Incidents of conflict between colonists and Indigenous people in South Australia.

]]> Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

]]> With permission.

]]> Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier

]]> 134.328146899892,-33.1925038000686 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 31 October, the shepherd William Townsend reported that Aboriginal people had tried to part him from his sheep and that on the following day they drove off 800.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-11-01 1850-11-01 134.333296699769,-33.1893434002041 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Between 2 and 6 November, the shepherd Townsend report Aboriginal people coming to the station in increasing numbers, plundering his hut and driving off sheep. On 6 November he reported that they came in a gang. He fired upon them, wounding one man, before fleeing to Pinkerton’s neighbouring station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-11-02 1850-11-02 134.323340299572,-33.1879068002329 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Baird speared to death by Aboriginal people about eight miles from his Cape Radstock station while recovering sheep that had been stolen the previous day. Police found his body on 13 November 1850.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-11-02 1850-11-02 134.322653700133,-33.191067200061 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police, accompanied by two settlers, search for the missing Sheep Farmer Baird and recover his stolen sheep. They come upon a camp of Aboriginal people who resist when they try to arrest them. One Aboriginal man is shot and killed and another, Pulgulta, is arrested.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-11-12 1850-11-12 134.31961410035,-33.1819629997762 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In response to Baird’s murder and the subsequent police shooting at Cape Radstock, the Lt. Governor ordered the Commissioner of Police and Protector of Aborigines to visit the area, investigate the circumstances, and make recommendations. They sailed via the Yalata from Adelaide on 6 December 1850, visited the scene and meet with Aboriginal people, before departing on 5 January 1851.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-12-06 1850-12-06 136.348136100324,-34.0129240996554 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

The Salt Creek police station was robbed of provisions and Kambalta was later arrested for the offence. In the course of the arrest Kambalta tried to spear Police Constable Kenning.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-01-01 1851-01-01 136.259490599615,-34.2606735998802 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Hutkeeper John Jenks killed by Aboriginal people at his sheep run at Lipson Cove.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-04-14 1851-04-14 135.323527548962,-34.0309806508062 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An Aboriginal man and women die of poisoning on Vaux’s Lake Hamilton station. Investigations suggest that they ate meat laced with arsenic which was going to be used as a bait for wild dogs.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-04-15 1851-04-15 135.820233870613,-34.4161714000777 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Charles Crocker, a shepherd on ‘Kulara station’, killed by Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-03-05 1851-03-05 135.740380907429,-34.4915460461678 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

William Light, a hut keeper on William Peter’s Pelara outstation, speared twice by Aboriginal men who came to his hut asking for water. Although wounded, he survived the attack.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-04-27 1851-04-27 134.844740860125,-33.2194767091725 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Shepherd William Pearce killed by Aboriginal people near Streaky Bay and sheep stolen from his possession.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-10-28 1852-10-28 135.138644399989,-33.763685000311 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In about October of 1852, Coodnaltu allegedly absconded from Tennant’s property with a quantity of flour in his possession.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-10-01 1852-10-01 136.064686927361,-34.3455948027542 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An Aboriginal shepherd reportedly stole a sheep from Andrew Tennant’s property and passed it on to companions who cooked and ate it.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-03-01 1853-03-01 136.110301343703,-34.3449988913266 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Two Aboriginal men steal flour from an Aboriginal shepherd at Salt Creek.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-05-01 1853-05-01 134.875999532575,-33.3398488677778 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A shepherd in the employ of J. T. Symes steals two sheep from his employer.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-03-01 1853-03-01 136.618691300364,-33.6825131002173 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Gathering of Aboriginal tribes from Port Lincoln and the ‘interior’ near Dr McKechnie’s station at Franklin Harbor for a ceremony. Claim that the latter tried to incite those there to kill Dr McKecknie.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1854-09-01 1854-09-01 136.799259282276,-33.6014075999673 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal men Noripa and Nolunna arrested for setting fire to grass.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1854-12-01 1854-12-01 135.163531038261,-33.7890191550914 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Two Aboriginal boys apprehended for ‘setting fire to Maurice’s run’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-03-01 1855-03-01 135.856729899934,-34.7280926000658 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A drunken European entered the hut of an Aboriginal woman and her companions, assaulting them with their own spear and wooden clubs before being subdued.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-04-04 1855-04-04 135.29205438667,-33.8536687467099 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A Chinese shepherd in the employ of P. Maurice was assault when he tried to prevent to Aboriginal men stealing and killing one of the sheep in his care.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-05-01 1855-05-01 134.795535399688,-33.2309861000413 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Two Aboriginal men charged with stealing flour entrusted to them by the Police Sergeant at the Cherriroo Police station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-05-01 1855-05-01 134.997952887762,-33.4376418992578 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Two Abriginal men arrested for breaking into one of Syme’s huts and stealing flour and food.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-05-01 1855-05-01 135.302823599604,-33.7898884003598 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Native Constable Mullalieu assaulted by an Aboriginal prisoner while he was escorting him to Port Lincoln
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-06-01 1855-06-01 136.797978500277,-33.670379699806 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Peter Brown, a shepherd on James McKecknie’s Middle Camp run near Franklin Harbor, was killed by Aboriginal people who stole his flock.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-06-01 1855-06-01 135.863767999861,-34.7385320999222 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Six prisoners escape from Port Lincoln Gaol, four of the six re-captured three days later.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-06-02 1855-06-02 135.874797199611,-34.7277045999603 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Native Constable Mallalieu accidently shot and killed a man named Cowulta, while examining a pistol in the Guard room of the Port Lincoln Police station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-06-13 1855-06-13 135.684853899931,-34.6459065999429 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

The escaped prisoner Mingelta severely wounded while being recaptured by Corporal O’Shanahan.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-06-01 1855-06-01 136.918642299619,-33.6882866000379 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Execution of Ilyalta, Parnkalta, Eenpulta and Wolmilti at Franklin harbour, for the murder of Peter Brown, 14 January 1856. Aboriginal people were assembled to witness the extecution.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1856-01-14 1856-01-14 135.090198360022,-33.463628167909 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Wanyeo and Willena break into Symes hut at Lake Newland and steal food.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-06-01 1855-06-01 135.121910800268,-33.7637136999315 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Coeltie and Makiltie endeavoured to obtain a sheep from a boy in charge of a flock by using 'threatening language'.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-06-01 1855-06-01 134.993227000173,-33.6133615997855 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Flock of sheep driven off Maurice’s run. The shepherd and his wife who were tending the flock fled after a spear was thrown at them.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1856-10-07 1856-10-07 135.122400300351,-33.7631081000544 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mungulta and his wife arrested for spearing a sheep on Maurice’s Lake Hamilton run, but acquitted.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1856-11-01 1856-11-01 134.345856999767,-33.0595815002334 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Flour and a sheep stolen from the Calca run, at the beginning of the month, and another attempt made to steal property toward the end of the month, but the latter attempt was thwarted by the presence of a Police Trooper.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1857-03-01 1857-03-01 134.592019399583,-33.1245867996961 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people from the Gawler Ranges believed responsible for setting fires which damaged two of the pastoral runs in the district, and to be in the district for the purpose of sheep stealing.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1857-12-01 1857-12-01 134.418458099919,-32.8697520000483 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police Trooper Geharty locates a group of Aboriginal people who had threatened a shepherd and stolen his sheep. With European station workers they give chase and run down an old man carrying off one of the sheep. The exhausted man his taken back to the station, but is found dead the next morning, reportedly a consequence of his ‘exertion’ the previous day.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1858-01-14 1858-01-14 134.605572249037,-33.1428845559309 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Report that Gibson and Knox shot three Aboriginal people while travelling to Smoky Bay, although a subsequent investigation suggests that the story had been made up.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1858-05-01 1858-05-01 135.132980799702,-33.4956979001735 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

After an Aboriginal man named Coltoney died, allegations were made that it might have been a result of his employer Andrew Tennant beating him. An investigation found the allegations unproven, but revealed a record of physical punishment being used against Aboriginal workers.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1859-05-01 1859-05-01 134.8951134001,-33.3670567996764 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mr Kent reported that Aboriginal people were being ‘troublesome’ on the Tea Tree Station, stealing two sheep and some flour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1859-06-28 1859-06-28 135.028942819313,-33.3693369961522 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Five ewes and two lambs stolen from Syme’s run and killed. Sgt O’Shanahan believes an Aboriginal shepherd on the run assisted those who stole the sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1859-07-06 1859-07-06 134.886348899894,-33.5874488003581 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Three Lakes station robbed of food and clothing.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1859-07-07 1859-07-07 134.90530909981,-33.5810854999386 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A man named Shepherd speared by Aboriginal people near Fowlers Bay. Two other men, Miller and Ives, were missing and presumed dead, but were later located unharmed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1859-07-01 1859-07-01 137.425367299869,-35.0673383096916 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Protector Moorhouse received information that on 18 July 1853, one of Mr Coutts’s shepherds was driving his sheep from the yard when a number of ‘natives’ appeared and prevented him from doing so. The shepherd reported this to Coutts. The two men returned to the yard and fired on the group. No injuries or deaths were reported.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-07-18 1853-07-18 137.784767900024,-34.8870053801826 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Edward Gibbon (aged around twenty years) was charged at the Police Court in Adelaide with raping ten-year-old, Purt Purrie. The case relied on Aboriginal evidence and was eventually dismissed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1854-10-28 1854-10-28 137.248123000067,-35.0145312898774 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A physical confrontation occurred between John Gall (nephew and assistant overseer of James Coutts) and two Aboriginal men whom Gall alleged ‘snuck up’ on him while he was in his hut.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-01-01 1850-01-01 133.059606000237,-31.8526962002112 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Between 11 August and 27 September 1859, Inspector Holroyd lead a police expedition in the country between Streaky Bay and Fowlers Bay searching for Shepherd’s killer. Miller and Ives, presumed dead, were found alive and well at Yalata. On 6 September he came across a party of sixty Aboriginal people and arrested three because they had European clothing in their possession.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1859-09-06 1859-09-06 135.18138520006,-33.4292399998702 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sgt O’Shanahan reports that Lawrence’s hut at Gum Flat was broken into and that food and clothing was stolen.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1859-07-09 1859-07-09 134.995656699573,-33.6160274999128 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people, without work after lambing season finishes, steal flour from Maurice’s overseer Kent.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1859-07-09 1859-07-09 135.026452653413,-33.5193614821922 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Hutkeeper John Jones killed on 13 May 1860 at Mount Joy near Streaky Bay.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1860-05-13 1860-05-13 135.024324399876,-33.519380900312 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Manyelta was transported via the Yalata to Streaky Bay, where he was executed at the Cooeyanna Police Station before an assembly of Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1860-10-04 1860-10-04 135.87782585971,-34.7211378138908 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Multiple thefts of food and clothing from one of Captain Hawson’s storeroom at Port Lincoln in July and August
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1860-08-09 1860-08-09 134.284581600002,-32.8431743001966 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

PT Poynter struggles with two prisoners he is escorting to Port Lincoln. It is only after he wounds both with his sword and two gunshots, that they are subdued.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1860-08-21 1860-08-21 132.429117400264,-31.9746058001578 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Berggoist, a hutkeeper, was killed at Fowler’s Bay. Two Aboriginal men, Nilgerie and Tilcherie were arrested for the murder and tried before the Supreme Court in August 1861 where they were both found guilty and sentenced to death.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1861-01-19 1861-01-19 135.246053398312,-33.443545102408 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Margaret Implett, the wife of a shepherd working on W. Lawrence's run, killed at Mount Wedge on 2 May 1861. Mangiltie and Karabidnie (Willy) were tried for the offence on 14 August 1861 and sentenced to execution.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1861-05-02 1861-05-02 132.437262200366,-31.9891913996692 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Nilgerie and Tilcherie, sentenced to death for the murder of Theodore Berrgoist, were executed at Fowler’s Bay.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1861-09-07 1861-09-07 134.794172899744,-33.229825500367 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mangeltie and Karabidne, sentenced to death for the murder of Margaret Impett, were executed at the Cherriro Police station
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1861-09-14 1861-09-14 134.582686099614,-33.0366262997614 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A man reported that Aboriginal people were physically assaulted by Thompson's Witera station. He claimed the owner gathered in Aboriginal people for a 'big breakfast', and that six or seven people were allegedly surrounded by station workers and beaten with a big stick allegedly for having stolen some sheep. One of them, he alleged, was 'beaten until he was nearly dead'. Police investigated but could not prove the allegation.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1861-10-01 1861-10-01 134.87794369975,-33.3205280997252 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Hutkeeper William Walker was spear by Meengulta after he refused to give him some flour. Mengulta was eventually apprehended near Lake Gairdner and sentenced to death for the murder.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1862-03-09 1862-03-09 134.277815500062,-32.8210778996741 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Meendinya and Meenbinya arrested by Police Trooper Morris on suspicion of having murdered a hutkeeper named Sheppard at Fowler’ Bay in 1859. While transporting the prisoners to Cooeyanna Police station Meendinya, while resisting the Trooper, was shot and killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1862-04-23 1862-04-23 134.682936400082,-33.2321230001169 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Meengulta executed at Venus Bay for the murder of William Walker
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1862-09-01 1862-09-01 134.894423200212,-33.3124949002435 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In June 1864 Alexander Miller and Russell Barton were arrested for the murder of Meenulta on 20 December 1863. Tried before the Supreme Court in Adelaide, both men were found not guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1863-12-20 1863-12-20 135.283064599771,-33.9220359001929 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Country on the Lake Hamilton run, Port Lincoln district, set alight by two Aboriginal boys. They were apprehended by the police but released with a warning.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-12-18 1865-12-18 134.283308699821,-32.841848700003 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

PT Christopher Provis arrested two Aboriginal men for assault and larceny, while escorting them back to Streaky Bay one of them, Maddia, escaped. He was unable to recapture him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1866-03-03 1866-03-03 136.617316700113,-33.6694943998557 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Neepeeltie arrested for spearing Sarah Swanbury at Franklin Harbour, resulting in the death her unborn child.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1868-07-16 1868-07-16 132.422499400174,-31.957155100211 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

PT Richards requests leniency for allowing a prisoner to escape. Noting that five shepherd's huts, all of which had been left unprotected, have been robbed in the last three months, and he only has a tracker to work with him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1870-02-20 1870-02-20 128.884087398888,-31.6762682612372 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

PT Richards receives report that settlers had shot three or four Aborigines at Eucla, across the border in Western Australia. PT Richards investigates but finds to evidence to corroborate the report
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1873-04-01 1873-04-01 136.33132419985,-32.6411288997696 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

PT Curnow reports hut robberies and sheep killing at Coralbignie, noting that Aboriginal people 'at this time of the year assemble in large bodies on the stations, owing to the outside waters drying up'.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1873-11-01 1873-11-01 128.886000000163,-31.6767999998841 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A well sinker working near Eucla reported being assault by an Aboriginal couple and being struck by a club so severely that he lost the sight in his left eye.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1874-01-01 1874-01-01 128.888000000328,-31.6789999996971 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While Thomas Kennedy was felling a tree he was attacked by a large number of Aboriginal people. He received four spear wounds but managed to get back to his house and get his gun and revolver, at which point they left.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1874-08-01 1874-08-01 128.879999999667,-31.6699999998058 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In April 1875 it was reported that an Aboriginal shepherd fired upon Aboriginal people when they attempted to steal sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1875-04-01 1875-04-01 135.846111400051,-32.0929547998004 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A large group of Aboriginal people robbed several stations and injured a Well Sinker at Koweridda Well before they were dispersed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1882-02-01 1882-02-01 135.34648679969,-32.3379781998208 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reports that Aboriginal people were robbing huts and stations in the Gawler Ranges, and requesting a police presence.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1877-03-01 1877-03-01 135.48608079971,-32.3014993003435 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people reportedly robbing shepherds of rations and clothing on properties in the Gawler Ranges.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1875-08-01 1875-08-01 135.802708399682,-34.7204813302449 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Farmer William Sawyer was fined five pounds for committing an assault upon an Aboriginal girl named Paliana.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-01-01 1850-01-01 135.090198400446,-33.4636282001335 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sheep stolen from Pinkerton's Lake Newland station, but Aboriginal people discharged because no one spoke their language.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-04-02 1853-04-02 135.271891000331,-33.9728947997411 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sheep stolen from Maurice's run and overseer wounded when apprehending the alleged thieves.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-05-02 1853-05-02 136.792479299772,-33.6524626001036 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sheep stolen from McKechnie's run near Framklin Harbor.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-06-01 1853-06-01 134.723423827467,-33.2156546387982 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Native Police Constable, ‘Billy Button’ arrests Aboriginal man for stealing flour at Venus Bay.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-11-01 1855-11-01 134.902074299709,-33.4156420001292 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Native Police Constable ‘Harry’ captures Aboriginal man for stealing sheep at Lake Newland.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-11-01 1855-11-01 135.112596000204,-33.4215845001086 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people set fire to Andrew Tennant's run and are sentenced to two months inprisonment.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1856-04-01 1856-04-01 134.857450099899,-33.3888939001207 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal man arrested for stealing sheep on J. Marchant's Lake Newland run. Semtemced to 3 months imprisonment in Adelaide Gaol.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1862-03-08 1862-03-08 134.693987700185,-32.7690804996991 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal man accused of stealing from an outstation hut on the Chandada property. Station workers tracked him for about 16km before taking him prisoner after a fight. He was reportedly sentenced to twelve months imprisonment.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1866-06-01 1866-06-01 134.636584999593,-32.4849247002377 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Station worker, William Knox, killed by Aboriginal man, Winginia, in a fight. The motive was the Europeans refusal to satisfactorily recompense Wilginia for having sex with his wife.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1876-12-15 1876-12-15 135.52490379979,-32.3802664997931 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reports that hundreds of Aboriginal people were coming into the Gawler ranges because of the drought and that a clash had occurred on Yardea station in which one man was killed and another injured
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1882-03-01 1882-03-01 134.946602500159,-31.1415172996189 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Flour, tea and sugar stolen by an Aboriginal man from a store on the Harrold Brothers' Arcoodaby Station. Sentenced to 12 months imprisonment
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1883-01-01 1883-01-01 135.863086699583,-31.0570004002432 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reports that Aboriginal people North-West of Lake Gairdner were starving and forced by starvation to steal property or sheep from Coondambo station
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1884-08-01 1884-08-01 136.294532700259,-32.4198268997623 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A sheep stolen and killed on Kolendo station in the Gawler Ranges.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1884-12-01 1884-12-01 136.249357100154,-31.2108921001931 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people from the north-west were reportedly coming south and had stolen and killed sheep on Wirraminna station, before returning north.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1887-03-01 1887-03-01 136.485563099774,-32.5264070997515 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal men arrested for stealing sheep on Nonning station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1889-01-01 1889-01-01 135.787931300108,-31.9362840000621 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Three Aboriginal men stole food from a hut on Kumberta station. When Archie Beviss found out he gave them each 40 lashes with a stockwhip. Police charged him with assault and he was fined
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1895-01-01 1895-01-01 134.112418299906,-32.0815103003652 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sub-Protector at Port Augusta reports that about 300 Aboriginal people from the north had come into the district in a starving condition because of the drought.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1898-01-01 1898-01-01 135.882673699887,-34.7531040996985 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reported abduction of five Aboriginal women and men from Port Lincoln area by European sealers. Claimed that they took them to a nearby Island where they killed the two men.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1834-01-01 1834-01-01 134.238761100252,-32.7908364997379 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Believed that three crewmen of the whaling vessel Abeona, left ashore in late 1846, were killed by Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-01-01 1846-01-01 138.012496646529,-32.3104371861189 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

When two of Mr Tennant’s shepherds, Donald Scott and Charles Whitney, and some sheep went missing in February 1846, the shepherds were initially thought to have absconded. Their remains were found in July 1846. Nakhunda Biddeah (aka Bitherri Pirria) and Meiya Mukarta (aka Taikurri Pirria) were tried at the Supreme Court in March 1847 but liberated due to the lack of an efficient interpreter. This case raised concerns about subjecting Aboriginal people who did not understand English, and for whom no interpreter was available, to British law.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-02-06 1846-02-06 138.013756000116,-32.4672940003747 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Anderson, Mr Tennant’s overseer, stated that Aboriginal people had ‘appeared on the rocks near Mt Brown & had pelted him with stones’. Being alone, he did not fire. When joined by a shepherd, the two Europeans fired, ‘but without effect’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-04-26 1846-04-26 137.506039300217,-34.4241755196331 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

When two Aboriginal men were given dinner for helping Rogers’ employees erect a hut, Kurrawampa and others took it away from them. The overseer, Mr Elliot, took the dinner back, causing Kurrawampa and others to threaten him with spears. William Stephenson fetched a gun. Kurrawampa threw a spear at Elliot. Stephenson shot Kurrawampa in the legs. Kurrawampa was cared for by the men at the station and made a full recovery.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-01-04 1855-01-04 137.518923500367,-34.3296840701864 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Tittawitta, Tommy Gumflat and Jemmy Pointpiercer were charged with stealing 213 sheep from Mr Rogers, 22 August 1855. They admitted the charge and were sentenced to six months imprisonment with hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1856-08-22 1856-08-22 137.885651800228,-33.9907241402945 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Eyre Peninsula man, Maltalta, was speared by Tukkurm, Nyalta Wkkanin and Kanger Worli as he travelled through Yorke Peninsula on his way from Adelaide to his country. Aboriginal witnesses told the court that Maltalta was killed because he was a stranger, and that it was customary among them to kill strangers as they did not like strangers passing through their country.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-02-11 1851-02-11 137.59846149984,-34.766412589807 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

After fatally shooting an Aboriginal man, Anstey’s overseer, George Penton, removed all the weapons and utensils left behind by the group who fled on his appearance.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-01-20 1849-01-20 137.640361999624,-32.1398949997781 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Having persuaded a woman to show them water and confronting two men and a boy armed with spears, explorer John Horrocks and ST Gill ascended a nearby hill. The Europeans realised they were being observed carefully by several groups of Aboriginal people. After drinking again from the waterhole and watering their horses, they passed a ‘very ferocious and threatening’ man and were followed and threatened by six men armed with spears. Gill and Horrocks fired to frighten the men, who reportedly were not afraid. The men laughed at Gill and Horrocks, and set fire to the scrub.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-08-22 1846-08-22 138.011558197213,-32.3243355206334 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reporting on the first quarter of 1851, Protector Moorhouse stated that the Mount Arden locality had been ‘recently occupied’ and 170 of Mr Brown’s sheep had reportedly been taken by ‘the natives’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-01-01 1851-01-01 138.121150768227,-32.1345702456785 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reporting on the first quarter of 1851, Protector Moorhouse stated that the Mount Arden locality had been ‘recently occupied’ and one hundred and seventy of Mr Brown’s sheep had reportedly been taken by ‘the natives’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-01-01 1851-01-01 138.681825648746,-31.7170178410113 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people in the ‘extreme north’ took 500 of Craig’s sheep, of which they killed and ate 50 sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-01-01 1851-01-01 138.087778683307,-32.093366964358 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In October 1852, Benjamin Ragless deposed that since the withdrawal of the police in the Mount Remarkable district due to the Victorian gold rush, Aboriginal people have ‘become very daring’. They took two hundred sheep in May 1852, none of which were recovered.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-05-01 1852-05-01 138.130972910713,-32.0986273050034 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Benjamin Ragless deposed that Aboriginal people in the district had ‘become very daring’ since the withdrawal of police (due to the Victorian gold rush). One hundred and twenty sheep were taken in July 1852. The three Europeans who attempted to recover these sheep were attacked with spears and stones. The Europeans were forced to retreat.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-07-01 1852-07-01 138.042347731692,-32.3282661123191 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On Sunday, 19 September, 16-year-old James Brown went out with a large flock of sheep. He was unarmed. When James did not return with the sheep that evening, a search commenced. His brother, John Brown, and a shepherd, John McCrorey, found his naked and mutilated body on the morning of 20 September.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-09-19 1852-09-19 137.649027268331,-32.1174003187725 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

At the instigation of John Brown (brother of James Brown), a group of fifteen Europeans (including Police Constable Phillips) and two Aboriginal men (Melia and Mt Brown Tommy) tracked the sheep belonging to James Brown. On the third day, Aboriginal people and the sheep were found ‘on top of a high range of hills near Lake Torrens’. According to European depositions taken by Protector Moorhouse, four Aboriginal men were shot dead after refusing arrest and throwing a boomerang, spears and stones at the Europeans. Oral histories and written reminiscences suggest the number of Aboriginal people killed was higher than reported.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-09-23 1852-09-23 138.171547708242,-31.7518727612091 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Oakden’s party was breaking up his station and returning south. While sleeping under a dray, Aboriginal people approached, and one of his party fired a shot at the group upon which they dispersed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-03-01 1852-03-01 138.601488000449,-32.745228900125 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police arrest Perrie and Narrie, for the assault of William Swan on 25 January 1852. It is reported that they resisted arrest, and attacked a Native Constable, upon which the Corporal fired, slightly wounding Narrie in the shoulder.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-01-25 1852-01-25 138.860473700029,-33.0689107001432 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 2 September 1852, 75 sheep were found to be missing from the flocks of James Logan on his Gumbowie Station. They were tracked 20 miles and found in possession of Wummoorda, alias Billy. Logan and labourer Joseph West took him into custody.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-09-02 1852-09-02 138.591531699966,-32.7501378002749 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

William Swan, overseer on Maurice's station at Pekina assaulted by two Aboriginal men on 24 January 1852 as he attempted to drive them from the station. It was reported that Swan struck one of the men with a yam stick, and was then struck himself.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-01-24 1852-01-24 138.112529645428,-32.1713821277745 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sheep driven of Raglass’ station at Mount Arden
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-03-01 1852-03-01 138.654795700275,-31.3298363999043 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Shepherd Robert Richardson killed by Aboriginal people at Younguna, about 9 kilometres South East of Hayward’s Aroona station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-03-14 1852-03-14 138.001572833535,-32.0667138440298 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal man named Williamy was killed about six miles north of Mount Arden. His killer was reported to be a man known as Irish Jack, a shepherd employed by Mr Raglass.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-03-01 1852-03-01 137.865342099888,-32.2611505997116 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While the owners were away from the station, Aboriginal people wrenched the doors of the huts open and stole flour, tea, sugar tobacco and items of clothing.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-02-23 1853-02-23 137.97560651731,-32.4389325745329 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In mid-May it was reported that Robertson, a shepherd in the employ of Mr Patterson, had disappeared, believed murdered, but subsequent investigations showed that he had merely left his employment.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-05-01 1855-05-01 139.319394200257,-29.82535279979 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On the night of 6 June Mr James Thomas's suspicion was aroused and he went out with his rifle to investigate - saw an Aboriginal man carrying away a calf on his shoulders. He fired at the man, who dropped the calf and ran off. A trail of blood indicated that the shot hit its mark, but he did not known whether or not it was fatal.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1857-06-06 1857-06-06 138.844667551551,-30.5595117718276 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A shepherd by the name of James Mitchell, working on an outstation of Angepena, about 12 miles out from Mr Baker's head station, killed by Aboriginal people. The body of an Aboriginal man was found buried nearby.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1856-10-01 1856-10-01 138.74214130014,-30.7599304003801 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In December 1856, Inspector Holroyd arrested Putaba Bob, for the murder of James Mitchell at Angipena. In the course of the arrest the suspect was severely wounded and later died at Melrose Police Station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1856-12-27 1856-12-27 138.857621600206,-30.541522099708 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police Troopers Coward and Hack, together with three men from Baker’s station at Mt Serle, started out on the morning of 15 October in pursuit of alleged cattle killers. They tracked them to a gorge where Coward claims he called upon them to stand but they made up the rocks. Coward fired and the shot reportedly hit one of the Aboriginal men. No one was apprehended.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1857-10-15 1857-10-15 139.454117004801,-30.2028098564207 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 6 June 1858, Aboriginal people came to an outstation on John Jacob's station and started throwing stones at the three men present. They were fired upon and retreated, at which time the stockkeeper rode to Taggart's station for assistance. While the stockkeeper was away Aboriginal people rushed the hut spearing both men, they then set fire to the hut forcing the men to flee.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1858-06-06 1858-06-06 139.732579999727,-30.5172262998887 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 8 June, Corporal Burtt and PT Simpson, with the assistance of station workers, track the alleged attackers of Jacob’s men to Arkaroola Creek. Two Aboriginal men were shot and killed while resisting arrest.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1858-06-08 1858-06-08 139.101623799699,-30.2204928999142 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Cattle killing on Stuckey’ station. Plans for additional men to patrol the area.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1860-03-01 1860-03-01 139.455142299645,-30.2058229003452 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Jacob's overseer, Ball, reportedly had been providing food to Aboriginal people on the station, but when they were caught cattle killing he reportedly drove them off the run.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1859-04-01 1859-04-01 138.308699100071,-30.7049301002419 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

James Williams, overseer at Mount Deception fired twice at a man named Larry.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1859-07-01 1859-07-01 138.509376599948,-30.9538766996995 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 1 December 1862, Harry Hammond was driving his cart near Nuccaleena when he noticed that a bag of meat missing from his dray. An Aboriginal man, Robert, and his wife, Mary Ann, were nearby and he accused them of stealing the meat. Robert said that he had not stolen it, upon which Hammond struck him on the head with the blunt end of his stock whip. Robert stumbled away, collapsed and died.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1862-12-01 1862-12-01 138.300618384883,-30.1992659199919 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Seven or eight cattle reportedly killed and eaten by Aboriginal people on ‘Glenn's run near St A' Beckett's’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1863-05-01 1863-05-01 138.229507100205,-29.7334353003169 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 28 May 1863 they killed two beasts on A. Mathews Mundowadna station, also threatening him with violence and compelling him to return home.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1863-05-28 1863-05-28 138.302136800021,-30.2047025996993 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 27 July, police troopers travelling with one of Glenn's stockkeepers, came upon a party of about forty Aboriginal men near Red Hill who were said to be in possession of stolen property. After waddies and boomerangs were allegedly thrown at them, the party fired on them with revolvers. Wauchop reports that some were no doubt struck, but doesn’t know how many.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1863-07-27 1863-07-27 136.069646800031,-28.4744767999251 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 1 July 1863 Mrs Jarvis, the wife of the Superintendant of Messrs Levi and Co's Mount Margaret Station, was allegedly 'rushed' by an Aboriginal man who reportedly attempted to rape her. On the following day the same Aboriginal man returned and threw a boomerang at her before being frightened off by the arrival of an armed station worker.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1863-07-01 1863-07-01 139.248834599742,-28.3851224002964 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Responding to recent reports of violence and threats in the Far Northern districts, Police Commissioner Warburton mounted a police expedition ‘to secure the safety of the lives and property of the settlers on the South Eastern and Eastern side of Lake Eyre. Three different parties patrolled the area in the period between early August and the middle of October. No reports of clashes or confrontations from any of their expeditionary parties.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1863-08-01 1863-08-01 139.128446099898,-30.2326926001753 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On about 8 January 1864, Pompey was alleged to have led a party of Aborigines in robbing an outstation on the Umberatana property of Samuel Stuckey, and killing one Stuckey’s Aboriginal station workers. Stuckey confronted Pompey and as Pompey ran away, Stuckey fired and killed him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1864-01-08 1864-01-08 138.874389900049,-30.5078960999568 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Shepherds reportedly attacked by two Aboriginal men, beaten with waddies and boomerangs and had his rations stolen.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-04-01 1865-04-01 138.381475200126,-30.8237677996786 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 27 November, a party of forty to fifty Aboriginal people stole sheep from Capt McKay's run near Beltana. A second shepherd, Frew, was attacked near Werrionta Creek. Six or seven men sought refuge in the station kitchen and fired upon the party. McKay, the overseer Matheson, and one other man tracked them Werrionta Creek where they were found cooking the sheep. When attacked with waddies and boomerangs, McKay said they were forced to use firearms, resulting in the death of three Aboriginal people and the wounding of others.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1863-11-27 1863-11-27 139.549026169626,-29.9713061376185 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

John Walter Jerrold, a shepherd working for John Jacob, near Mount Fitton, went missing, and another shepherd, Harris had sheep stolen. It was later revealed that Jerrold had been killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-04-13 1865-04-13 138.315061841177,-30.4348285033928 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

McConville refers to his Mt Scott station being 'overrun’ and ‘plundered’ by Aboriginal people ‘from the North West'.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-05-01 1865-05-01 139.249317961636,-28.3884704746779 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Report that a party of Dean’s men, in endeavouring to recover stolen sheep, had been ‘repulsed’ by the Aboriginal people in possession of them.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-12-04 1865-12-04 139.402906699585,-27.7838877997805 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

William Dean’s party of ten station workers, looking for stolen cattle, attacked in the early hours of the morning by a party of about 160 Aboriginal people. One station worker killed, and three others injured in the clash. At least four Aboriginal people killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-12-08 1865-12-08 139.257345999616,-29.9102399996903 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In attempting to arrest Paralana Jacky and Paralana Tommy for the murder of John Walter Jerrold, the latter is shot and later dies.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-09-28 1865-09-28 139.372696699736,-27.7564693997576 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mr Dean of Perigundee station reported that Aboriginal people were killing cattle on his run and had attacked one of his men, who fired at them, killing one person.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-11-15 1865-11-15 138.261040899677,-30.4460538999475 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

McConville describes a series of attacks on his Mount Scott station, in one of which he describes his shepherd's huts and tents being plundered.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1866-06-01 1866-06-01 138.232545100088,-30.4546369001149 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

McConville reports that 1800 sheep were driven off his run and that a shepherd was attacked and so severely 'maltreated him that he is not expected to live'.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1866-12-01 1866-12-01 139.248153400075,-28.3882040999648 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A Police Expeditionary force, eventually numbering 15 men in total, assembled at Lake Hope in December 1865 and January 1866 to assist in the recovery of cattle that had been stolen.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-12-25 1865-12-25 139.280703200422,-28.3987062003245 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reports of cattle killing on Elder and Dean’s Lake Hope run. Police arrest two Aboriginal suspects, but they are released because they could not be identified.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1868-06-20 1868-06-20 139.225771599887,-28.3555103996269 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

William Rookes tracked a mob of cattle driven off Elder, Dean and Hack's station and came upon a group of Aborigines killing a beast. A confrontation ensured in which Rookes reported firing upon them, but then fled when he ran out of ammunition. No indication of deaths or injuries.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1868-07-20 1868-07-20 138.6837750001,-28.5861306996368 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Moravian missionaries endeavour to establish a mission camp at Lake Kopperamanna, but hearing rumours that Aboriginal people gathered at Lake Perigundee planned to murder them, they sought refuge further south on Bucaltinnana station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1867-03-01 1867-03-01 138.405507800176,-30.7922160996828 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal man, Peter Franklin (aka Port Lincoln Peter) allegedly killed by Warrakimbo Reuben and three others near Beltana. Tried for the murder in the Supreme Court, Warrakimbo Reuben was found not guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1867-11-13 1867-11-13 138.275968500299,-31.1890291997124 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Killing of James Wade on the Beltana run on 5 August 1868, allegedly by Aboriginal man named Warrakimbo Reuben. Reportedly Wade was killed trying to take Reuben into custody on suspicion that he was wanted for an earlier killing of Aboriginal man Peter Franklin.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1868-08-05 1868-08-05 139.54642200033,-29.971796799945 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reports that 94 sheep had been driven off and that rations and cooking utensils had been stolen from shepherd’s huts.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1869-03-18 1869-03-18 139.101623799699,-30.2267967999702 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reports that 600 sheep were driven off Elder’s Umberatana run and that while police tried to track them, they failed because of the difficult terrain.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1869-06-01 1869-06-01 138.232597000253,-29.7320937003506 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 11 September Debney and Woodford were involved in a fight with Aboriginal people in a camp on their station. Woodford, when surrounded, used his revolver and fired three shots. Two people were killed. A later report in October notes that the station burnt down. Some believed that Aboriginal people had set the fire, but others regarded it as accidental.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1868-09-11 1868-09-11 139.447054300018,-29.5532185002524 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reports of numerous hut robberies on Blanchewater station, and other stations in the district, as well as the robbing of a ration dray and sheep theft.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1869-01-01 1869-01-01 140.734365800267,-27.7410281002294 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reports that there was a large mob of cattle about 180 miles north of Gason's Killalpaninna camp and that a drover might have been killed. Aboriginal reports say that the whitemen had returned to Queensland having wounded three Aboriginal people. Aboriginal people reportedly attacked them in return, but without killing anyone.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1871-08-01 1871-08-01 138.171706700166,-30.8403204000486 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police Trooper Gregory reports that five huts have been robbed in the Mount Deception region by 'Lake Hope’ Aboriginal people en route to the ochre fields at Parachilna.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1870-10-01 1870-10-01 138.557356300196,-28.5965965997608 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On the night of 21 April 1871 the Killalpaninna mission was surrounded by a Pinya expedition, reportedly intent on payback for the death of ‘Charley’ at a ceremony in March. The Aboriginal people on the mission were said to have crowded onto missionary Homann's verandah where they remain until the Pinya party departs the next day.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1871-04-22 1871-04-22 139.033233300014,-27.7156998999372 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Hut robbing in the Lake Hope area, but Police Trooper Smith unable to patrol bevause of the drought and condition of the horses.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1873-06-01 1873-06-01 135.903431399941,-28.2470885000228 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Henry Graham, a cook on Cowarie Station disappeared while travelling in the vicinity of Kopperamanna. His body was later discovered by a surveyor
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1877-10-01 1877-10-01 140.140370999996,-28.7946834996211 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In March 1878 Logic, an Aboriginal stockman, was working with Cornelius Mulhall on the boundary of Tingatingana station when a fight between the two men ensued and Mulhall was killed. Logic fled the district but returned in 1880, was recognized and taken into custody. Logic was tried in February 1881, found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to 14 years hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1878-03-25 1878-03-25 138.338507499987,-27.6979535002757 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

W. J. Paull writes to the Commissioner of Police suggesting that the failure to capture or punish Graham's killers has emboldened the Aboriginal people of the district. Queensland Aboriginal people reportedly in the district after massacres on the Queensland side of the border.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1880-05-01 1880-05-01 138.775833399998,-28.4751470996137 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police Trooper Henry Quincy-Smith was at Cooper's Creek searching for the body of Henry Graham when a number of Aboriginal people came into their camp fleeing a Pinya party. Quincy-Smith, with the assistance of three other Europeans, dispersed the Pinya party. Discovered that Aboriginal had been killed three miles from their camp by the Pinya party which numbered 100 to 150 people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1877-12-01 1877-12-01 138.560389900131,-28.6260383997045 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An Aboriginal stockman known as Jacky charged with murdering a European stockman, Richard Marrick of Cadelgo station. He was found guilty and sentenced to death, but the sentence was later commuted to life imprionment.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1889-10-05 1889-10-05 141.410936599893,-31.586288900205 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A dispute between Mr Lake and an Aboriginal man which began on 14 July 1863, escalated the following day, and in an ensuring fight Lake was speared in the back and two aboriginal men were killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-07-14 1865-07-14 138.1393799003,-32.0496584801341 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An Aboriginal man was killed by a shepherd in the Mount Arden district. Protector Moorhouse investigated, but on arriving at the station, he learned the shepherd had left the district.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-01-01 1852-01-01 138.920712000189,-34.2361870001799 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A flock of sheep ‘forcibly taken possession of by a party of natives’ were recovered ‘through the courage and persevering efforts’ of two shepherds who beat the Aboriginal men off with stout saplings. Frederick Dutton stated that ‘the blacks so severely injured one shepherd while alone in charge of his flock that his life was despaired of for some time’ but that he would recover.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-06-16 1841-06-16 137.469653499571,-27.8049895997525 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While conducting survys north of Lake Eyre. W. H. Cornish discovers the body of the missing man Henry Graham. He subsequently has a series of tense encounters with Queensland Aboriginal people, but without incident.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1878-01-01 1878-01-01 138.900961473265,-34.2320824511282 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 2 August 1841, as Aboriginal man Worta cooked meat on a fire near his wurley, he was shot dead by Mr Peter’s stock-keeper, William Roach, in the presence of Worta’s daughter, Katta Murtanna, and Roach’s companions, William Wilson and Edward Cross. Missionary Christian Teichelmann learned of his murder and informed the authorities. The Europeans were arrested but Roach was ultimately acquitted.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-08-02 1841-08-02 138.417788669323,-34.1457130267075 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

James Hawker recorded in his diary on 15 December that ‘The natives have attacked Robinson’s station on the Wakefield and killed 16 sheep’ and that the Police were out ‘after them’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-12-15 1841-12-15 138.96537985902,-34.189331798798 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In December 1839, overlander Captain John Finnis arrived in the area of what is now known as Kapunda. The name given to ‘Mt Dispersion’ suggests a confrontation with Aboriginal people may have occurred in that location. The name seemingly changed after 1841, coinciding with FH Dutton’s purchase of Captain Finnis’s run (Anlaby). The nearby plains were named Waterloo Plains, and Mt Dispersion became Waterloo Hill.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-12-01 1839-12-01 138.692321001282,-34.0690637440955 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

John Horrocks captured two women as a ‘lure’ for the Aboriginal men responsible for attacking his shepherd. No men came forward, and police escorted the women to Adelaide to speak with Captain Jack (Kadlitpinna), through whom (Horrocks thought) the Europeans could learn who was responsible. One of the women escaped before reaching Adelaide.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-02-01 1840-02-01 138.689058620208,-34.0265747969087 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A group of nine Aboriginal men passing a hut of John Hope and Robertson speared the Europeans’ dog and adopted a menacing attitude towards three Europeans who confronted them.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-12-06 1841-12-06 138.655790900659,-33.9256838038116 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Shepherd John Thicket was confronted by 6 or 7 men while out with his sheep. He was struck on the head and face with waddies, speared in the back and wounded by a sharp instrument on the right side under his bottom rib, but recovered from his injuries.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-02-13 1840-02-13 138.685377776924,-34.0272122269721 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 9 December a group of about 50 Aboriginal men drove 150 sheep from one of Hope’s flocks. In attempting to recover the sheep, the Europeans were attacked with spears and waddies and forced to run ‘for their lives’. Later that day, 12 men with firearms and one unarmed man confronted between 20-30 Aboriginal men. In the ensuing fight, an Aboriginal man fell and was possibly killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-12-09 1841-12-09 138.676908461324,-33.9301799806569 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 18 February, a party at Horrocks’ station consisting of Police Constable Cotterell, Mr Edwards, Corporal Deane and Thomas Flannery shot dead an Aboriginal man supposedly responsible for the attack on Horrocks’ shepherd John Thicket five days earlier.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-02-18 1840-02-18 138.89910630488,-33.8901521422729 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 21 July 1843, Keri Warritya (alias Henry) was found guilty for stealing 10 sheep belonging to Mr Edward Peter and others. He was sentence to 12 months imprisonment, the first and last weeks to be in solitary confinement.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-01-01 1843-01-01 138.612567017171,-33.8334831187241 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Two Aboriginal men attempted to separate 200-300 sheep from a flock belonging to EB Gleeson while other Aboriginal men speared sheep. Gleeson’s shepherd fired, killing one man, wounding another and shooting a dog belonging to the group, after which 200 Aboriginal people (with very few women) surrounded the station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-01-01 1840-01-01 138.585246921846,-33.8088434427904 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mr Jacob’s hutkeeper, George Gregory, shot a woman known by the name of Maria whom he had seized for supposedly participating in taking some sheep belonging to Mr Hughes. Gregory was indicted on a charge of manslaughter but the jury found him not guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-01-25 1843-01-25 138.346557868288,-33.7792063868679 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Three Aboriginal men approached hutkeeper John Wood at his hut on Magpie Creek and asked him for flour. On refusal, the men ‘rushed’ Wood and one man, possibly Kertamera (alias Charley), took 30 pounds of flour. The following day the police found Kertamera and some other Aboriginal people with flour a short distance from Wood’s hut. Kertamera was arrested. He appeared at the Supreme Court Criminal Sittings on 5 July and was found not guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-03-05 1844-03-05 138.61980691105,-33.7464356684017 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Following the death of the Aboriginal man (shot by Mark Richards) at an outstation on Bungaree, Aboriginal people threatened Europeans at Campbell’s cattle station and set fire to the surrounding country.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-03 1842-02-03 138.617300764121,-33.7493381542853 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people spear several of Campbell’s calves and gather in large numbers in the vicinity of Campbell’s cattle station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-11 1842-02-11 138.564543869905,-33.7084725951987 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

During the night some Aboriginal people attacked the Hawkers’ outstation and rushed the sheep. Shepherds fired shots and wounded some Aboriginal people, all of whom ran away.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-21 1842-02-21 138.619627917238,-33.7521909341554 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Katamia, alias Jemmy, was charged with wilfully and maliciously killing or assisting in killing a calf, the property of Charles Fox Campbell. Katamia had previously been at the Hawkers’ station where he had been employed as a native constable.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-09-25 1842-09-25 138.56804453899,-33.6286075813172 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A hutkeeper at one of the Hawker brothers’ outstations, Mark Richards, shot an Aboriginal man through the heart and smashed his skull after he entered the sheep fold during the night.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-02 1842-02-02 138.597470132627,-33.6131030862709 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

According to James Hawker, a group of Aboriginal people rushed a mob of sheep early on the morning of 3 December 1841. One of the Hawker brothers’ shepherds fired four shots and the group ran away.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-12-03 1841-12-03 138.603497229007,-33.5288897161703 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While looking for an outstation, George and James Hawker suddenly encountered a large group of Aboriginal people whom they made give up all their spears. This is stated in a context in which James notes ‘we always went about well armed’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-07-25 1842-07-25 138.133193999744,-33.3999519997694 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An Aboriginal man known to the settlers as Peter was beaten so severely that he died. The body of Peter’s son (aged 12-14 years) was subsequently found nearby. Protector Moorhouse initially suspected poisoning but subsequently deduced Peter’s son died of starvation and cold. The Police Commissioner and Attorney General were also involved in the investigations and the case was tried at the Supreme Court in September 1845.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-08-18 1845-08-18 138.607101965223,-33.3500350950569 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An Aboriginal man was shot by Skelton at Cotilleery, an outstation of John Bristow Hughes. It was dark and Skelton claimed he thought he was shooting at a wild dog. The man died on the night of 20 June and Skelton was tried for the crime.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-06-18 1843-06-18 138.993485143888,-33.4195253471587 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

At Wortappa, John Hallett’s sheep station near Mt Bryan, a group of five Europeans led by William Moore Carter made a dawn raid on a group of Aboriginal people who had taken some sheep. Two Aboriginal people were killed, and another two injured. On hearing of the confrontation Governor Grey ordered an investigation. Spratt, Smith and Pritt were committed on the charge of feloniously killing Ngunnirri Burka and Mary Ann. Despite the determined efforts of government officials, Carter escaped arrest, aided by Edward Leake, a pastoralist stationed at Mt Gambier.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-07-13 1844-07-13 138.971594149035,-33.142349856779 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

George Halliday, a shepherd of Mr JB Hughes, was assaulted by Tangko Malaitya (alias King Williamy) who speared and beat him when Halliday refused to give him a dead sheep he was carrying.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-05-09 1844-05-09 138.88886704137,-33.4322260043307 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Pootawamimka, a member of the Too-rong-doon group, was shot by Thomas Murray, a stockman employed by John Harris, on 3 January 1843, near Mt Bryan. Harris informed the police of the conflict on 8 January, and he and Murray gave depositions to the Resident Magistrate in Adelaide on 9 January. Edward Eyre, the Magistrate based at Moorundie, heard of Pootawamimka’s murder from some Aboriginal people from the Mt Bryan district. The account provided by Harris and Murray differed greatly from the account given by those who spoke with Eyre and Moorhouse was instructed to investigate.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-01-03 1843-01-03 138.574025051434,-33.1017287310511 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

The brother of a man wounded on 4 February threatened the shepherd responsible. The shepherd stated that he retreated and asked the man to lay down his waddy, but when he continued to advance, the shepherd fired and wounded him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-02-15 1847-02-15 138.572052874788,-33.1000611782186 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An unnamed shepherd, working on a station near Mount Locke, saw some Aboriginal people tracking sheep from a flock. When he went to investigate, he received a blow on the head with a waddy. He fired at and injured the man who struck him. Moorhouse and Corporal Power visited the wounded Aborigine on Browne's station where he was receiving medical attention.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-02-04 1847-02-04 138.250896544075,-33.020031950273 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people took ten sheep belonging to the White brothers and threw a spear at shepherd, William Richardson.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-11-05 1844-11-05 138.915654911839,-34.3405683811741 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Wortpu Pari (alias Jemmy Critchell) was shot by either Charles Jacques or Jeremiah Nicholls. The previous evening, a group of around 12 Aboriginal people asked to purchase alcohol from the publican of the North Kapunda Arms. On being refused, some of the group threw several stones, breaking windows, a clock and wounding a customer on the forehead. Several hours later, a group of up to six Europeans went to the wurlies, and Wortpu Pari was shot through the ribs. At the Coroner’s Court the Jury returned a verdict of wilful murder against Charles Jacques and Jeremiah Nicholls and committed them for trial.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-05-11 1851-05-11 138.251923928401,-33.0202178725156 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

After learning that thirty sheep had been taken and shepherd, John Keyan, had been assaulted, Samuel and Edwin White, and their overseer, William Moore Carter, went in pursuit of those they presumed were responsible. Carter rode at full gallop at a group of Aboriginal people with a stockwhip in his hand and pistol in his belt. No deaths were reported. Carter was subsequently dismissed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-11-05 1844-11-05 138.250926109428,-33.020812821509 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Thirty sheep were taken from the White brothers’ shepherd, John Keyan, who was held down by two men.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-11-05 1844-11-05 138.288216969909,-33.0164595763028 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Twenty-two sheep were reported as taken from Mr Robinson’s station (located two miles from the Whites’ station) during the night of 6 August 1846.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-08-06 1846-08-06 138.252123492735,-33.0209057822325 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Marawaritya (alias Coodmannin Warninna) broke into the hut of Police Constable Eastwood. Three weeks earlier, Eastwood missed a lamp and provisions, which were found in Marawaritya’s wurley. When the case went to court, Protector Moorhouse said Marwaritya had not come into much contact with Europeans. He was found not guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-08-19 1845-08-19 138.113726999989,-32.9237699997747 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Native Constable Charley, a man from the Broughton district, was killed by Manooka Bidea (alias Billy), either in revenge for the role he played in apprehending those involved in Whitney and Scott’s deaths, or for killing the sister of Manooka Bidea.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-11-08 1846-11-08 138.096017546901,-33.0529210071435 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 24 December 1846, Ferguson’s shepherd, Joseph Pilcher, realised 270 sheep were missing from one of the flocks in the vicinity of a new station being formed at Telowie. Shepherd, Joseph Coles, and hutkeeper, Henry Gray, subsequently found eighty sheep in a steep gully, where they were yarded in a brush fence. Pero, his wife and child were the only people there. They were skinning a sheep. The following day the Europeans took Pero and his wife and child ‘into custody’ and transported them to Ferguson’s head station. Pero was tried at the Supreme Court for stealing sheep, but was liberated due to a lack of an interpreter.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-12-24 1846-12-24 138.107391999757,-33.0370329999288 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Several Aboriginal people died as a result of a confrontation between Peter Ferguson, Joseph Pilcher and Joseph Coles, and an Aboriginal group. In court, the Europeans stated that whilst recovering some stolen sheep, they surprised the group in a steep gully in the early hours of the morning. They alleged that they were compelled, for their own safety, to fire. Aboriginal witnesses informed Protector Moorhouse that two men and one woman had died.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-12-26 1846-12-26 138.444334564197,-33.0371049237572 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Price Maurice’s overseer, FJ Hayward, reported to his employer in mid-December 1847 that the ‘Blacks were very troublesome’ at one of the stations, Appila. They took seven sheep, flour, tea, sugar and more. They were led by a man known as ‘Billy’ who had recently been tried for the murder of Native Constable Charley in November 1847.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-12-01 1847-12-01 138.556820832421,-32.771979557641 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

JF Hayward informed his employer, Price Maurice, that ‘the blacks’ were very troublesome in mid-December 1847, and that one hundred sheep had been taken by ‘Yellowman’ and ‘Charlie’ from the Pekina station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-12-01 1848-12-01 138.801855251872,-32.6906374038939 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

After 200 sheep went missing in January 1848, Price Maurice’s overseer, JF Hayward, accompanied by the police stationed at Mount Remarkable, found a group of women and children and a quantity of mutton. They stated that the sheep, and the men who took them, were in the neighbourhood of Mount Brown. On arriving at that location, Hayward realised he had been deceived. After eventually taking Charley prisoner, Hayward took him to Burra, where the magistrate refused to sentence Charley due to the lack of evidence.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-01-01 1848-01-01 138.16034384456,-32.9543306256296 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 22 April 1848, Corporal Lang from the Mount Remarkable Police Station and Captain Watts’s overseer from White’s Creek arrived in Burra with four Aboriginal men suspected of having stolen over one hundred sheep. The Resident Magistrate thought the evidence was inconclusive, but was informed by the Attorney General that the men should be tried at the Supreme Court Criminal Sittings in June. The bill against Toby, Tommy, Frying Pan and Rosy Wine was dismissed due to unsatisfactory evidence.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-04-01 1848-04-01 138.333288823582,-32.9156003869637 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

14-year-old William Hart did not return with his flock of sheep on 23 June 1848. His body was found in a wombat hole in mid-July. A waddy with blood on it and a broken digging stick with blood and human hair were found near William’s body. The waddy and digging stick were thought to be the weapons used to kill him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-06-01 1848-06-01 138.291449559256,-33.0973850176518 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Warria (alias Munberry Billy) was arrested for William Hart’s murder. While travelling to Adelaide in custody of Police Constables Whish and Batham, Warria was mounted on a horse due to his fatigued state. According to their depositions, the horse was startled, Warria fell, and the horse trampled and kicked him, causing immediate death. Governor Robe instructed that ‘very careful enquiry’ be made into the case, which potentially implicated the two constables. Dr Webb conducted a post-mortem examination.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-12-17 1849-12-17 138.238580927194,-33.3330662211641 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 28 January 1849, a Chinese shepherd employed by Mr Younghusband did not return with his flocks. Nothing was heard from him. Police searched for the body, but didn’t find it. The shepherd was presumed killed by Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-01-28 1849-01-28 138.076392855983,-32.6550050508894 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Kudnutya was found guilty of stealing eighty sheep belonging to Messrs Burnett and Fotheringham, and under the charge of Robert Lee (‘Bob’), in the vicinity of Beautiful Valley. At the Police Commissioner’s Court on 28 June, Kudnutya, through Protector Moorhouse, said he partook of mutton but did not take the sheep. He was sentenced to two months with hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-05-08 1849-05-08 138.360577598246,-32.9468143533694 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In April 1850, a report that Mr Hodgson’s shepherd had lost some sheep, supposedly taken by Aboriginal people, reached the Mount Remarkable Police Station. Police spent several days visiting Aboriginal people’s camps, but were unable to detect traces of the sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-04-01 1850-04-01 138.191705913997,-32.8004759162545 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sixty sheep were taken from the yards of Messrs Williamson and McIntosh in the neighbourhood of Mount Remarkable. The missing sheep were recovered before the police arrived.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-10-04 1850-10-04 138.033119744817,-32.8632215237977 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Yates reported thirty-nine sheep had been taken from his run near Mount Remarkable. He and two police constables went in search and found the remains of four sheep, supposedly killed by Aboriginal people. The remainder were not found. Yates was unable to prove they had been taken by Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-12-18 1851-12-18 138.861709592316,-34.199726855125 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In his half yearly report for the second half of 1841, Protector Moorhouse stated that the sheep of Captain Bagot, the Peters brothers, Mr Hope and Mr Hughes had been attacked, with some sheep speared and taken away. The Messrs Peters experienced the greatest loss, having had at one time about 21 taken away. None of the guilty parties were captured in any instance.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-01-01 1841-01-01 138.9328547327,-33.7502339287044 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mr Peter’s hutkeeper, George Littleworth, was severely beaten by Buccumoolu and Williamy at Mr Peter’s out-station on the Murray Plains. Buccomoolu (aka Karri/Turle Kurree) a high status man of the Mount Bryan group, and ‘Williamy’ were arrested but Williamy escaped. Buccomoolu was tried at the Supreme Court for the attempted murder of Littleworth.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-04-27 1842-04-27 138.569523999584,-33.2826227602894 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A newspaper article published on 30 May 1843 stated that a ‘formidable attack’ had been made on HB Hughes’. The shepherds were supposedly ‘driven in’ and great losses sustained.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-05-01 1843-05-01 138.359870400437,-32.936232630186 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Four hundred sheep belonging to Mr Hodgson near White’s Creek were taken by Aboriginal people. Despite the exertions of police, under the leadership of Corporal Lamb, only one hundred and sixteen sheep were recovered. The police party frequently came upon the remains of sheep that had been slaughtered, but were unable to catch the people who had taken the sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-04-01 1848-04-01 138.220042700103,-33.2852662600472 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Seven Aboriginal men; Malia (alias Charley), Pedia (alias Jacky), Malia (alias Jemmy), Pedia (alias William), Coonia (alias Kangaroo), Coonia (alias Tunbo), and Wariol (alias Tommy), were charged at Clare Court with stealing sheep from Ferguson and Younghusband’s station, near Crystal Brook.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-06-21 1852-06-21 138.997269700365,-34.2263047703523 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people were reported to have ‘attacked’ the stations of Captain Bagot and taken provisions and clothing during the last quarter of 1842.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-11-01 1842-11-01 138.634869600324,-32.8496815602013 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

John Williams was physically threatened by three Aboriginal men in consequence of Williams shooting Berea’s dogs. Williams fired shot at Berea’s chest and back. Berea was tried for feloniously assaulting Williams, and received a sentence of three months hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-01-10 1852-01-10 138.997269700365,-34.2263047703523 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people were reported to have ‘attacked’ the stations of Captain Bagot and taken provisions and clothing during the last quarter of 1842.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-11-01 1842-11-01 141.90438600043,-34.1112409997621 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While sailing down the Murray, a large number of Aboriginal people gathered on the banks and on a sand bar in front of them waving spears. Sturt and his men were prepared to fire but were saved doing so by another Aboriginal group who intervened and calmed the aggressors.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1830-01-22 1830-01-22 138.82036145043,-34.2288759608311 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mary Ann Rainbird was 8 months pregnant when she and her two children, aged 5 and 2, were killed. Their bodies were found on 12 March in a wombat hole. Due to the excessively hot weather, the bodies were in a state of decomposition when they were found. On examination, all were found to have received blows to the head. Six Aboriginal men were arrested and four were found guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1861-03-11 1861-03-11 138.916973583879,-35.5574708421721 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While exploring the mouth of the River Murray, his party were approached by a group of Aboriginal people with spears raised. When Sturt raised his gun, they retreated.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1830-02-09 1830-02-09 138.883555683981,-35.5581545693504 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While exploring the mouth of the River Murray alone and on foot, Captain Collett Barker went missing, and is believed to have been killed by Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1831-04-30 1831-04-30 138.707906999634,-35.5122319999317 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

The body of the whaler, John Driscoll was found ten kilometres from Encounter Bay. Aboriginal man, Reppindjeri was apprehended for the crime, but escaped before his case went to trial.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1837-07-01 1837-07-01 143.209139068962,-34.7202467154803 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Crawford describes several parties of Aboriginal people, all armed, coming around them. He and his men rode at them at ‘full gallop’ and drove them off.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-03-11 1839-03-11 142.358841676067,-34.2766000058993 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Crawford’s men threatened by Aboriginal people at their dray. A short time later the overseer for MacLeod and McPherson’s party rode up saying they were being surrounded. Crawford and his men rode off to assist.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-03-21 1839-03-21 141.88823882991,-34.1117930340598 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Crawford describes an attempt by Aboriginal people to ‘rush’ their camp and driving them off with ‘a volley’. The following day, he claims forty or fifty were ‘among the cattle’ and that only by a ‘determined front’ did they drive them away.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-03-28 1839-03-28 141.249967999765,-34.0746669997404 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

It was reported in the press that Snodgrass’ overlanding party had ‘several serious collisions’ with Murray River Aboriginal people, in which four or five Aborigines people were wounded and 300 sheep driven off. The sheep were recovered by Langhorne’s party who were then attacked by 200 people, who they fired upon, ‘wounding some’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-10-21 1839-10-21 139.946698916641,-34.0588840810581 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Report that Mackinnon’s overland party was attacked and their overseer killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-10-21 1839-10-21 139.962491761968,-34.0861849623427 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

McLeod and Flood, transporting provisions to Finniss’ overlanding party, report being ‘ambushed’ on 29 October. They fell back to their drays and after half an hour’s firing, in which there were ‘one or two well told shots’, the clash was over.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-10-29 1839-10-29 141.917463221585,-34.1119445488355 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Buchanan reports being attacked while putting a dray on a punt to cross the junction of the Murray and Darling. His men on both sides of the river fired at their attackers, reporting that they killed ‘five or six’ and wounded ‘a good many’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-11-15 1839-11-15 141.618963996847,-34.1800276178338 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Buchanan reports three of four sheep speared on the night of 19 November, after moving the sheep on the next day five of his men rode back shooting and wounding one man. Two days later when a man was observed among the sheep, the cook shot and killed him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-11-19 1839-11-19 139.867643353798,-34.0126490307127 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Buchanan describes seeing many Aboriginal people on the opposite bank of the river and reportedly fired on them killing one person.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-12-07 1839-12-07 140.914824260478,-33.9771159718054 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Lieutenant Kessop’s overlanding party arrives in Adelaide, reporting a clash ‘on the Murray’ in which ’several’ Aboriginal people were ‘shot’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-02-01 1840-02-01 139.206196799603,-35.7106708997109 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

The Brig Maria wrecked near Kingston in the South East. The 26 survivors of the wreck were initially guided toward Adelaide by Aboriginal people, but a dispute led the Aboriginal people to kill all of them
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-07-01 1840-07-01 139.204651900333,-35.7306004003256 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police Commissioner O’Halloran leads a Police Expedition to apprehend those responsible for the Maria killings. In rounding up Aboriginal people, they shot and wound two fleeing men. Two men, Moorcangua and Mongarawata, were found guilty by a Court Martial held on 24 August and hanged the next day over the graves of the victims.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-08-01 1840-08-01 142.019325246997,-34.0926221435144 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While overlanding stock from New South Wales to South Australia, Henry Inman left the main party to scout the area and was speared by three Aboriginal men who approached him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-03-01 1841-03-01 140.961373971252,-33.9651828916065 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Inman and Field’s overlanding party, 40 miles east of Lake Bonney, was confronted by a party of three to four hundred Aboriginal people. In the clash on attacker was observed ‘to fall’, but quickly encircled, and a number of men speared, they retreated and after a week’s travel made their way back to Hallett’s station in the mid-north.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-04-16 1841-04-16 139.864792070544,-34.0430043590847 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

O’Halloran led a Police Expedition which included thirteen Mounted Police to recover sheep stolen when Inman and Field’s overland party was attacked. The expedition reached the vicinity of ‘Dead Man’s Flat’ but were recalled by the newly arrived Governor Grey before they reached the ‘Hornet’s Nest’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-05-05 1841-05-05 140.956424583718,-33.9653036241255 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Ten ‘gentlemen volunteers’ set out to recover Inman and Field’s sheep. Arriving at the ‘Hornet’s Nest’ on 13 May, they were confronted by a party of two to three hundred Aboriginal people. A contest lasted for thirty minutes before the volunteer party retreated.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-05-13 1841-05-13 141.222067087015,-34.0602669348616 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Expedition led by Police Commissioner O’Halloran and Protector Moorhouse, and including 24 Mounted Police, 18 Mounted Special Constables, 8 Special Constables on foot, and another dozen support staff travel from Adelaide on 31 May to Rufus River to recover stock recently lost and support incoming overland parties. By 22 June they were approaching the Rufus River area.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-01-01 1841-01-01 141.272646863834,-34.0446391853954 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Langhorne’s overlanding party was attacked by about 500 Aboriginal people as they were crossing provisions at Rufus River near Lake Victoria. In the engagement, that lasted about 20 minutes, he reported that four of his men and about five Aboriginal people were killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-06-22 1841-06-22 141.271700657566,-34.0457247565308 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 22 June the Expedition comes across the remnant of Langhorne’s party. On 24 June they visit the site where the attack had occurred, found the body of Martin, which they buried, and the remains of about 1000 sheep had been slaughtered. Although they sent two parties to scour the surrounding country they failed to find the attackers.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-06-24 1841-06-24 141.203341204556,-34.056485280896 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A new government expedition, under the authority of Sub-Inspector Shaw and Protector Moorhouse leaves Adelaide on 31 July to provide protection for Robinson and Levi’s party coming overland. On 27 August they reach a point 5 miles west of Rufus River.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-08-27 1841-08-27 141.27397652766,-34.0555603882884 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

As Robinson’s party approached Rufus River, they saw a party of about 300 Aboriginal people. Robinson positioned nineteen of his men, described as ‘well-armed’, in a defensive line. They fired eight rounds each at the approaching Aboriginal group. He believes five were killed and ten wounded.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-08-26 1841-08-26 141.273192752066,-34.0453025911746 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

The Shaw-Moorhouse meets with Robinson’s Overlanding party. Combined they number about 55 men. About 150 Aboriginal people start advancing toward them and both parties open fire and continue firing for about fifteen to twenty minutes.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-08-21 1841-08-21 141.270827236395,-34.044910579296 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A few hours after the clash at the Rufus River, two shepherds raped one of the Aboriginal women who had been taken prisoner.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-08-27 1841-08-27 140.093337216759,-34.1467382174839 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While the ‘Rufus’ expedition was returning down the river, shepherds from the party visited a nearby Aboriginal camp and had sex with a number of Aboriginal women.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-09-05 1841-09-05 141.267624867273,-34.0515397632714 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sub-Protector Eyre visits the Rufus and Lake Victoria to help establish ‘friendly feelings’, and travels back to Moorundie.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-01-01 1841-01-01 139.380319699931,-35.8568737003487 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In late July and early August, Sgt Major Tolmer with a party of approximately 11 police travelled to the Coorong to search for ‘certain natives of the Lake Albert or Milmenrura Tribe who have been guilty of robbing the sheep stations in the neighbourhood’. They drove a party of about 70 Aboriginal people onto rocks in the Coorong about 180 yards from the shore, but as the suspects were not identified, no further actions was taken.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-08-01 1844-08-01 141.397128000078,-34.1254660000031 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Protector G. A. Robinson travelled the overland stock route from NSW to Adelaide and witnessed European men soliciting Aboriginal women for sex.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-05-01 1846-05-01 139.117957800035,-35.6799897901507 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

During O'Halloran's expedition in which two Aboriginal people were hanged for their alleged involvement in the 'Maria Massacre', surveyor Edward Charles Frome burned a look out station and a village of the Milmenura tribe.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-10-01 1840-10-01 138.130292142238,-32.1429728967513 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

According to oral history passed down through the family of Alice (Alitja) Ragless Yates, a massacre took place in a creek bed in the Flinders Ranges and caused the death of her immediate family. Alitja was around three years old at the time. She was found by members of the Ragless family and taken to Bungaree Station near Clare, and given the name Alice Ragless. Alitja was born around 1853 so the killings occurred around 1856.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1856-01-01 1856-01-01 140.304890935988,-29.6345872930144 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In the early 1970s, during a discussion with Des Coulthard, Elder Claude Demell suggested that Aboriginal people were massacred around Lake Callabonna in the early contact period.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1880-01-01 1880-01-01 140.12776424542,-27.2883125877555 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In the late 1960s-early 1970s, Des Coulthard and Cliff Coulthard worked as drovers with other Adnyamathanha men, including their uncle Elder Wally Coulthard, and Wonkuwandru men. The older men told them that the bones they saw were of Aboriginal people who were killed by Europeans during the first contact years.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1878-01-01 1878-01-01 140.044511510126,-30.8541030908778 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Adnyamathanha Elder Des Coulthard recalls seeing bones on Frome Downs station in the 1960s and 1970s and suggests it may have been a massacre site.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1875-01-01 1875-01-01 138.586101340954,-31.3285050256179 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Vince Coulthard describes how pastoralists and their employees fired at people belonging to many different groups as they travelled through Aroona Valley to trade for ochre from the famous Bookatoo mine.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-01-01 1855-01-01 138.575872708107,-31.279343571722 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Adnyamthanha Elder Vince Coulthard tells of early pastoralist JF Hayward shooting people in the vicinity of Aroona Homestead.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-01-01 1852-01-01 138.807418196829,-30.607418079173 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A family group was killed at Mudlapena, as told to Enice Marsh and Geraldine Anderson. The pastoralists only spared two women.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1865-01-01 1865-01-01 139.401211309149,-30.3049052038128 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

According to the story told to Geraldine Anderson, colonists shot an Aboriginal man through the forehead. They mistakenly thought he was eating a sheep, but he was actually eating a kangaroo. The old man’s son was shot in the hip, and a young boy (later named ‘Pannikin’) was taken. The boy was placed in the saddle bag of one of the troopers, and taken east, towards Tibooburra. He escaped and returned to his people. The man who was shot in the hip was carried to Stubb’s waterhole where he subsequently died and was buried.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1880-01-01 1880-01-01 138.843405457204,-30.5720067461841 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Geraldine Anderson, Des Coulthard and Reg Wilton remember their Elders talking about violence at Angepena. They recollect hearing that, in preventing Adnyamathanha people from accessing permanent water, pastoralists whipped people (including women and children), poisoned waterholes and shot people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1885-01-01 1885-01-01 138.299390140853,-32.0720212966372 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Two boys who had not seen udnyus (white people) before, saw a woman hanging clothes on a washing line. When they went to touch the clothes, they frightened the woman who called out for help. The two boys were shot. Geraldine Anderson and Enice Marsh and were told this story.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1890-01-01 1890-01-01 138.234996559379,-32.8702009057916 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Enice Marsh and Geraldine Anderson were told by old Aunties that two yuras were going into a farmer’s house to get some tucker. The farmer’s wife was scared of them and set the dogs on them. The dogs attacked the men and ripped their throats out.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1885-01-01 1885-01-01 138.806318561903,-30.6026892582672 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Adnyamathanha people have stories of their forebears being whipped by pastoralists when camped at traditional camping places next to water. There are oral histories of this happening throughout the Flinders Ranges at sites of permanent water.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1885-01-01 1885-01-01 140.714229399318,-29.8496310829856 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While droving between Wertaloona Station towards Tipooburra with his uncle Mick Coulthard in the late 1960s-early 1970s, Des Coulthard was shown Aboriginal campsites and burial grounds which may have been massacre sites.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1868-01-01 1868-01-01 137.048798194124,-31.1156703961822 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Adnyamathanha Elder Claude Demell (born 1908) was told by his Elders of Aboriginal people being shot for taking sheep at Arcoona Station. One person escaped.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1882-01-01 1882-01-01 137.057643846336,-31.2622041283421 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Adnyamathanha Elder Claude Demell (born 1908) was told by his Elders of Aboriginal people being shot at Wirrappa Station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1882-01-01 1882-01-01 139.468553972564,-26.7130533276993 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people from many different groups gathered at Koonchera waterhole to perform the Mindiri ceremony. Men, women, young initiates, and children were all shot by police. Mick McLean Irinjili heard an account of the massacre from the last survivor, Charlie Ganabidi.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1885-01-01 1885-01-01 137.999188127154,-25.9970604421482 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Several different groups who had gathered near Poeppel Corner to perform the Wardamba ceremony were shot by police in retribution for the killing of a white man. According to Mick McLean Irinjili, the man responsible for the white man’s death managed to escape.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1885-01-01 1885-01-01 139.252121960269,-26.5692915718534 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In the 1970s, Mick McLean Irinjili told linguist Luise Hercus of a massacre of Yaluyandi, Garanguru and Yawarawarga who had gathered at Wiyirbi near Clifton Hills. They were killed by ‘Black-trackers’ over a grudge. Irinjili said that nobody knew exactly what happened as no one escaped to tell the tale.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1887-01-01 1887-01-01 138.684081534021,-28.5819715178277 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A group neighbouring the Dieri killed a shepherd and ate some of the flock. Fearing reprisals, they fled in all directions. Some travelled to Kaparamara, in Dieri country. They were pursued by police who found Mudlabaluna, a cripple, hiding in a bush. Presuming him guilty, the police shot Mudlabaluna.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1885-01-01 1885-01-01 138.440220783252,-30.9308940661511 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Dieri men who accompanied some Jauraworka men to the Bookatoo ochre mine warned their companions not to take sheep. The Jauraworka ignored the warning, and all were ‘soundly whipped for their theft’. The Jauraworka tried again to take some sheep, but this time two Dieri men were shot, one of whom was Tjulkulina’s son.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1885-01-01 1885-01-01 138.710353226239,-28.5673487338898 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A group of Dingidingi people that included Manpilina killed a white shepherd and took some sheep. Manpilina was found at Kaparamara on Dieri country and shot by police.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1872-01-01 1872-01-01 139.671651821277,-27.5561465670925 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Manakundina was camped at a waterhole at Palkarakarani. He was ordered in English to leave by a white man who wanted his cattle to drink at the waterhole. He did not understand what the white man meant and was shot.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1868-01-01 1868-01-01 138.485519381584,-28.6375748768467 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Ngardutjankana travelled to see his brother. On the way he met with two white men named Lines and Damet who used him as a shooting target.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1890-01-01 1890-01-01 139.203461248103,-35.7292856997072 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Following the murder of passengers and crew of the Maria, two Aboriginal men were hanged by a police party led by Police Commissioner O’Halloran. Derek Gollan was told by his Elders that his forebear, Peter Gollan, managed to escape.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-01-01 1840-01-01 139.648366948327,-32.6389466829793 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Louise Saint tells the story told to her by her grandmother, Rebecca Vink Norman (b.1892), of a band of armed ‘rogue’ men coming to the station on which she lived, with the intention of removing Aboriginal people. Rebecca’s father and the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal station men repelled the rogue band, and no Aboriginal people were taken.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1899-01-01 1899-01-01 138.437446974301,-35.4190611331826 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Ian Newbold, a descendant of early settler John Clarke, tells the story told to him by his father of Aboriginal people being shot by two young men whom Clarke employed as shepherds.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-01-01 1852-01-01 134.262501769395,-33.152289702978 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Willow Ross is descended from William Roberts who arrived on Eyre Peninsula in the early colonial era. Roberts worked for a pastoralist before purchasing his own farm near Baird Bay. Through family stories, Willow was told of Aboriginal people being pushed off cliffs around Sceale’s Bay and Point Labatt.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-01-01 1850-01-01 140.662229408492,-38.0586594275515 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Boandik Elder Aunty Michelle Jacquelin-Furr was told that troopers killed Aboriginal people at Cape Northumberland in retaliation for taking sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-01-01 1845-01-01 140.777491780864,-37.7051588841919 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Stories circulating in local memory and relayed by Boandik Elder Aunty Michelle Jacquelin-Furr refer to poisoned flour being given out in the ration distributions at what is now the site of the old Tarpeena hotel.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1868-01-01 1868-01-01 140.805755440512,-37.0523597890136 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Boandik Elder Aunty Michelle Jacquelin-Furr’s great grandmother, Annie Brice, told her family that whitefellows on horses ran down blackfellows at Musquitoe Creek.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-01-01 1845-01-01 140.678899563797,-37.9278176624914 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Governor Grey toured the South Eastern districts of the colony. On 8 May, Thomas Burr, the Deputy-Surveyor General who accompanied him, records an encounter in which a woman is given damper which she placed in her mouth but refuses to swallow. On the following day Aboriginal men to join them in the camp, and the next morning it was discovered they had fled having stolen numerous items from the camp.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-05-08 1844-05-08 140.559170200098,-37.6229133003506 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Robert Leake and his overseer McIntyre track sheep stolen from the Inverary run to an Aboriginal camp a mile and a half away. Leake reports that they advanced on the camp and were threatened with spears. He claims that he ‘fired over their heads’, and when spears were thrown at them he fired at an approaching man, at which point that man, and the others ran off.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-05-21 1844-05-21 140.586979299636,-37.6131232998353 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Robert Leake reports hearing a shepherd shout for assistance, and that he was being pursued by 60 to 80 Aboriginal men throwing spears. Claims that 15 sheep were speared and 9 driven off, that his men were unarmed and that the attackers ‘retreated with their spoils’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-05-30 1844-05-30 140.570679599673,-37.7257331997139 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sheep driven off Leake’s Bluff Range run. Edward Leake and six other men tracked the sheep to an Aboriginal camp ten miles away, where he was confronted by an Aboriginal man with a ‘pointed club’, he fired and wounded him. The party then fired two volleys and the Aboriginal people retreated.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-05-13 1845-05-13 140.430741145149,-37.6738406448536 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

One hundred and sixty-five sheep driven off the South Australia Company’s Rivoli Bay station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-05-13 1845-05-13 140.470257700324,-37.669772299869 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

South Australia Company men continue their search for sheep stolen on 13 May. On 16 May they come upon a group of Aboriginal men in possession of sheep and take an Aboriginal man, ‘Charley’, prisoner.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-05-06 1845-05-06 139.986958400115,-37.0587126000372 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police track stolen sheep to a camp about 3 miles from Biscuit Flat occupied by about 50 Aboriginal men and a few women. The police claim they called upon them to put down their weapons but a fight ensured and three Aboriginal people were shot and presumed killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-04-19 1846-04-19 140.613204000084,-37.6874629996458 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Hut robbed and sheep stolen from Leake’s Woolshed station. Leake, assisted by E. Sturt and Corporal McCulloch tracked them through the scrub until they came upon about 60, their legs ‘broken and otherwise mutilated’. Further on they came upon about 30 Aboriginal people who fled as they approached their camp. McCulloch claims a ‘few shots were fired without visible effect’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-04-24 1846-04-24 140.597870999655,-37.6860650003029 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sheep driven of Leake’s Mount Gambier run were tracked to a camp twelve miles distant. The people in the camp fled when the police approached and all but two of the sheep were recovered.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-05-12 1846-05-12 140.953868446442,-37.818001780203 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal boy, Pannemum, allegedly shot by David Morgan while they were out Kangaroo hunting and his body burned.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-06-18 1846-06-18 140.95160099985,-37.8523057000168 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Magistrate Sturt reports that Owen Curran gave Aboriginal people a gun with which they shot and killed an old and blind Aboriginal man.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-07-01 1846-07-01 140.945249599974,-37.6133641000184 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Unconfirmed report that an Aboriginal man was allegedly shot by Harry Sawyer on McKinnon’s run, and that McKinnon buried the body.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-07-01 1846-07-01 140.434032000123,-36.6311850001153 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Magistrate Sturt reports that the body of an Aboriginal man, with a gunshot wound, was found by an employee of Lawson on one of the runs in the neighbourhood.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-01-01 1846-01-01 140.298682070002,-37.6276116728057 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Following a quarrel between two workers on Davenport’s station, Thomas Donelly approached one of the man with a loaded gun. An Aboriginal station worker, known as ‘Billy’, warned the man of Donnelly’s approach and was shot and killed. Donelly fled into the Port Phillip district but was pursued by Corporal McCullock who apprehended him. Donelly was later tried, found guilty and hanged.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-09-01 1846-09-01 139.799189099779,-37.0749692000919 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

John Gifford has a horse speared and cattle driven off his Mount Benson station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-10-01 1846-10-01 140.012730000215,-37.4805270001104 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mr Wheeland’s house at Rivoli Bay burned down.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-10-10 1846-10-10 140.098221000328,-37.44093100022 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In early November half a dozen cattle were speared on Hope’s station near Rivoli Bay.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-11-01 1846-11-01 140.832944999846,-37.3569129997563 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

William Shean, who appears to have been mentally ill, ‘escaped from his keeper’ on Cameron’s Station, and was believed to have been killed by Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-11-01 1846-11-01 140.029925999643,-36.9096960001088 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Richard Carney allegedly murdered by Tatty Wanbourneen near Thomas Chirnside’s ‘North Avenue’ Station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-11-01 1846-11-01 140.306977999973,-37.5391709999993 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

James McKenzie, travelling with ‘King John and Lubra’, claims they assaulted and robbed him. They were apprehended by Police Constable McLeod and Guy and transported to Guichen Bay in a dray because of the ‘severe wounds received in the affray’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-12-09 1846-12-09 140.687471500241,-37.7643407003316 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 25 March, Evelyn Sturt reports the loss of about 250 sheep over the previous six weeks. Corporal McCulloch arrests ‘William’ and ‘Charley’ for theft of Sturt’s sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-01-01 1847-01-01 139.899502799747,-37.2394655002866 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Cattle driven off Gifford’s Mount Benson station onto a small island near Lake Eliza where ‘a great many’ of them were killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-01-01 1847-01-01 140.645717999871,-37.9974960000763 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Report that Wool-cooth-a-win, alias ‘Old Man Dick’ attempted to spear Mr Mitchell. Police apprehend him on Black’s Station. On 26 June Sturt dismissed charges thinking evidence was insufficient.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-01-01 1847-01-01 140.160538000258,-36.6993889998016 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Seventy-five sheep driven off Brown’s station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-07-07 1847-07-07 140.292511999558,-37.6285889998598 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police endeavour to arrest Aboriginal people for spearing one of Davenport’s cows. They track them to an island in an immense swamp but are unable to secure the arrest because of the state of the country. In late December they arrest ‘Billy’ and ‘Tuck-in-all’ for the offence.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-07-15 1847-07-15 140.058215999692,-36.8130200001986 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

James Baker had 38 sheep driven off his station ‘in the southern part of the Tatiara country’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-07-28 1847-07-28 140.57847599987,-36.7469229001817 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Corporal Robins, PC Hall and three ‘Gentlemen settlers’, went in search of stolen sheep and came upon a camp of Aboriginal people. Seeing the Europeans, they allegedly threw a spear which almost struck Ferguson. The spear thrower was pursued and in a struggle with Corporal Robins the Aboriginal man suffered sword wounds from which he died.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-08-01 1847-08-01 140.733782499898,-37.4293203002949 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sheep driven of Doughty’s station. Police commence a search but give up due to the ‘swampy state of the country’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-08-04 1847-08-04 139.881202699868,-37.1752446999908 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

After a report that the Aboriginal man ‘William’, assisted by others, had killed four head of cattle, the station owner’s overseer, Michael Flannigan, tracked the suspects to Lake Hawdon’. In an ensuing fight Flannigan the Aboriginal man, suffered sword wounds inflicted by Flannigan and subsequently died.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-08-15 1847-08-15 140.662262000269,-38.0593280003391 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

After three hundred sheep driven off the SA Company’s run, Corporal McCulloch assisted by men from the station tracked the sheep to Cape Northumberland, where Aboriginal people there had built four brush yards to pen the sheep. There were about 100 Aboriginal people were present concealing themselves in the thick scrub. Spears were thrown and thrust at the Europeans as they attempted to arrest people. Shots were fired and it is reported that four Aboriginal people were killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-08-17 1847-08-17 139.799962000368,-37.1605540000873 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Theft of flour from Barry Lipson’s hut.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-02-26 1848-02-26 140.15379760022,-36.713697699831 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sometime between September and November 1848, nine Aboriginal people, comprising old men, women and children were killed on Avenue Range Station, and an attempt made to burn their bodies. Investigations by the Protector of Aborigines led him to believe that they had been shot by the station owner, James Brown, and his hutkeeper, Eastwood. James Brown was charged with murder, but Eastwood fled the colony. Attempts to secure witnesses were unsuccessful and the case against Brown was dropped.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-09-01 1848-09-01 139.39866169993,-35.8666594001666 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 2 June 1842, George McGrath was killed by his Aboriginal guides at Bonney’s Well while travelling to Portland. Wira Mildara and Wek Weki were arrested for the crime in 1845 and tried before the Supreme Court. Both found guilty, but Wira Maldira was executed on the grounds that he ‘knew our habits and some of our laws’ ans was judged more culpable.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-06-02 1842-06-02 140.730476699653,-37.9121219002372 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Fortescue Arthur speared in the back when Aboriginal people tried to drive off his flock. He fired two barrels as he retreated. Aboriginal people retreated when the bullock-driver arrived on the scene.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-01-01 1844-01-01 140.727472600392,-37.9265270998014 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people attempt to drive off sheep from Leake’s flock but flee when his hutkeeper fires two barrels at them.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-01-01 1844-01-01 140.764379800297,-37.9334326001597 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Edward Arthur uses a captured Aboriginal man to lead them to his camp. In the company of three other men they fire on the people in the camp and it was later reported that eight Aboriginal people were killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-01-01 1844-01-01 140.705070800112,-37.9404726998672 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sergeant Major Alford reported rumours that Aboriginal people had been given poisoned damper.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-01-01 1844-01-01 140.595741299831,-37.6197312002083 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Report that 30 station workers on Leake’s Woolshed run raped two Aboriginal women and shot an Aboriginal man.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-04-01 1844-04-01 140.856458697056,-36.9380528221991 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

William Brown was splitting logs with a fellow shepherd when he went to visit a small group of Aboriginal people camped nearby. Brown was armed with a double-barrelled gun. Later that afternoon his body, which had been stripped bare, was found by a fellow shepherd. Some sheep had been taken. Brown’s death was revenged by a party of settlers the following day.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-07-01 1845-07-01 140.764266514655,-36.99411650394 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A party of colonists gathered to revenge the death of William Brown. One of the group was Mr Sanders who was accompanied by an Aboriginal man from Adelaide who acted as a tracker. The avengers came across approximately thirty people whom they ‘punished’. An unknown number of Aboriginal people were shot.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-07-01 1845-07-01 137.73785500038,-34.8999714298707 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 12 August, Morris and Jones rode up to Melaityappa and shot him in the arm, foot and back. On 22 August, Protector Moorhouse met with Melaityappa. Melaityappa was taken to Adelaide and operated on by the Colonial Surgeon. He died on 31 August 1849. Jones and Morris were tried at the Supreme Court and charged with wilful murder. Both men were acquitted by Judge Mann.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-08-12 1849-08-12 137.842090799675,-34.7979734401115 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Henry Thomas Morris beat Monarto with a whip and a yam stick, and Yurnarri with a yam stick. The case was heard at the Police Court and the Supreme Court, after which the Judge forwarded the depositions to the Attorney General for his consideration.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-08-12 1849-08-12 137.035785100104,-34.93952268976 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 19 July 1851, Binarambula was charged with stealing a lamb and ewe from William Rogers. He was brought before the Grand Jury at the Supreme Court Criminal Sessions but the Jury ignored the bill.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-07-19 1851-07-19 137.187294799616,-34.9294485501034 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Ngurkilli, Partko and Mantamornappa feloniously assaulted Henry James Brown and stole a gun from him, valued at fifteen shillings. In court, Brown stated that the men often pilfered from the hut when he was not there, and that they had taken his meat the previous day. Mantamornappa said that he could not use the gun, and that he took it for fear of the hutkeeper using it against them.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-06-15 1851-06-15 137.243004463358,-35.0117859054003 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mantamornappa had previously worked for Struve’s employer, James Coutts. And all four men were known to Struve. They pleaded guilty to feloniously assaulting him, and taking flour and meat from his hut. They were sentenced to six months hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-06-03 1851-06-03 137.635702299905,-34.9380434103149 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 21 March, Thomas Rogers (shepherding for his father William) discovered a sheep that had been hidden in the bush since 14 March. In court, Kurkrunwilla and Muruss described how they had separated the sheep, carried it away and buried it under leaves in the bush. They were committed for trial at the Supreme Court.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-03-14 1851-03-14 137.59927960006,-34.7716109203254 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Five Aboriginal people rushed upon a flock of sheep at Anstey's station. Two shepherds drove the Aboriginal group away by using threats and presenting their firearms. No blood was reported to have been shed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-09-01 1849-09-01 137.632838099775,-35.0026179602753 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Protector Moorhouse and Corporal Hall visited all the recently established stations on Yorke’s Peninsula in early January 1848. They reported that Aboriginal people had taken some sheep from Mr Bowden. According to Moorhouse, of the thirty sheep taken, twenty were recovered alive, and the carcasses of ten were found before they had been eaten.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-09-01 1847-09-01 137.681483800195,-34.9272268899287 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

When Corporal Hall visited all the newly formed stations in the recently occupied district of Yorke Peninsula in late December 1847 and early January 1848, he was informed that two of Mr Weaver’s huts had been burned by ‘the Natives’ three months earlier.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-09-01 1847-09-01 137.213285700036,-34.9957272598227 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal men held shepherd, Richard Monks, to the ground and took the flock of sheep he was shepherding. Monks reported back to his employer James Coutts, who sent his nephew, John Gall, and overseer, Charles Parrington, in pursuit. In recovering the sheep, Gall and Parrington allegedly encountered twenty Aboriginal men and fired in self-defence. They claimed that two men were wounded, but did not know if their injuries were fatal. The men were apparently from the Point Pearce district and were unknown to the Europeans.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-10-18 1852-10-18 137.490926699647,-34.9688777897424 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police Constable Lewin accused Melapa and Melacha of stealing flour from the police station. Police Commissioner Tolmer was on a tour of inspection and soon deduced that Lewin and fellow Police Constable Charles Sinclair had not issued rations on the full moon (the 24 April). Tolmer dismissed Lewin on the spot, and liberated Melapa and Melacha.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-04-24 1853-04-24 137.457488600232,-34.8918864703242 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A party of between five and eight Europeans carrying firearms assembled to surprise and confront a group of Aboriginal people encamped on the shores of Hardwicke Bay, and recover the sheep taken from Anstey’s shepherds (William Bruce Scott and John Brown) two days earlier. Nantariltarra (alias ‘Williamy’) was shot through the head and a girl drowned.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-07-03 1849-07-03 137.482660800356,-34.8676581303533 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Between fifteen and twenty men confronted shepherds, William Bruce Scott and James Brown. Three men attempted to communicate, first with Brown (at the head of the flock) and then with Scott (at the back). The shepherds attempted to frighten them away by firing a pistol, after which the Aboriginal men threw stones at the shepherds. Scott and Brown ran away, leaving the sheep. When the flock was recovered, two hundred sheep were missing.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-07-01 1849-07-01 137.565113699975,-34.7658371599458 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

After learning that a flock of sheep had been rushed and some sheep taken, Anstey’s overseer, George Penton, went in pursuit. Penton came to a group of about fifty people who were roasting eight sheep. On seeing Penton, the group ran away, with the exception of one man who stood his ground. While this man was reportedly either preparing to throw or in the act of throwing his spear, Penton shot him through the head.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-01-20 1849-01-20 137.49211789985,-34.9264773101603 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Thomas Granger, a hutkeeper employed by Anstey, alleged that Kawilla came to his hut, demanded flour and threatened him, and that Granger shot him in self-defence. Thomas Giles’s recollections suggest that Granger fabricated the story and shot Kawilla in the back.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-06-18 1853-06-18 137.490831199749,-34.8378571800766 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 2 August 1849, shepherd, William Bruce Scott, was brutally killed in the Hardwick Bay district while out with his flock. On 3 August, three Aboriginal people led Sergeant-Major McCulloch to the missing sheep. Through interpreter Native Constable Jim Crack, Wilcooramalap subsequently led McCulloch to Scott’s body. Wilcooramalap and, later, Tulta, were charged with Scott’s murder, but were released in March 1850 due to a lack of evidence.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-08-02 1849-08-02 137.808292100335,-34.80232282993 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On the morning of 11 July 1849, shepherd, Thomas Armstrong, was speared in his side by Tulta. He died of his wounds. Information provided by Aboriginal witnesses and Protector Moorhouse indicate that Tulta speared Armstrong for failing to compensate him for having sexual intercourse with Tulta’s wife.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-07-11 1849-07-11 137.421641209343,-35.0702639640192 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

When Koonko and Watpa attempted to round up some sheep, John Gall fired a pistol, and was consequently speared and attacked with sticks and stones. Although the flock was taken, all but one or two sheep were recovered. Koonko and Watpa were tried at the Supreme Court in March 1850. Koonko was sentenced to four months hard labour. The charge against Watpa was abandoned.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-10-09 1849-10-09 137.49078339141,-34.964880698126 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 26 November 1849, Aboriginal people attacked sheep on Rogers' station, driving some off. When they repeated the attack on 29 November, the police captured one of the alleged offenders. The police returned with the prisoner to Rogers’ station where they observed swelling and the development of large water-bladders on the prisoner's face. He died at the Yorke Peninsula Police Station on 2 December.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-12-02 1849-12-02 137.160709699569,-34.9930836496775 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Bagnall was waddied and speared fifty yards from his hut. Kankarra Widlo was later charged with grievous bodily harm. In court, Bagnall gave contradictory evidence regarding the assault and the reasons for the confrontation. Bagnall later developed a reputation for committing ‘criminal acts’ with Aboriginal women. He also had a ferocious dog that attacked Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-05-27 1850-05-27 137.783644299843,-34.9418329502738 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Wurti Pultana (aka Warriota), aged between six and eight years, was raped by one of Rogers’ shepherds, an older man named Thomas Simms. Although a true bill was found against Sims at the Supreme Court Criminal Sittings in November 1850, the Grand Jury found Simms not guilty in February 1851.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-08-03 1850-08-03 138.754717895577,-35.4511313251915 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mr Mayfield’s shepherd was attacked by two ‘natives’ who waddied him, covered him with a bag and held him down while sheep were taken. Most of sheep and the remains of six carcasses were found several hours later. An Aboriginal man was observed paddling down the creek (Currency Creek) in a boat loaded with sheep. No arrests were made.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-07-13 1843-07-13 138.898295795423,-35.2596262696651 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An Aboriginal man broke into and entered Coleman’s mill during the night. The man escaped Coleman’s grip as he was ‘besmeared with grease’. Coleman fired his pistol, and the ball passed through the man’s body but did not kill him. The police and Protector Moorhouse and Sub-Protector Mason provided additional information. The man recovered from his wounds.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-05-11 1852-05-11 138.877885949099,-35.2363897578157 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In searching an Aboriginal encampment for goods stolen from Mr Forbes, Corporal Rose and Police Constable Mulheran fought with two Aboriginal men. One man (whose name does not appear in the written records) died from his wounds. The other man, Mant-yi-ulde (alias Bob), was arrested and charged with robbing Mr Forbes’ hut and resisting police.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-05-09 1846-05-09 139.024870165281,-35.1571016390253 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

German settler, Mrs Taekelmann, whose husband who had left for the goldfields, told the police that twelve Aboriginal people forced entry into her hut and threatened her with sexual suggestions. She claimed to have fired a pistol to no effect, and been saved by a man who was riding past looking for stock when he heard her screams and the pistol shot. Protector Moorhouse and Sub-Protector Mason investigated and concluded that her claims were false.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-04-26 1852-04-26 138.558710363163,-35.0112250789041 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A large group of Aboriginal people confronted Sarah Stutely and her younger sister Emma at her parents’ house on Mr Dyke’s station. On being refused flour, some pushed Sarah and entered the house, shaking their waddies and demanding flour. Emma sought help from Robert Adams. When the group refused to leave, Adams took down an empty gun and threatened to shoot. Caldecotte, a well-known and highly respected man from Encounter Bay, was tried at the Supreme Court on 5 July 1844 and sentenced to three months imprisonment.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-04-11 1844-04-11 138.660156927637,-34.9493863008993 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

One of Mr Gleeson’s Indian workers (a ‘Coolie’) was stabbed in the neck when he refused to give two Aboriginal men food or money. A doctor was called and the man’s life was saved.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-05-18 1841-05-18 138.651277511347,-34.9465532390265 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mungokinkt and five Aboriginal people entered Elizabeth Willis’s house at Gleeville, examined items, demanded bread and took some items. Mungokinkt, who was known to Willis, prevented her from leaving the house. Mungokinkt was tried at the Supreme Court on 5 July 1844 and sentenced to two months imprisonment.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-05-19 1844-05-19 139.034938525206,-34.9285274417887 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An Aboriginal man who supposedly attacked sheep and a shepherd was shot by the same shepherd at Mr Beevor’s station. Protector Moorhouse and the Commissioner of Police investigated and reported that the shepherd appeared to have acted in self-defence. A later account by John Wathrall Bull suggests the the death of this man was not intentional.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-06-10 1840-06-10 138.599953783945,-34.9282121467099 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Edward Gregory used swords to maim an Aboriginal woman at his house in the Adelaide district. The woman recovered and the case was prosecuted but the woman was unable to give evidence because she did not speak English.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-03-01 1842-03-01 138.586738600427,-34.9170073002116 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Yerricha (George), a man from the Lyndoch Valley area, was hanged for the murder of shepherd William Duffield. When the case went to trial, the defence argued it rested on circumstantial evidence. Yerricha was found guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-05-31 1839-05-31 138.584217368089,-34.917998349258 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Wang Nucha (Tommy Round Head) was charged and found guilty for the murder of Mr Hallett’s shepherd, James Thompson, at the Para River on 26 April 1839. His trial took place on 25 May 1839 and he was hanged at the Adelaide Gaol on 31 May 1839.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-05-31 1839-05-31 138.598565911984,-34.9173213861247 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Labourer Enoch Peglar was killed by a long sharp instrument (a kangaroo bone or wooden stick) that pierced his heart. Two men from the upper Gulf were briefly imprisoned for Peglar’s death.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1838-03-08 1838-03-08 138.632811110851,-34.9163391048568 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Muller complained to police that Aboriginal people from Moorundie had encamped on his section and were continuously driving away his horses and cattle, and destroying his grass and timber. He requested police assistance to remove ‘the nuisance’. According to police report, the encampment was burned.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-06-11 1846-06-11 138.581007000368,-34.9132699996589 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Two Aboriginal men lying in the grass were wounded by pellets shot by an Englishman hunting quail. As they expressed it, ‘Burkonna mayoo wokkareen’ – ‘the white man was stupid’. The two men recovered.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1837-12-06 1837-12-06 138.537085526552,-34.8822280111852 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal man ‘Captain Mitchell’ speared Captain Burns (Master of the Giraffe), most likely in revenge for the unjust imprisonment of Captain Mitchell’s brother or near relative following Peglar’s murder in March 1839. Burns recovered and Captain Mitchell was imprisoned for four days.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1838-03-09 1838-03-09 138.665835802877,-34.8660318982551 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Shepherd William Duffield was attacked by three Aboriginal men. Before he died, Duffield deposed that the men were seemingly intent on stealing sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-04-21 1839-04-21 138.519503516555,-34.6650674199079 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

James Thompson, Hallett’s shepherd, was killed in the vicinity of the Milner Estate and the Para (Gawler) River, inland from Port Gawler. Picha-Cud-Nacha (Tam O’Shanter), Wang Nucha (Tommy Round Head) and Tippa Warricha (Bob) were charged with wilful assault and murder. Wang Nucha was found guilty and hanged.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-04-26 1839-04-26 138.517141000359,-34.6683210002249 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Tippa Warricha (Bob) was charged with throwing spears at Daniel Cox, with intent to murder. The case was tried at the Supreme Court. Tippa Warricha was found guilty and sentenced to 12 months imprisonment with hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-04-26 1839-04-26 138.494037820658,-34.6421735698789 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Several young colonists charged a group of Aboriginal people in the wake of Thompson and Duffield’s deaths, forcing them to flee.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-05-01 1839-05-01 138.321897500365,-35.4636481997026 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

George Meredith, a sealer living on Kangaroo Island, came ashore on the Fluerieu Peninsula in the early part of 1836, with his Aboriginal wife and two Aboriginal men. The men reportedly killed him with a tomahawk.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1836-01-01 1836-01-01 135.929976162039,-34.6462659828395 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In June 1841, missionary Clamor Schürmann was told by Yutalta that the previous summer his mother Ngarraltinni had been ‘robbed’ by a white man called Jack at Walkakurra, the point of Boston Bay.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-01-01 1840-01-01 135.803049610369,-34.69557217273 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Twelve year old Frank Hawson was left alone at one of his family’s outstations. He was visited by a group of Aboriginal people who speared him in the chest with two barbed swords. He gave an account of events to Justice of the Peace, JB Harvey, before he died several days later.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-10-05 1840-10-05 135.863706234397,-34.7308534838294 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Three days after Frank Hawson was speared, nine Aboriginal men came into the settlement of Port Lincoln. The following morning, the police forcefully threw them into jail, injuring several men.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-10-08 1840-10-08 136.089069461638,-34.3398672621672 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Reports were received in the township that Aboriginal people had speared three pigs belonging to Mr Dutton. One man who had reportedly thrown a club was allegedly chased by a colonist named Baier.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-10-27 1840-10-27 135.846817285422,-34.6593795531739 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

When a 17 month old child went missing, settlers in the settlement township deduced the child had been taken by Aboriginal people. The Rusch (aka Rush) family lived near a river and Mrs Rusch had left her young children in charge of the infant. Missionary Clamor Schürmann pointed out it was more likely the infant had drowned.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-12-01 1840-12-01 135.335672265852,-34.51968738788 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 10 January 1841, a police party travelled to Coffin Bay in an attempt to capture the murderers of Frank Hawson. Clamor Schürmannn and two Aboriginal men, Getalla and Menntalta accompanied the expedition. They came upon a group of between 30-40 people. Six men grabbed their spears and ran towards the police group. On seeing they were not being attacked, they dropped their spears and cried out ‘Ngai malpu makka? Ngai makka’ (I am not the murderer, not I), and asserrted that Mangelti and Mingalti were the murderers.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-01-10 1841-01-10 135.845827154231,-34.7094550237685 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 15 February, six Aboriginal men climbed through the window of Magistrate Matthew Smith’s house at Happy Valley and took a large quantity of potatoes, unbleached linen, kangaroo hides and sacks. Around the same time, Mr Shean was robbed of a coat and travel bag.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-02-15 1841-02-15 135.874352509291,-34.5695887650969 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people took a musket from Mr Newenham. Newenham did not let them approach his station when they returned a few days later. They subsequently brought the musket back.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-02-01 1841-02-01 135.834159972763,-34.5424826001986 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A slaughtered sheep hanging at the Gawler Pond Station was allegedly taken Aboriginal people and their dogs disturbed some sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-02-01 1841-02-01 135.848657363907,-34.7153605993005 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A list of grievances included in the Port Lincoln settlers’ memorial to Governor Grey (dated 8 March 1842) refers to Aboriginal people digging up all of Mr Neander’s potatoes and taking them in the summer of 1841.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-01-01 1841-01-01 135.850663442972,-34.7177608479051 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

When Mrs Harvey distributed food to a group of women, a man named Marsia became angry at the women being preferred over him. He shoved Mrs Harvey. Dr Harvey who subsequently confronted Marsia with a stick. Marsia pointed a spear at Dr Harvey.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-06-19 1841-06-19 135.86225453444,-34.4815969549291 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

500 sheep were reportedly driven from Mr Kemp’ son. All sheep were recovered and no one was injured.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-10-12 1841-10-12 135.87081701342,-34.4690303312931 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Included in the grievances listed in the Port Lincoln settlers’ memorial to Governor Grey (dated 8 March 1842) were that Mr Biddle’s potatoes had been dug up and taken, articles stolen from his hut and, recently, five sheep driven from his shepherd and other sheep speared.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-01-01 1841-01-01 135.794643088804,-34.6648103921215 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Among other crimes, Nantes was charged with stealing a sheep and a blanket from Alexander Turnbull. He was committed on 22 March 1842.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-01-01 1842-01-01 135.853639889393,-34.7229618553619 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sergeant McEllister, and Messrs White and MacDonald imprisoned an Aboriginal man found with flour in his possession. He was chained by both legs and his head was cut during arrest. Justice of the Peace Dr Harvey and interpreter Clamor Schürmann learned that he had been given the flour by the wife of a policeman named Geherty. He was released the following day.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-12 1842-02-12 135.864359878242,-34.5603546588208 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Justice of the Peace JB Harvey recorded in his journal that, on 14 February 1842, Mr Samuel White informed him that ‘the natives had made another attempt to break open the Hut at one of his stations’
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-14 1842-02-14 135.859177930356,-34.7203099467168 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Included in the grievances listed in the Port Lincoln settlers’ memorial to Governor Grey (dated 8 March 1842) was that, in Captain Bishop’s absence, a group of Aboriginal people came to the house and, on being refused entry to the store, shook a spear at Mrs Bishop.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-01-01 1842-01-01 135.878666858886,-34.7227834619967 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Included in the list of grievances stated in the Port Lincoln settlers’ memorial to Governor Grey was that several Aboriginal people surrounded Hawson’s house at Kirton Point. They pointed spears through the windows and frightened the inhabitants (consisting of women and children). Hawson subsequently removed his family to his country station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-01-01 1842-01-01 137.871778500153,-34.4872004500312 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In the presence of shepherd, George Miles, and his assistant, Taityanna-Widlo, Padlarra took one of William Rogers’ sheep at Rogues’ Gully. Two days later, Padlarra was arrested by Police Constable Coyte, Native Constable Jim Crack and Taityanna-Widlo.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-06-10 1850-06-10 135.772084936749,-34.5568090338909 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Included in the list of grievances included in the Port Lincoln settlers’ memorial to Governor Grey was that ‘a man named Brown left Port Lincoln to go into the Bush in search of employment and he has not since been heard of’. (NB this is not James Brown who was murdered in March 1842). The assumption was that he had been killed by Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-01-01 1842-01-01 135.834832926793,-34.5402600880817 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

The Southern Australian reported that a man named Conner was tried at the Supreme Court in March, accused of shooting an Aboriginal man at White’s station on the Lower Gawler Pond. He was apparently discharged, with no evidence found against him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-01-01 1842-01-01 135.86402718538,-34.542439211135 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 20 February 1842, one of White’s shepherds came into town with three spears. He said that about thirty natives came to his hut every morning to rob it. He had taken one spear out of a sheep, and the other two spears were thrown at him. He fired his rifle but it was dark and he could not say if he killed anyone.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-19 1842-02-19 136.047443018084,-34.353609339228 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 25 February 1842, Moorpa, who was allegedly about to rob Dutton’s house, was ‘captured’ by Dutton. Moorpa was accused of being the leader of the group who had previously set fire to Dutton’s fences.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-01 1842-02-01 135.856536599553,-34.5419825997679 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Stock owner John Brown was speared eight times in his left side and hutkeeper Joseph Lovelock was speared through the heart. Both men died of their wounds. Interpreter Clamor Schürmann obtained the Aboriginal version of events, namely that Mordalta speared Lovelock in order to rob the hut, and that Brown was speared by Ngarbi.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-03-02 1842-03-02 135.832154255719,-34.545372827106 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A group led by Nantes reportedly attacked and attempted to spear George Middleton while Middleton was driving his cart from Mr Biddle’s station to the township of Port Lincoln.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-03-06 1842-03-06 135.963795792125,-34.4410165582366 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 6 March 1842 a large ‘tribe of natives’ assembled at Dutton’s station. They were painted red and, according to Dutton, evidently ‘bent on attack’. Dutton captured Nantes whom he understood to be the leader of the group.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-03-06 1842-03-06 135.834120318431,-34.7130714248358 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 9 March 1842, Captain Bishop’s servant, George Stuart, reported that he had ‘shot a black man’ who pointed his spear at Stuart. Nine additional Aboriginal men subsequently ran away. On going to assist the man who had been shot, he could not be found.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-03-11 1842-03-11 135.804640098241,-34.7165301922176 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Moontar reported to missionary and interpreter Clamor Schürmann that a European man named Cox attempted to shoot him. Schürmann brought a charge against Cox before Dr Harvey, the Justice of the Peace, on 12 March 1842.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-03-01 1842-03-01 135.787162117646,-34.7091320989423 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 21 March 1842, a group of 80 Aboriginal people armed with spears allegedly came to McEllister’s station (located 4 miles from the Port Lincoln settlement) and surrounded the hut. The hutkeeper and two stone masons ran to Mr Hawson’s station for protection. The hut was robbed of clothes, rations and bedding.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-03-20 1842-03-20 137.606492499565,-34.9455483101565 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 16 May 1851, police stationed on Yorke Peninsula went to the site where William Bagnall had reportedly been killed. His head was smashed in and his body was found ripped open from the throat to the lower ribs. One of Bagnall’s kidneys had been taken. Marippa stated in court that he had beaten Bagnall because he had taken Marippa’s wife. The accused were found guilty of manslaughter and given light sentences.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-05-01 1851-05-01 135.855818849234,-34.4886545266174 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Rolles Biddle’s employee Charles Tubbs was the sole survivor of an attack on Biddle’s hut. Tubbs stated that, around noon, ‘a number’ of ‘blacks’ gathered near the hut. They threw three spears at Fastings, which Biddle broke and threw in the pond. They were given a loaf of bread and took some potatoes. They returned one hour later, surrounded the hut and threw spears ‘in every direction’, wounding Fastings in the leg. Biddle fired at the group, after which the Europeans took refuge in the hut. One of the walls was broken down, and spears continuously thrown. Tubbs fired two shots, wounding Ngarsna in the leg and Nungalta in the stomach. Biddle, Elizabeth Tubbs and Fastings died of spear wounds before sundown.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-03-29 1842-03-29 135.784839017727,-34.5426191818499 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A group of seven Europeans led by Government Resident Charles Driver, accompanied by six Aboriginal men, travelled to Biddle’s station in search of Biddle, Fastings and Mrs Tubbs’ murderers. They encountered a large group surrounded by goods taken from Biddle’s station. The group fled but several men were pursued. A man named Stewart fired at one man who did not have a weapon in his hand. An additional two men were wounded.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-04-02 1842-04-02 135.858308539926,-34.7245063719683 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Following the murders of Brown and Lovelock on 2 March 1842, and Biddle, Fastings and Mrs Tubbs on 29 March, the colonists located in the Port Lincoln district were greatly alarmed. All, excepting Charles Dutton, abandoned their stations. Many left the settlement, either seeking refuge on Boston Island or returning to Adelaide. Government Resident Charles Driver entreated Governor Grey to provide a military force.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-01-01 1842-01-01 135.847853228895,-34.6399451496791 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Nurka was found with numerous items belonging to a range of settlers. He was committed for trial but was discharged due to a lack of witnesses willing to travel from Port Lincoln to Adelaide.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-04-20 1842-04-20 135.620612517321,-34.5980317182359 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Lieutenant Hugonin, 15 foot soldiers, the two Messrs Hawson, four mounted policemen, Schürmann, and at least two Aboriginal guides (one of whom was Port Lincoln man Tunba), attempted to surround an encampment of Aboriginal people at Palanna. They were unsuccessful due to the noise made by their horses as they crossed the limestone rocks surrounding the encampment.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-04-22 1842-04-22 135.496797483657,-34.6256976458594 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A group of Europeans led by Lieutenant Hugonin, attempted to surprise a group of Aboriginal people near Coffin Bay. They were unsuccessful and attempted the same on foot the following day (i.e. 24 April). Hugonin reported that the expeditions failed due to the nature of the country, the poor state of the horses and the accoutrements of the foot soldiers.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-01-01 1842-01-01 135.436614470312,-34.6339656927799 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A party comprised of Lieutenant Hugonin, soldiers of the 96th Regiment, European settlers, missionary and interpreter Clamor Schürmann, a Port Lincoln and Adelaide Aboriginal guide, surprised a group on the shores of Coffin Bay. Despite firm instructions not to fire, one soldier shot Numma in the stomach. Numma was fishing in the water. The soldier, and subsequently Hugonin, claimed Numma aimed his spear at him. Schürmann provides a different account.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-04-25 1842-04-25 135.885810723759,-34.809042352954 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On hearing that Aboriginal people had assembled at Port Lincoln Proper, Hugonin, accompanied by Hawson and Bishop, sailed to the location. Landing a mile away from where smoke was seen on the shore, the Europeans surrounded the group. Hugoinin’s men shot two people, fired several shots at the rest, and burnt ‘a good number’ of spears.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-05-07 1842-05-07 135.911253945605,-34.3916666460117 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

According to Lieutenant Hugonin and Government Resident Charles Driver, two hundred ‘blacks’ attacked the Europeans stationed at Pillaworta. The soldiers of the 96th Regiment fired nine or ten rounds, and two or three men fell, apparently wounded. The Aboriginal group continued to advance, and the Europeans retreated.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-05-19 1842-05-19 135.943550120105,-34.3893423163296 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 21 May 1842, a mounted party of nine men comprised of Hugonin, Driver, several settlers and police ‘rode down’ an Aboriginal man (a ‘native boy’) and forced him to act as a guide to find other Aboriginal people in the vicinity. Driver subsequently sent ‘the boy’ to Adelaide to remove him from the ‘ill-disposed’ tribe to which he belonged.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-05-21 1842-05-21 135.971745499707,-34.3918567107528 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 21 May 1842, a mounted party of nine men comprised of Hugonin, Driver, several settlers and police coerced a ‘boy’ they had captured to guide them to other Aboriginal people. They came across three men, one of whom (Ngulga) was shot dead, one of whom escaped, and the third of whom (Nurka), was taken prisoner. Soldiers and policemen cut Ngulga’s head from his body and put it on a pole at Pillaworta
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-05-21 1842-05-21 135.860442009081,-34.6185160569416 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A man named Kunko was shot ‘in an outrageous manner’ by a European. Kunko escaped uninjured and immediately informed missionary and interpreter Clamor Schürmann. The European was arrested, and the Governor and Advocate General made it clear to Driver (the Government Resident at Port Lincoln) that such ‘wanton acts of cruelty’ must be prevented.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-12-01 1841-12-01 135.884137987038,-34.7248457449218 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Nathaniel Hailes was told by Aboriginal people from the Port Lincoln district that white men shot three Aboriginal men and abducted two women. The white men were ship deserters and the women were taken to an island a ‘considerable’ distance away.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1820-01-01 1820-01-01 135.831561687431,-34.5391942891334 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An unprotected hut at Mr White’s Gawler Pond’s station was entered into by Aboriginal people and goods were taken.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-09-01 1841-09-01 135.857522857209,-34.4008266486798 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 8 May, a number of Aboriginal people visited soldiers stationed at Pillaworta. The soldiers fired at the Aboriginal group which included Kungta and Turba. Two Aboriginal people were wounded, after which spears were thrown, the soldiers surrounded, and subsequently compelled to run. According to Ngarka, none of the Aboriginal people were killed or wounded.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-05-08 1842-05-08 135.851608071799,-34.7084412683143 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

By 4 October 1842, the Aboriginal people who were severely wounded by Driver and Hugonin’s expeditions had recovered and seeking revenge for the death of Tubulta (shot by Hugonin’s men at Port Lincoln Proper). According to Yutalta, two different groups (the Coffins Bay and Port Lincoln ‘tribes’) had joined together with the aim of ‘murdering all the whites in the Settlement’. 31 colonists signed a memorial to the Governor stating that they feared for their lives and requesting the Governor augment the 96th Regiment currently stationed at Port Lincoln.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-10-04 1842-10-04 137.484254525756,-33.0791966901605 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In July 1842 Charles Dutton decided to quit his station and overland his stock and four servants to Adelaide, travelling around the head of Spencer’s Gulf. When no word was heard of him for twelve weeks, he was presumed by many colonists to have been killed by Aboriginal people. Several search parties were unsuccessful in locating Dutton’s party or stock, and interpreter Clamor Schürmann heard several accounts of the fate of Dutton and his men from different Aboriginal groups.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-07-01 1842-07-01 138.585288293757,-34.9181312689164 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Nantes was tried at the Supreme Court for stealing from Alexander Turnbull. He was found guilty during the July Criminal Sessions and sentenced to three months hard labour. At the expiration of his sentence he was publicly whipped.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-09-05 1842-09-05 135.740338305725,-34.097429292896 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A party comprised of the Port Lincoln Government Resident (Charles Driver), Charles Hawker and six policemen were guided by Yutalta to a camp of approximately thirty people. Moullia and Nultia were identified as having participated in the murders at Rolles Biddle’s station and were arrested. Two other men, recognised as being involved in the murders, escaped. Driver informed the Governor that no violence was required when capturing Moullia and Nultia.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-11-09 1842-11-09 136.245455156326,-34.0172589459659 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

At noon on 16 November 1842, O’Halloran’s police and volunteer party ‘gave chase’ to a large group of Aboriginal people comprised of men, women and children. On learning through interpreters Utulta and Schürmann that no murderers were present, the Europeans continued their expedition.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-11-16 1842-11-16 136.521331600614,-33.8974311310731 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

An expedition led by Major O’Halloran pursued a group of Aboriginal people through thick scrub and captured a man of the “Coffins Bay Tribe”. On Schürmann vouching for the man’s innocence, he was released after being informed of the purpose of the expedition – namely to capture the murderers of Brown and Biddle.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-11-16 1842-11-16 135.5322866318,-34.2089774601969 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On day six of the police expedition to capture Biddle’s and Brown’s murderers, O’Halloran’s party are led to Malata salt lake by Moullia. A large group camped on the other side of the lake fled, leaving their possessions and two fires burning. No Aboriginal were captured, but O’Halloran reported that the whole of the ‘Battarra tribe’ had been thoroughly alarmed and forced away from their usual places of residence to hide in the scrub.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-11-20 1842-11-20 135.855809380093,-34.5427077726337 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 27 February 1843, a large number of Aboriginal people surrounded the station at which Brown was murdered the previous year. They shook their spears and made other signs of hostility, causing the shepherds and hutkeepers to flee. The Aboriginal people then entered the hut and rifled it.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-02-27 1843-02-27 135.855565677936,-34.4890644002081 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Nultia was found guilty for the murders at Biddle’s station in March 1842 and sentenced at the Supreme Court on 23 March 1843. He was hanged at the late Rolles Biddle’s station at 8am, 7 April 1843. Nultia’s body was buried within the precinct of the Port Lincoln goal.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-04-07 1843-04-07 135.796698140425,-34.6739752527356 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 10 May 1843, about 40 or 50 Aboriginal people appeared at Edward McEllister’s station. They stated that they were Biddle’s murderers, and that they would kill him if he did not leave the station. McEllister retreated to his hut and fired on them from a port-hole. The Aboriginal group threw stones at the roof and took two axe heads. One man finally dropped from the effects of McEllister’s shot.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-05-10 1843-05-10 135.770777271766,-34.6532199653315 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

When Ngarbi was apprended by T Hawson on 11 May 1842, between twenty to thirty of his Countrymen threatened Hawson. They did not attempt a rescue. Ngarbi admitted his involvement in the confrontation at McEllister’s station the previous day, and was known to be one of those involved in the murders at Rolles Biddle’s station in March 1842.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-05-11 1843-05-11 138.585030801562,-34.9170315948273 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Ngarbi was found guilty for the murder of Elizabeth Tubbs at Port Lincoln on 29 March 1842. He was hanged at the Adelaide Gaol on 1 August 1843.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-08-01 1843-08-01 135.865079823145,-34.6109632488615 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 16 February 1844, two of Matthew and Henry Smiths’ sheep were speared on their run.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-02-16 1844-02-16 135.839586380085,-34.7058031838382 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A large number of Aboriginal people removed between 20 to 30 sheaves of wheat from William Smith’s small farm at Happy Valley. Three spears were thrown at Smith when he attempted to bring in the remaining sheaves, and he was forced to desist.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-02-28 1844-02-28 135.833641220839,-34.7010084980956 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 27 February a group of Aboriginal people took goods from Mr Bishop’s hut at Emu Bottom. They rushed his flock, speared two sheep, and carried one of the sheep away.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-02-27 1844-02-27 135.850741285584,-34.7092973978209 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Aboriginal people forced an entry into the residences of William Smith and missionary Clamor Schürmann and took some articles and flour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-04-01 1844-04-01 135.806185661366,-34.6989683940226 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A group of Aboriginal people took wheat from Samuel Smith’s hut at Towallo. They were prevented from committing further depredations by the arrival of Smith and other Europeans.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-04-04 1844-04-04 135.868684944738,-34.5897745811362 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

At Henry Smith’s station on 5 April 1844, several sheep belonging to Samuel Smith but under the charge of shepherd Matthew Duncan Waygood were speared and carried off. A spear was reportedly thrown at Waygood, who was unarmed and an Aboriginal man was shot through the arm.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-04-05 1844-04-05 135.845925164021,-34.7046752207727 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Police Constables William Prewitt and Henry Lock approached a group of half a dozen people who were sitting around their fires. Prewitt claimed to have shot Padlulta in self-defence. Schurmann provides a contrasting account demonstrating Padlulta’s defencelessness and that the policemen ran away leaving Padlulta helpless and dying.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-04-11 1844-04-11 135.863914682171,-34.7230359949565 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 7 September 1844 the door to a cottage was forced open and bread and flour taken. Two boys who acknowledged committing the act were given six stripes in the presence of the boys’ father.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-09-07 1844-09-07 135.313144747246,-32.6174497309401 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Darke departed Port Lincoln on 24 August with an exploring party. According to witnesses James Howard and John Theakston, he was speared three times at about eight o’clock in the morning of 23 October 1844. The Europeans deduced that those who speared him had not previously been in contact with Europeans as they were startled by the sound of a gun and unfamiliar with damper.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-10-24 1844-10-24 135.837741039269,-34.7014547909746 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

William Smith reported that potatoes had been stolen from his farm. The Government Resident, a Police Constable and Native Constable Utulta searched for those responsible who had seemingly left the area. Most of the missing potatoes were found ‘secreted in the hills’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-12-02 1845-12-02 135.833968221077,-34.7025711071503 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sometime between 30 December 1844 and 5 January 1845, Mr Bishop’s hut at Emu Bottom was broken into. Flour, suet and a spoon were taken and Cowupmanna and another Aboriginal man were suspected. Cowupmanna later acknowledged he was responsible and received seven ‘stripes’ – one from the Police Constable and six from his fellow Countrymen.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-01-05 1845-01-05 134.289282906092,-32.6451431117586 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Around April 1845, Pityarri was shot by a sailor who was one of four men left to guard the wreck of a whaling ship in Streaky Bay. Dogs belonging to the sailor attacked a group of Aboriginal people who killed the dogs. The sailor alleged he fired in self-defence, killing a man named Pityarri and wounding another. The Aboriginal version of events was provided by Nauo man Yunbalta who was in the vicinity at the time.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-04-01 1845-04-01 135.834128555982,-34.7015194309252 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

The padlock on the door of Mr Bishop’s hut was wrenched and some provisions and clothing taken. A man named Yakilti was found to be responsible. Yakillti’s brother, Yunbulta and others recovered the property.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-04-01 1845-04-01 135.886376611184,-34.5661887050858 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 12 May, a shepherd in charge of 800 lambing ewes was startled by the appearance of an unnamed man who poised his spear and beckoned him to retreat to the hut. The shepherd allegedly observed many other Aboriginal people among the trees. On returning to his flock, four sheep were missing. On 21 May another sheep of the same flock was observed with a spear in its side, but the person responsible was not identified.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-05-12 1845-05-12 135.782517898594,-34.6877476582736 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mr JP Clay’s unoccupied stone cottage was broken into by enlarging one of the loop hopes at the back of the cottage and goods were taken. Clay with two other settlers lay in wait overnight in an attempt to capture those responsible. Due to their mismanagement, the thief escaped. Newmulta and Yailgulta were subsequently identified and punished.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-06-14 1845-06-14 135.843701253381,-34.7071278808024 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Around 3am on 4 February, George Lawson and Mr [William] Smith were woken by the sound of rustling in the straw. Suspecting Aboriginal people of taking wheat, Lawson fired a fowling piece loaded with shot and hit Nolondo. Government Resident Charles Driver later picked shot out of Nolondo’s back, and reported that, in all material points, Nolondo’s statement corroborated by that of Mr Lawson. Lieutenant Governor Robe questioned Lawson’s actions in taking the law into his own hands, and Driver’s failure to hold a Magisterial investigation into the matter.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-02-04 1846-02-04 135.802518201183,-34.7038064052987 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 26 February 1846, three or four bushels of wheat and a copper boiler were taken from TB Hawson’s station at Towalla. Aboriginal people were suspected of taking these items which were lying outside the hut.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-02-26 1846-02-26 135.77802074633,-34.6646507933592 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

While trying to extract bait set for a native dog, a log fell upon Nganti and seriously injured him. Nganti was set free by Mr Willow’s servant. Although he was severely bruised and in great pain, he managed to walk away. When he was not seen in the neighbourhood, he was feared dead by both Aboriginal people and Europeans. Native Constable Yutalta led an unsuccessful search for Nganti. Yutalta later learned that Nganti did not die but was remaining out of sight of the settlers as he feared the consequences of attempting to take the bait.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-08-09 1846-08-09 135.871847231931,-34.3395746346269 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A man named Burns noticed a spear in the side of one of a flock of sheep he was shepherding for Mr Peter. He subsequently saw four or five Aboriginal men, one of whom threw a spear at him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-09-16 1846-09-16 135.817984149579,-34.7679442466459 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

During Murpalta’s (Moorpa’s) imprisonment in Adelaide in 1842 and 1843, his wife Murlainolo partnered with Kambulta. On Murpaltla’s return, Murlianolo resumed her relationship with Murpalta. Kambulta speared her during the night of 7 October. Murpalta informed the police of her death, seeking their assistance in bringing Kambalta to justice.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-10-07 1846-10-07 136.154014134386,-34.1988692011804 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 5 April 1847, Muingulta was charged with assaulting the wife of a shepherd named Lockwood. Lockwood was employed by Messrs Price and Hawker as a hutkeeper at “Walga”.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-04-05 1847-04-05 135.842293189988,-34.4114618301359 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In May 1847 ‘Nganti’ (aka Nantes) was brought into the township of Port Lincoln settlement by the Police. He was charged with violently threatening a woman named Dowling who was employed as a hutkeeper by Messrs Price and Hawker. Nganti sought to obtain flour from Dowling.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-05-25 1847-05-25 135.703532550769,-34.6433960981732 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In June 1847, Muingulta was charged with stealing flour from George S White at the Swamp fifteen months earlier.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-03-01 1846-03-01 135.853079454742,-34.7167394802412 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Palianna, described as a member of the Parnkalla tribe, was apprehended after breaking into the store of John Bishop. Flour had gone missing from Bishop’s store, and Palianna was one of those suspected of taking the flour. He was sentenced to 60 days hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-07-29 1847-07-29 135.824101268828,-34.7215115990458 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A misunderstanding resulting in ‘acts of injustice’ towards Aboriginal people was reportedly resolved by the (unnamed) settler distributing provisions and clothing, rendering the interference of the police unnecessary.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-03-01 1848-03-01 136.161277820145,-34.3295274413595 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 16 May 1848, John Tennant wrote to the Government Resident at Port Lincoln informing him that his flocks had repeatedly been attacked by Aboriginal people who had also threatened to spear his servants. Lance Corporal Geherty was dispatched but unable to apprehend any offenders due to the thick scrub that skirted Tennant’s run.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-05-16 1848-05-16 135.293227351971,-33.9602476951946 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mortlock’s shepherd, Charles Goldsmith, reported that Aboriginal people on several occasions had attempted to spear and steal sheep. On 16 June, a group of about thirty members of the ‘Kukata’ tribe surrounded his hut. Aboriginal women present at the hut warned Goldsmith the ‘blackfellows’ were stealing sheep. Goldsmith’s hat, forehead and thigh were struck by spears, one of which was thrown by Mgurkalta. Goldsmith shot a man in the leg.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-06-16 1848-06-16 135.29116741621,-33.9613155412558 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On the same day that Charles Goldsmith’s hut was surrounded and Goldsmith was wounded by spears (16 June 1848), Mortlock’s hutkeeper, Isaac Bridges, was similarly assaulted. Bridges was wounded under the right arm. He fired, left the station and was pursued for some distance.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-06-16 1848-06-16 135.291768231031,-33.9641808597717 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

In recovering sheep taken during the confrontation between Charles Goldsmith, Isaac Bridges and a group of Kukata men, Mortlock’s overseer (Smith) found several sheep had been speared and others taken, and the hut ransacked. In taking possession of the sheep, spears were thrown at Smith who fired in return.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-06-16 1848-06-16 135.268483710221,-33.9529002861306 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Shortly the confrontations between Mortlock’s overseer Smith, hutkeeper Bridges and shepherd Goldsmith, Aboriginal people surprised the head station and set fire to the hut while the three men were inside. The fire was extinguished and, despite the Europeans being unable to fire on the group due to a lack of ammunition, the Aborignal group departed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-06-16 1848-06-16 134.869815768212,-33.3971012561713 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 23 June 1848, the mutilated body of John Hamp (hutkeeper for William Pinkerton) was found near his hut at Stoney Point. His hands, body and head were battered and a deep cut had been to the skull (over his left eye) by a sharp instrument. A saw was found inside the hut with hair, blood and brains on it. Dishes, pots and blankets had been taken from the hut. Tracks were found leading to the Lake, including the distinctive tracks of Mingalta. Mingalta and Malgalta were later arrested and charged with Hamp’s murder.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-06-23 1848-06-23 135.301265814001,-34.0576590719118 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Bakilta approached and threw spears at Alfred Henry Thompson, Mr Smith and a third man as they stood near a hut. The Europeans jumped to avoid the spears which did not hit them.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-06-25 1848-06-25 134.853106284664,-33.4188888557624 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 19 July 1848, Aboriginal men took a shirt belonging to William Porter that was drying outside his hut. Overseer George Stewart and hutkeeper John Woods went in pursuit. After tracking the group over Lake Newland, they met the Aboriginal group standing on some sandhills. The men initially appeared to be friendly, and Stewart demanded they return the shirt or he would shoot them. One man apparently threw a spear which slightly wounded Woods on the chest, whereupon Woods fired and killed him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-07-19 1848-07-19 135.296467482674,-33.9237114476705 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Smith, alias McGrath, overseer of Mr Mortlock’s western sheep stations, reported that on Saturday 7 October, on exiting his hut, he received a spear wound in his shoulder. Smith picked up a loaded gun and, on turning, saw eight or nine armed men who fled and escaped among the sand hills.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-10-07 1848-10-07 134.714511346886,-33.209066916745 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A group of sailors left on shore to salvage the wreck of a whaler had friendly relations with Aboriginal people for several weeks. According to European reports, without warning or reason, two Europeans who were some distance from the rest of the group were speared. Their wounds were not serious enough to require medical attention.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-12-01 1848-12-01 136.049771321943,-34.1780085847377 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sheep farmer John Symes suspected Aboriginal people of breaking into his hut and stealing provisions. On 14 March 1849, Mokiliti entered the hut and began to take the carcass of a recently killed sheep. While attempting to seize Mokiliti, another Aboriginal man threw a spear at Symes. When Mokiliti seized an axe, Symes shot and killed him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-03-14 1849-03-14 136.10438957753,-34.3123629882812 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

The bodies of boys Karakunderi and Yurdlori, husband and wife Puyultua and Ngaminia and infant Pirrapa were found on Mortlock’s station near Tumby Bay. Inspector Tolmer, George Lawson (surgeon) and Clamor Schurmann (interpreter) investigated. All deceased died after eating poisoned flour taken from the hut of shepherd Patrick Dwyer.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-04-28 1849-04-28 135.426529124143,-34.2262904761807 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 3 May 1849, James Beevor, ‘an old and much respected colonist’, was killed by an axe blow to the head while his partner, Mr Lodwick, was out tending their sheep. The hut was pillaged. A police party compised of Corporal Geharty and two constables set out from Port Lincoln the following day to search for the perpetrators.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-05-03 1849-05-03 135.275358729093,-33.9151860501918 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Mr Vaux’s shepherd, James Easton, left his wife and six week old baby in their hut on the morning of 7 May 1849. A man named Bakilta and his wife were employed to cut grass outside the hut. When Easton returned home later in the day, he found his wife dead. She had been speared in the chest, face and neck. Her six week old baby was unharmed but exhausted from continual crying. Bakilta said that Malpita was responsible.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-05-07 1849-05-07 134.866092141765,-33.6145499552404 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

A letter dated 8 May 1849 published in Adelaide newspapers referred to a robbery and attempted murder in the neighbourhood of Lake Newland, and the shooting of eight Aboriginal people and capture of six prisoners.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-05-01 1849-05-01 134.88318285415,-33.6522667528356 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

On 28 May 1849, items were taken from Thomas Horne’s hut. Horne stated in court that he went in pursuit and met with approximately 17 men who threw spears. Horne fired and the group separated, with one group making for the sea. Horne followed this group to the cliffs, and ‘two or three natives lost their lives in the affair’. Horne captured Yarngalta (a man), two women - Yabmanna and Wirao – and a boy named Winnulu.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-05-28 1849-05-28 135.365628248189,-34.1249473700262 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Four Aboriginal people, namely Ilgalta (an old man), Bakkilti (a man), Korlo (woman) and Putarpintye, were apprehended by Tolmer and charged with the murder of Anne Easton. According to one newspaper correspondent, three of the four were captured by Aboriginal people and handed to Tolmer. They were taken to Adelaide to be tried at the Supreme Court.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-06-28 1849-06-28 135.405726820939,-34.2138136412677 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

William Dunkin inflicted a burn on Munerabidni. The compensation was set at at £2, which Munerabidni received in the form of a daily allowance of food and some clothing. Both Dunkin’s and Munerabidni’s accounts of the incident tallied.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-01-19 1850-01-19 138.585394559963,-34.9178396758209 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Yarngalta, a man from Eyre Peninsula, was sentenced to two years imprisonment in March 1849. He died at the Adelaide gaol on 14 March 1850 ‘from general debility’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-03-14 1850-03-14 138.089445713929,-35.5983037180962 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Eyre Peninsula man Mangalta was released from prison as he was suffering from dysentery. He recovered after two weeks in Moorhouse’s care while staying at the Aborigines’ Location. He pined for his home and friends and was in the process of being returned to Eyre Peninsula. He boarded the cutter the Petrel on 14 March but, due to springing a leak, the Petrel was delayed. Mangalta became despondent and low, and died off the coast near Cape Jervis.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-03-22 1850-03-22 135.842098544829,-34.7445237311464 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Labourer James Young was taken into custody on 27 March 1850 for assaulting a youth named Munarabidni. However, Munarabidni ‘completely over powered’ Young. Munarabidni did not prosecute Young for the assault.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-03-27 1850-03-27 135.752294221895,-34.7454181633091 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Sheep farmer JT Simms stored a large supply of food and clothing a hut. On returning at a later date, he found a quantity of his property missing. This property was found on the Manilta, Pannalta, Mowalta and Minnulu who were charged and committed to trial in Adelaide.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-07-22 1850-07-22 135.818185118877,-34.7382599507966 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

John Dicks assaulted an Aboriginal person or persons while in a state of ‘unconscious inebreity’ and was subsequently fined one pound.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-10-21 1850-10-21 135.821793855291,-34.7419371241284 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

William Weaver assaulted an Aboriginal person or persons who he mistakenly identified and was subsequently fined one pound.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-10-21 1850-10-21 135.862312190112,-34.7215025719477 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist language and attitudes.

Native Police Constable Yutalta and some women were beaten by George Lawson who was intoxicated at the time. Yutalta and the women were sitting peacefully at their usual camping site when the assault occurred. Yutalta’s head was cut and his body was bruised. Lawson was fined 20 shillings.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-02-04 1846-02-04