "Yiman",
                "Colony": "NSW",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Taroom",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "70",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Settler(s)",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Upper Dawson",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
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                "name": "Hornet Bank aftermath (3)",
                "description": "Following the massacre of the Fraser family at Hornet Bank station on the Dawson River in November 1857, three large scale reprisals of the Yiman people took place. The first was carried out by a posse of local settlers (see Hornet Bank aftermath (1)); and the second by two surviving men of the Fraser family (Hornet Bank aftermath (2)). \n<br>\nThe third was carried out by detachments of native police who hunted the Yiman down from the ranges of the Upper Dawson River in April 1858 (Richards 2008, pp 63-4).\nOn 15th March 1858 W. Cryand wrote to Government Resident at Moreton Bay saying, '...while the Colonial Secretary is quite prepared to hear, after the numerous murders and other acts of atrocity committed by the Aborigines in the Southern Districts, that summary and severe punishment had ensued, he regrets to notice in the reports of Lieutenants Murray and Powell expressions which he cannot permit to pass by without special notice. Lieutenant Murray in his letter to the Commandant of the 19 January last says \"a considerable number of Blacks concerned in the late outrage have been killed by the Police, finding that they were allowed up to the Station <u>and evidently thinking that their evil deeds had been forgotten</u>\"; and the expression to which the Colonial Secretary Secretary entertains objection is that portion of the above that is underlined. It, I am to say, would justify the inference that unawares and possibly while entrapped within reach of gun shot, they were in cold blood destroyed. But a still more objectionable expression occurs in Lieutenant Powell's letter of 16th December last, in which he reports that in dispersing a large party of Blacks some of them were shot including \"<u>three Gins as they were running away</u>\"... The murder of the Fraser Family with the attendant circumstances required that the perpetrators of such monstrous enormities should be punished in the severest manner wherever they could be found; but I am desired to state that there is something abhorrent to the feeling of humanity to read, even on that case, of three Gins being shot dead as they were running away, and the Colonial Secretary trusts that on any future occasion should a similar occurrence be reported, you will make enquiry at once into the matter in order to check the feeling that the lives even of the most ignorant savages may be unnecessarily taken from them.'\n(QSA RES/2 58/920 ITM3681987)",
                "id": "te1716",
                "source": "Richards 2008, pp 63-4; QSA RES/2 58/920 Colonial Secretary at Sydney to the Government Resident at Moreton Bay (DR110707) ITM3681987 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3681987\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3681987</a>",
                "datestart": "1858-04-01",
                "dateend": "1858-04-30",
                "udatestart": -3526625092000,
                "udateend": -3524119492000,
                "latitude": "-25.699",
                "longitude": "149.264",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=992",
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                "Colony": "NSW",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Taroom",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "20",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Upper Dawson",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Ghinghindah, Upper Dawson",
                "description": "Following the Hornet Bank massacre, in June, 1858, under the heading 'Border War. Continuation of the Dawson Murders', the Moreton Bay Courier published a request from a squatter, Mr Sericold, for 'the Government, to take further steps for the suppression of the murders which are being continually perpetrated on our helpless shepherds on the Dawson River.' Sericold described a 'labyrinth' of cliffs and gorges in a large horseshoe shape around the upper Dawson, used by Aboriginal people to elude colonists. He added that 'from a communication I have just had with some of the Cockatoo tribe, I find that there has been a great \"yabba,\" which has resulted in all the gins, picaninnies, and old men being sent into the Burnett, and the fighting men deciding on war' (<i>MBC</i>, 9 June 1858, p2).\n<br>\nA Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly recommended deployment of additional mounted police, Native Police and a militia of settlers to the area, and that the troopers be 'under military law' (<i>The Darling Down Gazette and General Advertiser</i>, 26 Aug 1858, p 4).\n<br>\nAfter a colonist was killed, on the 12th November, 1859 Second Lieutenant Carr with Native Mounted Police went 15 miles from Glenmore station (near Rockhampton) to the scene of the killing, and then another 15 miles in the direction of 'Coonoomoo' (possibly Commooboolaroo, south west of Dauringa) where they encountered a camp in scrub near the river bed. Second Lieutenant Carr wrote, 'On our approach the Blacks rushed from the camp, and were pursued by the Troopers, two Blacks were killed and sixteen Prisoners taken.' Lieutenant Murray returned with 3 captives and from their information obtained warrants for 'King John', 'Bueen', 'Billy' and 'Motzie' (QSA COL/A26/1860/79).\n<br>\nOn 18 November 1859, Second Lieutenant Murray (not to be confused with Lieutenant John Murray) reported that 'having received information on the 8th of a mob of Blacks being in the vicinity of one of Messrs Kelmans and Duttons Sheep Stations I proceeded in that direction.' (QSA COL/A26/1860/79) He reached their camp 10 miles from these stations. \n<br>\n'I ascertained there was one amongst them named \"Billy Billy\"; as I hold a warrant for a Black of that name I tried to prevent them making with the scrub which was close to, but failed in doing so. On the troopers passing into the scrub in pursuit, the Blacks made a rush and attacked them.' Hand to hand combat followed and 'The Blacks got one of the troopers down, and gave him several blows on the head with a \"nulla nulla\"... The Blacks stood their ground for about half and hour, when we succeeded in dispersing them, leaving six of their number dead, and many more wounded. The one named \"Billy Billy\" was shot in the act of throwing a waddy at one of the Troopers' (QSA COL/A26/1860/79).\n<br>\nAn article on the origins of placenames in Central Queensland records that 'COORADA Station, Upper Dawson, until 1856 portion of Ghinghindah Station held by Kelman, who, in that year sold the portion to Blaid and Hobler' (<i>The Central Queensland Herald</i>, 24 Aug 1950, p 16). Murray's letter mentions that he tracked survivors the next day to Zamia Creek, which is north west of Ghinghindah (Robinson, 1933). This suggests the massacre occurred in scrub about 10 miles north west of Ghinghindah. On writing the letter on the 18th, he said that he had been away 9 days, and having left on the 8th, the massacre may have been around the 12th November, 1859. \n<br>\nIn a letter to the Commandant in Brisbane, dated 8 December, 1859, Lieutenant John Murray wrote that, 'From every appearance of affairs, in this River [the Dawson], I am of opinion that the Blacks are determined to lose no opportunity of murdering and robbing and it is almost impossible to deal satisfactorily with them.' He requested a boat and 12 double barrelled carbines, saying that with these, 'much more work could be done and with fewer men' (QSA COL/A26/1860/79).",
                "id": "te1717",
                "source": "<i>The North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser</i> 12 Jan 1858, p 3 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77429673\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77429673</a>; <i>MBC</i>, 9 June 1858, p2 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3725288\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3725288</a>; <i>The Darling Downs Gazette and General Advertiser</i>, 26 Aug 1858, p 4 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75527096\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75527096</a>; QSA COL/A26/1860/79 (DR57690) <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846731\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846731</a>; <i>The Central Queensland Herald</i>, 24 Aug 1950, p 16 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75566863\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75566863</a>; Robinson, 1933 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-469678398\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-469678398</a>",
                "datestart": "1859-11-12",
                "dateend": "1859-11-12",
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                "udateend": -3475649092000,
                "latitude": "-25.047",
                "longitude": "149.727",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=645",
                "Source_ID": "645",
                "LanguageGroup": "Yiman",
                "Colony": "NSW",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Port Curtis",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "**",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Upper Dawson",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1717",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Yuleba Creek, Bendemere Station",
                "description": "According to Patrick Collins, historian of the Mandandanji Land War in the  Maranoa District, 18 Yiman people were killed by native police on Bendemere Station in East Maranoa in March 1860 in revenge for the Yiman killing of three stockmen. \n<br>\nOn 5th March, 1860, William Simms wrote from Bendemere Station to the Leiutenant of Native Police, 'I beg to inform you that there a number of Blacks which I believe to be Dawson, on the upper part of this run, annoying the shepherds, and demanding their rations and amongst them I hear is one of the Dawson murderers named Beilba.\nI shall esteem it as a great favor, by you comgin or sending some troopers over to disperse them at your earliest convenience.' (QSA COL, ITM3681990, 60/381)\n<br>\nOn 8 March 1860, Second Leiutenant Carr of the Native Police reported that on recieving this letter he went with 7 troopers to Bendemere Station, adding that the messenger said, 'that if I did not reach the station at once he believed there would be some outrage committed that night.' Within 2 miles of the station he found a camp. 'Following on the tracks I came on the Blacks (a mob of upwards of 100) all of the Upper Dawson Tribe encamped within 1/4 of a mile of the huts on the station. On my approaching the camp the Blacks gathered in a bod and commenced a most determined assualt on the Police. I myself recieved a wound from a nulla nulla, and several troopers were struck with weapons of one kind or another. I directed the Troopers to fire on the Blacks, but although they did so, and with great effect still the Blacks for more than an hour showed no symptoms of giving in, fortunately they did so at last, just as my ammunition was nearly all expended. During the affray fifteen Blacks were shot amongst others one \"Baulie\" a notorious Black who is beleived to have been the leader in the Hornet Bank murders.' (QSA COL/A2/1860, 60/381. (DR110779) ITM 846732)",
                "id": "te1718",
                "source": "QSA COL/A2/1860, 60/381. (DR110779) ITM 846732 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846732\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846732</a>; Collins, 2002, p 213.",
                "datestart": "1860-03-05",
                "dateend": "1860-03-08",
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                "latitude": "-26.461",
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                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=646",
                "Source_ID": "646",
                "LanguageGroup": "Yiman",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Surat",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "15",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Upper Dawson",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Cullin la Ringo",
                "description": "Following the abduction of two Aboriginal boys by three white men, 19 members of the Wills family and their servants, including women and children, were massacred mid-afternoon on 17 October 1861 by a large  group of  Gayiri  warriors (<i>SMH</i>, 12 Dec 1861, p 5). Until the afternoon of the massacre, the Wills party, which had arrived in the area only a few days before, had enjoyed good relations with the Gayiri people. Against advice from other colonists Wills did not arm workers on the homestead. One view of the massacre, suggests that it was in reprisal for the killing of Gayiri people a week or so earlier by a detachment of native police at a neighbouring pastoral station where Jesse Gregson was the manager.",
                "id": "te1719",
                "source": "<i>The Courier</i> 5 November, 1861 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4602000\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4602000</a>; <i>The Courier</i> 11 November, 1861 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4602097\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4602097</a>; <i> Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser</i> 2 November, 1861 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/51554732\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/51554732</a>; <i>SMH</i> December 10, 1861 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13060056\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13060056</a>, and 11 December, 1861 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/1484054\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/1484054</a>, and 12 December, 1861 -<a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page1484062\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page1484062</a>; \nCarment, 1980, pp 49-55; Reid 1980-1, pp 62-82; Perrin 1998, pp 84-104; <i>Star</i> (Ballarat), 20 November 1861, 'Supplement' 1861 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66343578\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66343578</a>; <i>The Courier</i> (Brisbane), 20 December 1861, p 3 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4602862\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4602862</a>, and 16 January 1862 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4603348\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4603348</a>; <i>Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser</i>, 4 January 1862, p 2 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51554990\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51554990</a>; <i>Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser (Qld. : 1861 - 1908) </i> 28 Jan 1862, p 3 <a href=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article125597363>http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article125597363</a>; <i>Sydney Mail</i>, 14 December, 1861 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166694945\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166694945</a>.",
                "datestart": "1861-10-17",
                "dateend": "1861-10-17",
                "udatestart": -3414737092000,
                "udateend": -3414737092000,
                "latitude": "-23.841",
                "longitude": "147.832",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=648",
                "Source_ID": "648",
                "LanguageGroup": "Gayiri",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Taroom",
                "Victims": "Colonists",
                "VictimsDead": "19",
                "VictimDescription": "Settler(s), Shepherd(s), Servant(s)",
                "Attackers": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Nogoa",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te1719",
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                "name": "Upper Maranoa",
                "description": "On 6 December, 1861, John O'Connell Bligh, Commandant of the Native Police, reported from the Headquarters at Rockhampton to the Colonial Secretary that during his inspection of the 3rd Division on the Bungil Creek, Lieutenant Carr and 2nd Lieutenant Moorehead returned from patrol and 'reported a collision between the Detachment under the command of 2nd Lieutenant Marlow and the Aborigines on the head of the Maranoa where a new Police Station is now being founded' (Bligh to the Colonial Secretary, 6 December 1861 in Inwards Correspondence, p 164).\nLieutenant Carr's report of 30th October, 1861 stated that there had been an '... affray with Blacks, which took place at the Native Police Camp on the Maranoa River' and that '... the Blacks dispersed and went towards the head of the river, nothing has been heard of them since, I have however instructed Mr Marlow to make a patrol in that direction to ascertain something of their movements' (Carr to Commandant of the Native M. Police, Rockhampton in QSA COL/A23/61/3266, (DR 57342.pdf) ITM846753, p 169).\nSecond Lieutenant Marlow's report of 22 October, 1861 stated that on the 19th of October 6 unarmed Aboriginal people approached the police camp. With one of the native police interpreting, he explained to them that they should not come near the police camp and they left immediately. 'I believing that these six men were merely spies from the main body came up according to the usual customs of the wilder tribes, I prepared for the result should they return armed in force. I did not saddle up as I wished to show them that the camp was safe without the horses, and as I had no charge against them I would have let them go in peace if they would let me.\nShortly after the first lot thirty apparently picked men came up, fully armed, they gave me no opportunity of speaking to them but at once commenced an attack upon us. I accordingly led my men to close quarters and after a sharp struggle dispersed them with a loss of ten men on their side. I was insensible for a short period during the engagement from a wound on the head, one of the men also got struck but not severely' (Marlow to Carr, 22 Oct, 1861 in QSA COL/A23/61/3266, (DR 57342.pdf) ITM846753, pp 170-171).",
                "id": "te171a",
                "source": "Collins, 2002, p 213; QSA COL/A23/61/3266, (DR 57342.pdf) ITM846753, pp 164 - 171 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846753\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846753</a>",
                "datestart": "1861-10-19",
                "dateend": "1861-10-19",
                "udatestart": -3414564292000,
                "udateend": -3414564292000,
                "latitude": "-26.15",
                "longitude": "147.949",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=649",
                "Source_ID": "649",
                "LanguageGroup": "Gungabula",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Taroom",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "10",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "South West",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te171a",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Nogoa River",
                "description": "The news of the massacre of nineteen colonists at Mr Wills's station at Cullin la Ringo first reached Mr Gregson at Rainworth station, when two shepherds who escaped the massacre arrived there. Before the native police could arrive, who were a long distance away at the time (QSA GOV/23/61/74 (DR110747) ITM17671, p124), two groups of colonists set out for the Nogoa. 'Mr Gregson's party overtook some of the miscreants at dawn one morning, revelling in their blankets and ill-gotten booty. The party managed to get one discharge at the wretches, when they all bolted up a steep range, till the sight of the white's destroying their spears and boomerangs, which were splendid in appearance, drew them down upon the little band, who wisely retreated, fearing they might be cut off from their horses, which were left a mile and a half from the scene of action' (The Courier, 11 Nov 1861, pp 2-3).\n<br>\nThis article mentions another group led by Mr P.F. Macdonald had also gone out to 'protect the stock, and assist the survivors' (The Courier, 11 Nov 1861, pp 2-3). P.F.McDonald wrote in his account that this second group did not encounter any Aboriginal people:\n'As it had been fully ascertained that the great portion of blacks implicated in the murders belonged to the Comet and Dawson Rivers, and had made off in that direction, we started on the morning of the 7th in search of them, but as they had so many days in advance of us and their foot-tracks were nearly everywhere obliterated by recent thunderstorms, our chances of finding them were very much diminished. We spent eight days searching the scrubs in the neighbourhood, but with little success.' (SMH 10 December 1861, p. 5).\n<br>\nGovernor Bowen summarised the Cullin-la-Ringo massacre and the reprisals for it in a letter to the Lord Newcastle. He wrote that after burying the victims of the Cullin-la-Ringo massacre and prior to the arrival of the Native Police a group of armed colonists killed 30 Aboriginal people.\n'And now the full extent of the dreadful sacrifice of life was ascertained; and an uncontrollable desire for vengeance took possession of every heart... About thirty of the tribe of murderers are said to have fallen in the deadly struggle which ensued when the eleven English avengers \"stormed their camp\" in the manner related in the enclosure' (QSA GOV/23/61/74 (DR110747) ITM17671, p124). \n<br>\nThe body of one of the men killed in the reprisal massacres around the Nogoa River was exhibited in The Australian and South Sea Islander Museum in Melbourne:\n'One of the most extraordinary curiosities in the museum is the dried body of an aboriginal of North Australia... Some 10 years ago, Nogoa, a station in the north of Queensland, was the scene of a horrible massacre by the blacks. Almost all the residents on the station, comprising some 20 men, women and children, were slaughtered, only some two or three stockmen succeeding, in effecting their escape. The neighbouring country was aroused, and a retaliatory raid was made upon the aborigines by the squatters and native police force, and it is said that the vengeance exacted was terribly severe, the lives of upwards of 200 natives being sacrificed before the wrath of the offended whites was satiated. The particular blackfellow exhibited was, it is stated, shot in a tree into which he had climbed in the hope of concealment.' (The Argus, 5 February 1872, p 6)\n<br>\nThe location provided is an estimate based on the description but there are many steep hills near Cullin-la-Ringo that could be the location.",
                "id": "te171b",
                "source": "Reid 1980-1, pp 62-82; Bowen to Newcastle, 16 Dec. 1861, QSA GOV/23/61/74 (DR110747) ITM17671 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682012\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682012</a>; <i>SMH</i> 10 December 1861, p. 5 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13060056\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13060056</a>; <i>SMH</i> December 11, 1861 - <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/1484054\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/1484054</a>; <i>SMH</i> December 12, 1861, p. 5 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13062362\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13062362</a>; <i>Courier</i> (Brisbane) 11 November, 1861 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4602097\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4602097</a>; The Argus, 5 February 1872, p 6 <a href=\"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5859420\">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5859420</a>",
                "datestart": "1861-10-25",
                "dateend": "1861-10-25",
                "udatestart": -3414045892000,
                "udateend": -3414045892000,
                "latitude": "-23.96",
                "longitude": "147.936",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=660",
                "Source_ID": "660",
                "LanguageGroup": "Gayiri",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Kennedy",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "30",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Nogoa",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te171b",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "A sheer hill, north west of Nogoa",
                "description": "One of the colonists who arrived at Cullin-la-Ringo following the massacre of colonists there, P.F. McDonald, wrote that, 'In one place we saw the tracks of a party of horsemen which I believe to be those of Lieutenant Cave's detachment. I wish some of those misinformed gentlemen who think that the native police are of so little service had been there\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdif they had felt any sympathy for Cullin-la-ringo victims, they would have seen sufficient reason to entertain a different opinion, and I think their gratification would have compelled them to acknowledge their error. For my part I trust that the Government instead of decreasing the force, will endeavour to strengthen it' (<i>SMH</i> 10 December 1861, p. 5).\n<br>\nTo this article the editor appended the news that, 'We are informed that, on the 26th or 27th ultimo, the Native Police overtook the tribe of natives who committed the late outrage at Nogoa, and succeeded in driving them into a place from whence escape was impossible. They then shot down sixty or seventy, and they only ceased firing upon them when their ammunition was expended. One of the blacks who was shot, cried out, \"Me no kill white fellow!\" showing plainly they well comprehended the proceeding. Some firearms and other property in their possession were recovered' (<i>SMH</i> 10 December 1861, p. 5).\n<br>\nIn his summary of the events, Governor Bowen wrote, 'On the 24th of October they [the Native Police] arrived by forced marches at the late Mr Wills' station, and on the following day, Lieut Cave and his eight troopers started in pursuit of the Blacks...\nLieut. Cave's report to his Commanding Officer states that he had followed up the tracks of the murderers for four days, when he came up with them on the 28th October. After a skirmish in broken ground, during which several were killed, \"the remainder retreated to the top of a high hill, the front of which was almost perpendicular; and on our riding nearer, the Blacks gave us to understand most unmistakeably their intention of holding their ground. I retired\" continues Lieut. Cave, \"a sufficient distance to be completely out of their sight, and camped. Towards sundown, knowing the blacks to be still in the same position, I proceeded cautiously with the Troopers on foot. Two I posted in front of the hill; and with the others I climbed quietly to the top at the back. A shot from one of my men was the first intimation the Blacks had of our approach; when finding themselves surprised and nearly surrounded, they made no[?] stand. Their loss was heavy; and I consider that many were killed from falling over the cliffs' (QSA GOV/23/61/74 (DR110747) ITM17671, pp 125-126). The location provided is an estimate based on the description but there are many sheer cliffs within 4 days' ride of Cullin-la-Ringo.",
                "id": "te171c",
                "source": "QSA COL/A23/61/2812 (DR57340) ITM846753, p 140 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846753\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846753</a>; Bowen to Newcastle, 16 Dec. 1861, QSA GOV/23/61/74 (DR110747) ITM17671 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682012\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682012</a>; <i>SMH</i> 10 December 1861, p. 5 <a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13060056\">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13060056</a>;",
                "datestart": "1861-10-28",
                "dateend": "1861-10-28",
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                "latitude": "-23.528",
                "longitude": "147.524",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1100",
                "Source_ID": "1100",
                "LanguageGroup": "Gayiri",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Taroom",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "60",
                "VictimDescription": "Warrior(s)",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Nogoa",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
                "TLCMapLinkBack": "https://tlcmap.org/search?id=te171c",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Mimosa Creek, Dawson River",
                "description": "Following the Cullin-la-Ringo massacre and immediate reprisals of colonists and the Native Police, reinforcements of Native Police under Captain Bligh were ordered to the area. Governor Bowen wrote,\n'Captain Bligh, the Commandant of the Native Police Corps (a grandson of the celebrated Bligh of the \"Bounty\" and who was afterwards Governor of New South Wales,) was ordered by my Government to march in person with re-inforcements to the Nogoa River. He reports that the country is now perfectly quiet, and that three patrols are traversing it in various directions' (QSA GOV/23/61/74 (DR110747) ITM17671, p 127).\n<br>\nIn his report of 2nd December, 1861, describing the 3 main patrols despatched, Captain Bligh added, '...I heard of two or three other large war parties, and recieved many complaints from squatters, travellers and others, particularly from W Thompson of Roxburgh. I have consequently sent NP Cadet Johnson with a strong detachment to that locality he left here this day' (QSA COL/A23/61/3038 (DR57340) ITM846753, p 140). \n<br>\nIn a letter dated 22 December, 1861, to headquarters in Rockhamption Native Police Cadet Johnson wrote that while patrolling the lower Dawson,  \n'I visited \"Roxborough\" & was informed that a very large mob of Blacks had been gathering, for some time, in a large scrub near that Station; for the purpose of holding a \"Boora\", & that they had stolen 30 sheep & threatened to murder the shepherds. On the 6th I proceeded to the scrub to disperse them as soon as they saw me coming up - the Blacks numbering about 300 attacked me, and I was compelled to fire upon them. They then retreated I followed to be certain that they dispersed.\nOn the 7th I again came up with the Blacks when they at once made off in two mobs - I followed the party that made up \"Ramsay\" Creek, & on the 8th came up with, & effectually dispersed them. I then followed on the tracks of the other party towards the Comet & on the 10th came up with them on Mimmossa Creek. The Blacks again attacked me, & I was obliged to fire upon them, 10 fell, & the rest dispersed; from the number of their \"Tomahawks\" & other articles in the possession of the last mob of Blacks, & from the direction in which they were going I am of opinion they were some of the Murdering of Mr. Will's party' (QSA COL/A26/62/823, (DR 112352.pdf pp1-3) ITM 3682014).",
                "id": "te171d",
                "source": "Bowen to Newcastle, 16 Dec. 1861, QSA GOV/23/61/74 (DR110747) ITM17671 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682012\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682012</a>; \nQSA COL/A23/61/3038 (DR57340) ITM846753, p 140 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846753\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846753</a>;\nQSA COL/A26/62/823, (DR 112352.pdf pp1-3) ITM 3682014 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682014\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682014</a>",
                "datestart": "1861-12-10",
                "dateend": "1861-12-10",
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                "latitude": "-24.168",
                "longitude": "149.476",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=651",
                "Source_ID": "651",
                "LanguageGroup": "Mandalgu",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Leichhardt",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "10",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Expedition Range",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Expedition Range",
                "description": "Following the Cullin-la-Ringo massacre on the Nogoa River and immediate reprisals of colonists and the Native Police, reinforcements of Native Police under Captain Bligh were ordered to the area (QSA GOV/23/61/74 (DR110747) ITM17671, p 127).\n<br>\nIn his report of 2nd December, 1861, Captain Bligh described the 3 main patrols despatched: 'There is a force of eighteen troopers now stationed on the Nogoa and Comet; six of whom under 2nd Lieut. Moorehead are engaged in patrolling the stations to the east of Expedition Range, six more under 2nd Lieut. Cave are patrolling the neighbourhood of the late massacre, and the remainder under 2nd Lieut. Williams will also patrol there' (QSA COL/A23/61/3038 (DR57340) ITM846753, p 140). \n<br>\nIn his report 2nd Lieutenant W. Moorehead of the Native Mounted Police wrote, 'I continued following their tracks until the morning of the 14th inst when a little after daylight, I came upon and found the Blacks (which I had followed 17 days) in their encampment, in a Brigalow scrub, eastwards of Expedition Ranges, and about 9 or 10 miles westward of Mer Masters Station. Upon seeing the Police they (the Blacks) at once .... every disposition to fight - brandishing their tomahawks and throwing several Nulla Nullas at the men and seeing that I could not disperse by quiet means - I was forced to order the Police under my command to fire upon them. Finding they were reluctant to leave the vicinity of their encampment. I made the Police [illegible] & follow the Blacks for some hours thro' the scrub. Before leaving I found that nine of their number were shot by the Police.' Native Police and some colonists were frustrated that Aboriginal people were sheltered at some stations. Moorehead added that survivors had fled to two neighbouring stations where one station owner said that 'he would protect them to the utmost of his power' (QSA COL/A26/62/823, ITM 846756. pp169-177).\nIn his report of 28 December, 1861, Bligh wrote 'I have abundant evidence to disprove W Dutton's assertion that the Blacks do not cross and recross Expedition Range, upon which he would ground his argument that his Blacks and all those inside his station could not have been concerned in the Nogoa massacre. I enclose a copy of a Report from 2nd Lieutenant Cave on the subject - and would further state that Blacks who had been wounded in the late affray and on the western side of that Range have been seen being carried by their accomplices across W Govern[?] Run on the Mimosa Creek, thirty or forty miles inside W Duttons and within one hundred miles of Rockhampton' (QSA COL/A25, DR110722, ITM3682016).",
                "id": "te171e",
                "source": "Bowen to Newcastle, 16 Dec. 1861, QSA GOV/23/61/74 (DR110747) ITM17671 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682012\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682012</a>; QSA COL/A26/62/823, (DR64776.pdf) ITM 846756. pp169-177 <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846756\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM846756</a>; QSA COL/A25, DR110722, ITM3682016  <a href=\"https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682016\">https://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM3682016</a>",
                "datestart": "1861-12-14",
                "dateend": "1861-12-14",
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                "latitude": "-24.235",
                "longitude": "149.215",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=650",
                "Source_ID": "650",
                "LanguageGroup": "Mandalgu",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "PoliceDistrict": "Leichhardt",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "9",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "***",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Expedition Range",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Planet Creek, Albinia Downs station",
                "description": "According to former Native Police Commandant Frederick Walker, by then part-owner of the nearby Planet Downs station, in 1862 a detachment of native police led by Second-Lieutenant Alfred March Patrick drove off Gayiri people from Christopher Rolleston's station at Albinia Downs (Bottoms, 2013, p 49). 'Frederick Walker wrote to the Colonial Secretary stating that the \"peace was broken by the Native Police under Mr Patrick, attacking and killing and wounding several of the friendly blacks at Mr Rolleston's station\" ... There is no record of how many were killed or wounded, but the peace had been irretrievably broken' (Bottoms 2013 p. 49).",
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                "source": "Bottoms, 2013, p 49.",
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                "udateend": -3376721092000,
                "latitude": "-24.45",
                "longitude": "148.605",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=682",
                "Source_ID": "682",
                "LanguageGroup": "Gayiri",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "6",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "Expedition Range",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Pigeon Creek station, tributary of the Warrego River",
                "description": "An unnamed lieutenant of native police and six troopers 'cleared out' an Aboriginal campsite on Pigeon Creek station (Chambers, 1988, pp 45-60).",
                "id": "te1720",
                "source": "Chambers, 1988, p 45-60.",
                "datestart": "1862-09-01",
                "dateend": "1862-09-30",
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                "udateend": -3384669892000,
                "latitude": "-25.04",
                "longitude": "146.259",
                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=679",
                "Source_ID": "679",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "27",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
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                "Stage": "South West",
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            "properties": {
                "name": "Mungullalla, Warrego",
                "description": "After four shepherds were killed and sheep taken at Mungullalla station, the Native Police followed tracks but were ambushed at night. They escaped, returned and killed eight or nine Aboriginal people.\n<br>\n'From up the Warrego we have reliable information of four\nmurders by the blacks - two shepherds belonging to Mr. Grenfell, and two travellers found dead in their blankets on the\nWara. The station's name where the shepherds perished is Mungullalla. From Mr. Bullmore's shepherd were taken by\nforce a quantity of sheep, which were tracked by the native police, under Captain Lambert, and Mr. Lowe, magistrate. A\nsurprise at night was contemplated by the blacks, but was frustrated by the vigilance of Mr. Lowe; they had time to mount,\nride off, and return to lay eight or nine of the rascals in the dust. Mr. James Grimes has been driven in from Kennedy's\nCreek, close to the Yow Yow, and has taken refuge at Wiseman's, leaving all his property behind. Other outrages have\nbeen committed much further down the river, and it will surprise none here if there are other hostile acts' (<i>The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i> Tue 13 Dec 1864, p 3).",
                "id": "te1721",
                "source": "<i>The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</i> Tue 13 Dec 1864, p 3 <a href='https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18712906'>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18712906</a>",
                "datestart": "1864-11-01",
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                "linkback": "https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=1109",
                "Source_ID": "1109",
                "LanguageGroup": "Gunggari / Mandandandji",
                "Colony": "QLD",
                "StateOrTerritory": "QLD",
                "Victims": "Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander People",
                "VictimsDead": "8",
                "VictimDescription": "Aboriginal",
                "Attackers": "Colonists",
                "AttackersDead": "0",
                "AttackerDescription": "Native Police",
                "CorroborationRating": "*",
                "War": "Upper Dawson",
                "Stage": "South West",
                "Region": "North East Inland",
                "Period": "North",
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