A summary of this war and resistance will be available in future.<\/p>\r\n
Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n Data has been generously provided by:<\/p>\r\n Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a><\/p>",
"warning": " Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.<\/p>",
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"name": "'Maria' massacre, Coorong",
"description": " In late July 1840, news reached Adelaide that 26 survivors of the wreck of the Maria, at a reef off the Coorong, had been slaughtered by the Milmenrura people (SA Register, August 1, 1840, p 2). Sir George Gawler, the governor of South Australia, declared martial law in the Coorong and dispatched a party of mounted police led by police commissioner Thomas O'Halloran to the Coroong and 'enforce summary justice' on the killers (SA Register, August 15, 1840, p 2). Two Milmenrura men, 'chosen on hearsay, were hung in the sight of the captive members of their clan' (Foster et al, 2001, p 15). However, in the aftermath of the hanging, it is alleged that the police killed a large group of Milmenrua (Hamann, 1973). Twenty-six colonists killed in one operation remains the largest massacre of colonists by Aboriginal people in Australia.<\/p>",
"id": "tebb43",
"source": " SA Register, August 1, 1840 http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.news-article27441699<\/a>; August 15, 1840 http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.news-article27441755<\/a>; September 12, 1840 http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.news-article27441838<\/a>, September 19, 1840 http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.news-article27441856<\/a>; News (Adelaide), February 21, 1942, p 5 http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.news-article131950481<\/a>; SACWM,July 28, 1877, p 17 http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.news-article90942607<\/a>; The Australasian, December 15, 1883, p 21 http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.news-article138647904<\/a>; South Eastern Times, (Millicent, SA), June 15, 1945 p 1 http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.news-article200107455<\/a>; Clyne, 1981; Hamann, 1973; Foster and Nettelbeck, 2001, pp 13-28; Hetherington, R 'George Gawler (1795-1869)' in ADB, Vol 1, 1966 https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/gawler-george-2085<\/a>; Ross, DB 'Thomas Shuldham O'Halloran (1797-1870)' in ADB, Vol 2, 1967 https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/ohalloran-thomas-shuldham-2523<\/a>.<\/p>",
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"name": "Abduction and slavery at Kangaroo Island",
"placename": "Kangaroo Island",
"description": " \"A bay called the Bay of Shoals, on the north coast next the main, is resorted to by the fishermen on account of a salt lagoon, or sea pool, which, when dried up after the rainy season, is filled with excellent salt to the depth of 5 or 6 inches. Near it is a lake of fresh water, both being situated about 2 miles from the beach, which distance the productions are curried on the back to the boats. This, as well as every other labour, is performed by the native women, whom these unprincipled men carry off from the main, and compel to hunt, work, and fish, and do every other menial service, while they themselves sit on the beach, smoke, drink, and sleep by turns, occasionally perhaps rousing to kill a young seal while basking on the sunny beach. This food, though far from palatable, is all that their indolence will in general allow them to procure, and they sometimes salt it down for future store. It is much to be lamented that so debased a specimen of the Christian race as these men, should be the first to give an impres-sion to the natives, who are there very numerous, and of a superior cast to those here and at Sydney. They live in regular villages, are all clothed with a cloak made of skins stitched together and orna-mented, and though like all other savages addicted to stealing, are nevertheless friendly and hospitable. The tide in this bay rises about 6 or 7 feet; it is not however safe for any large vessels, and about first quarter ebb, numerous shoals are visible. Ten miles to the east is a fine river called American River, with an excellent harbour. It is so named from an American who visited that neighbourhood about ten years ago, and built a very handsome schooner of the pine tree, peculiar to the island. This wood resembles the red Swedish timber, and contains turpentine. Mr. Smith sailed 13 miles up this river, and by culling one of these trees in halves, scooping it out with an adze, and afterwards uniting it with hoops, he constructed an admirable pump for his vessel. The trees common here also abound there, and the small species of kangaroo is very numerous. Among the animals which we have not seen here, is a kind of edible guana, a species of bear, about the size of a fox, and species of cockatoo, of a grey colour, with a red crest. The fish are superior, and well flavoured; among them a kind of whiting is described as being ex-cellent eating. When the fishing season for seals is over, these men, with the native women and their offspring, amounting in all to about 40, re-tire into a valley in the interior of the island, where they have a garden and huts. One man called Abyssinia, has led this life for 14 years. Are then these men, thus strangers to religion, strangers to principle, among whom rapine of every kind, and even murder is not unfrequent, are they to be suffered to debase human nature? They are at present supported and encouraged by the Colonial vessels that visit them for the purpose of bartering their skins for rum. Many of them are armed, and in a short time it will not be safe even for a large vessel to go among them.\" (Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser<\/em>, 1 July 1826, page 3<\/p>\r\n \"There are no natives on the island ; several Europeans assembled there; some who have run from ships that traded for salt; others from Sydney and Van Diemen's Land, who were pri-soners of the crown. These gangs joined after a lapse of time, and became the terror of ships going to the island for salt, &c. being little better than pirates. They are complete savages, living in bark huts like the natives, not cultivating any thing, but living entirely on kangaroos, emus, and small porcupines, and getting spirits and tobacco in barter for the skins which they lay up during th e sealing season. They dress in kangaroo skins without linen, and wear sandals made of sealskins. They smell like foxes. They have carried their daring acts to an extreme, venturing on the main land in their boats, and seizing on the natives, particularly the women, and keeping them in a state of slavery, cruelly beating them on every trifling occasion ; and when at last some of these marauders were taken off the island by an expedition from New South Wales, these women were landed on the main with their chil-dren and dogs, to procure a subsistence, not knowing how their own people might treat them after a long absence.\" (The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser <\/em>1836, July 2, p 2).<\/em><\/p>",
"id": "tec2f0",
"source": " RUNAWAYS IN THE STRAITS. (1826, July 1). The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 - 1842)<\/em>, p. 3. Retrieved April 2, 2026, from http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.news-article2186083<\/p>\r\n THE SOUTHERN COAST OF NEW HOLLAND. (1836, July 2). The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 - 1842)<\/em>, p. 2. Retrieved April 2, 2026, from http:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.news-article2205208<\/p>",
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"name": "Confrontation between Mant-yi-ulde, Corporal Rose, Mulhearne and an unnamed Aboriginal man who was killed through resisting police near Mr Harriot\u2019s station on the Angas, May 1846",
"placename": "Mr Harriot\u2019s station on the Angas",
"description": "In searching an Aboriginal encampment for goods stolen from Mr Forbes, Corporal Rose and Police Constable Mulheran fought with two Aboriginal men. One man (whose name does not appear in the written records) died from his wounds. The other man, Mant-yi-ulde (alias Bob), was arrested and charged with robbing Mr Forbes\u2019 hut and resisting police.\r\n
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"name": "Alleged attempted rape of Mrs Taekelmann, on the Bremer near Callington, 26 April 1852",
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"description": "German settler, Mrs Taekelmann, whose husband who had left for the goldfields, told the police that twelve Aboriginal people forced entry into her hut and threatened her with sexual suggestions. She claimed to have fired a pistol to no effect, and been saved by a man who was riding past looking for stock when he heard her screams and the pistol shot. Protector Moorhouse and Sub-Protector Mason investigated and concluded that her claims were false.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Caldecotte (alias \u2018One armed Charley\u2019) and others took flour and threatened Sarah Stutely, at Mr Dyke\u2019s station on the Sturt, 11 April 1844",
"placename": "The Sturt River, near Marion Village",
"description": "A large group of Aboriginal people confronted Sarah Stutely and her younger sister Emma at her parents\u2019 house on Mr Dyke\u2019s station. On being refused flour, some pushed Sarah and entered the house, shaking their waddies and demanding flour. Emma sought help from Robert Adams. When the group refused to leave, Adams took down an empty gun and threatened to shoot. Caldecotte, a well-known and highly respected man from Encounter Bay, was tried at the Supreme Court on 5 July 1844 and sentenced to three months imprisonment.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Killing of Nantariltarra and drowning of a young girl, 3 July 1849",
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"description": "A party of between five and eight Europeans carrying firearms assembled to surprise and confront a group of Aboriginal people encamped on the shores of Hardwicke Bay, and recover the sheep taken from Anstey\u2019s shepherds (William Bruce Scott and John Brown) two days earlier. Nantariltarra (alias \u2018Williamy\u2019) was shot through the head and a girl drowned.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"placename": "Hardwicke Bay area",
"description": "Between fifteen and twenty men confronted shepherds, William Bruce Scott and James Brown. Three men attempted to communicate, first with Brown (at the head of the flock) and then with Scott (at the back). The shepherds attempted to frighten them away by firing a pistol, after which the Aboriginal men threw stones at the shepherds. Scott and Brown ran away, leaving the sheep. When the flock was recovered, two hundred sheep were missing.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"description": "After learning that a flock of sheep had been rushed and some sheep taken, Anstey\u2019s overseer, George Penton, went in pursuit. Penton came to a group of about fifty people who were roasting eight sheep. On seeing Penton, the group ran away, with the exception of one man who stood his ground. While this man was reportedly either preparing to throw or in the act of throwing his spear, Penton shot him through the head.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Thomas Granger, Mr Anstey\u2019s hutkeeper, fatally shot Kawilla, 18 June 1853 ",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Killing of William Bruce Scott (Anstey\u2019s shepherd) by Tulta and Wilcooramalap, 2 August 1849",
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"description": "On 2 August 1849, shepherd, William Bruce Scott, was brutally killed in the Hardwick Bay district while out with his flock. On 3 August, three Aboriginal people led Sergeant-Major McCulloch to the missing sheep. Through interpreter Native Constable Jim Crack, Wilcooramalap subsequently led McCulloch to Scott\u2019s body. Wilcooramalap and, later, Tulta, were charged with Scott\u2019s murder, but were released in March 1850 due to a lack of evidence.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Shepherd Thomas Armstrong, employed on George Milner Stephen\u2019s Port Vincent run, fatally speared by Tulta, 11 July 1849",
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"description": "On the morning of 11 July 1849, shepherd, Thomas Armstrong, was speared in his side by Tulta. He died of his wounds. Information provided by Aboriginal witnesses and Protector Moorhouse indicate that Tulta speared Armstrong for failing to compensate him for having sexual intercourse with Tulta\u2019s wife.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "The wounding of John Gall (James Coutts\u2019s nephew) and taking of a sheep by Koonko and Watpa at Coutts\u2019s station, 9 October 1849",
"placename": "Coutts\u2019 station (Tuckockowie)",
"description": "When Koonko and Watpa attempted to round up some sheep, John Gall fired a pistol, and was consequently speared and attacked with sticks and stones. Although the flock was taken, all but one or two sheep were recovered. Koonko and Watpa were tried at the Supreme Court in March 1850. Koonko was sentenced to four months hard labour. The charge against Watpa was abandoned.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"state": "SA",
"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"name": "An Aboriginal man caught stealing sheep at Rogers\u2019 station dies of a mysterious affliction, December 1849",
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"description": "On 26 November 1849, Aboriginal people attacked sheep on Rogers' station, driving some off. When they repeated the attack on 29 November, the police captured one of the alleged offenders. The police returned with the prisoner to Rogers\u2019 station where they observed swelling and the development of large water-bladders on the prisoner's face. He died at the Yorke Peninsula Police Station on 2 December.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Spearing of William Bagnall (James Coutts\u2019s shepherd), 27 May 1850",
"placename": "Coutts\u2019 station",
"description": "Bagnall was waddied and speared fifty yards from his hut. Kankarra Widlo was later charged with grievous bodily harm. In court, Bagnall gave contradictory evidence regarding the assault and the reasons for the confrontation. Bagnall later developed a reputation for committing \u2018criminal acts\u2019 with Aboriginal women. He also had a ferocious dog that attacked Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"description": "Wurti Pultana (aka Warriota), aged between six and eight years, was raped by one of Rogers\u2019 shepherds, an older man named Thomas Simms. Although a true bill was found against Sims at the Supreme Court Criminal Sittings in November 1850, the Grand Jury found Simms not guilty in February 1851.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"description": "James Hawker recorded in his diary on 15 December that \u2018The natives have attacked Robinson\u2019s station on the Wakefield and killed 16 sheep\u2019 and that the Police were out \u2018after them\u2019.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"description": "On 21 July 1843, Keri Warritya (alias Henry) was found guilty for stealing 10 sheep belonging to Mr Edward Peter and others. He was sentence to 12 months imprisonment, the first and last weeks to be in solitary confinement.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"description": "Two Aboriginal men attempted to separate 200-300 sheep from a flock belonging to EB Gleeson while other Aboriginal men speared sheep. Gleeson\u2019s shepherd fired, killing one man, wounding another and shooting a dog belonging to the group, after which 200 Aboriginal people (with very few women) surrounded the station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Spearing of Charles Campbell\u2019s cattle, 11 February 1842",
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"description": "Aboriginal people spear several of Campbell\u2019s calves and gather in large numbers in the vicinity of Campbell\u2019s cattle station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"placename": "Campbell\u2019s station (east of Hawker\u2019s station i.e. Bungaree)",
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"placename": "Hawker\u2019s outstation",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Killing of Maryann and Ngunnirri Burka by William Carter, 13 July 1844",
"placename": "Wortappa, Hallett\u2019s station, near Mt Bryan",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Unnamed shepherd fired at a man who had taken some sheep, 4 February 1847 ",
"placename": "Browne\u2019s station, vicinity of Mt Lock",
"description": "An unnamed shepherd, working on a station near Mount Locke, saw some Aboriginal people tracking sheep from a flock. When he went to investigate, he received a blow on the head with a waddy. He fired at and injured the man who struck him. Moorhouse and Corporal Power visited the wounded Aborigine on Browne's station where he was receiving medical attention.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
"id": "tebb1c",
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"name": "Unnamed shepherd fired on the brother of a man injured earlier who threatened to avenge his injury, 15 February 1847",
"placename": "Waterhole near Mt Lock",
"description": "The brother of a man wounded on 4 February threatened the shepherd responsible. The shepherd stated that he retreated and asked the man to lay down his waddy, but when he continued to advance, the shepherd fired and wounded him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Shooting of Wortpu Pari at Aboriginal encampment, Kapunda, 11 May 1852",
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"description": "Wortpu Pari (alias Jemmy Critchell) was shot by either Charles Jacques or Jeremiah Nicholls. The previous evening, a group of around 12 Aboriginal people asked to purchase alcohol from the publican of the North Kapunda Arms. On being refused, some of the group threw several stones, breaking windows, a clock and wounding a customer on the forehead. Several hours later, a group of up to six Europeans went to the wurlies, and Wortpu Pari was shot through the ribs. At the Coroner\u2019s Court the Jury returned a verdict of wilful murder against Charles Jacques and Jeremiah Nicholls and committed them for trial.\u00a0
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"placename": "The White brothers\u2019 station (to be named Charlton, near current day Wirrabara) , Mid North",
"description": "Aboriginal people took ten sheep belonging to the White brothers and threw a spear at shepherd, William Richardson.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"description": "Thirty sheep were taken from the White brothers\u2019 shepherd, John Keyan, who was held down by two men.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"description": "After learning that thirty sheep had been taken and shepherd, John Keyan, had been assaulted, Samuel and Edwin White, and their overseer, William Moore Carter, went in pursuit of those they presumed were responsible. Carter rode at full gallop at a group of Aboriginal people with a stockwhip in his hand and pistol in his belt. No deaths were reported. Carter was subsequently dismissed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Theft of property belonging to police constable John Eastwood by Marawaritya (alias Coodmannin Warninna), August 1845",
"placename": "Police station near Mount Remarkable (at White\u2019s station, Charlton)",
"description": "Marawaritya (alias Coodmannin Warninna) broke into the hut of Police Constable Eastwood. Three weeks earlier, Eastwood missed a lamp and provisions, which were found in Marawaritya\u2019s wurley. When the case went to court, Protector Moorhouse said Marwaritya had not come into much contact with Europeans. He was found not guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
"id": "tebb22",
"state": "SA",
"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"name": "Twenty-two sheep taken from Robinson\u2019s station, 6 August 1846",
"placename": "Robinson\u2019s station, two miles from the Whites\u2019 station (Wirrabara district)",
"description": "Twenty-two sheep were reported as taken from Mr Robinson\u2019s station (located two miles from the Whites\u2019 station) during the night of 6 August 1846.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"name": "Reprisal killing of \u2018Charley\u2019 (alias Melicha) by Manooka Bidea, at Stoney Creek on 8 November 1846",
"placename": "Stoney Creek (near Mount Remarkable)",
"description": "Native Constable Charley, a man from the Broughton district, was killed by Manooka Bidea (alias Billy), either in revenge for the role he played in apprehending those involved in Whitney and Scott\u2019s deaths, or for killing the sister of Manooka Bidea.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"name": "Sheep taken from Mr Ferguson\u2019s flocks and Pero, his wife and child captured, 24 December 1846",
"placename": "Telowie, near Port Pirie (about 26 miles from Ferguson\u2019s head station)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"placename": "10 miles from Mt Remarkable",
"description": "Several Aboriginal people died as a result of a confrontation between Peter Ferguson, Joseph Pilcher and Joseph Coles, and an Aboriginal group. In court, the Europeans stated that whilst recovering some stolen sheep, they surprised the group in a steep gully in the early hours of the morning. They alleged that they were compelled, for their own safety, to fire. Aboriginal witnesses informed Protector Moorhouse that two men and one woman had died.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"description": "A newspaper article published on 30 May 1843 stated that a \u2018formidable attack\u2019 had been made on HB Hughes\u2019. The shepherds were supposedly \u2018driven in\u2019 and great losses sustained.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"placename": "Hodgson\u2019s station near White\u2019s Creek",
"description": "Four hundred sheep belonging to Mr Hodgson near White\u2019s Creek were taken by Aboriginal people. Despite the exertions of police, under the leadership of Corporal Lamb, only one hundred and sixteen sheep were recovered. The police party frequently came upon the remains of sheep that had been slaughtered, but were unable to catch the people who had taken the sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"description": "Mr Mayfield\u2019s shepherd was attacked by two \u2018natives\u2019 who waddied him, covered him with a bag and held him down while sheep were taken. Most of sheep and the remains of six carcasses were found several hours later. An Aboriginal man was observed paddling down the creek (Currency Creek) in a boat loaded with sheep. No arrests were made.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"placename": "Black Rock",
"description": "John Williams was physically threatened by three Aboriginal men in consequence of Williams shooting Berea\u2019s dogs. Williams fired shot at Berea\u2019s chest and back. Berea was tried for feloniously assaulting Williams, and received a sentence of three months hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"name": "Yerki Warritya took sheep from Charles Harvey Bagot\u2019s station, November 1842",
"placename": "Bagot's Station\n",
"description": "Aboriginal people were reported to have \u2018attacked\u2019 the stations of Captain Bagot and taken provisions and clothing during the last quarter of 1842.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
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"name": "Rape and killing of Mary Ann Rainbird, and the killing of children Emma and Robert Rainbird, and Mary Ann\u2019s unborn child, 11 March 1861",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
"id": "tebb3a",
"state": "SA",
"source": "Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies<\/i>, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http:\/\/ua.edu.au\/south-australian-frontier<\/a>",
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"name": "Killing of George McGrath, 2 June 1842",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
"id": "tebb3b",
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(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies'<\/a> for more details.)",
"id": "tebb3c",
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