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    <name><![CDATA[Humanitarians in the Antipodes: Mauritius and South Africa]]></name>
    <description><![CDATA[<p>A visualisation of the investigative tours of British Quakers, James Backhouse and George Washington Walker, who were 'travelling under concern' in the 1830s. This section relates to the Maurius and South Africa.</p>]]></description>
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      <Data name="subject_keywords"><![CDATA[colonialism, religious society of friends, quakers, colonial history, james backhouse, george washington walker, transnational human rights activism]]></Data>
      <Data name="recordtype"><![CDATA[Journey]]></Data>
      <Data name="creator"><![CDATA[Penny Edmonds]]></Data>
      <Data name="contact"><![CDATA[penny.edmonds@flinders.edu.au]]></Data>
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      <Data name="created_at"><![CDATA[2024-09-27 11:24:37]]></Data>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker, 'having concluded a visit to the Australian Colonies… sailed from Freemantle in Western Australia' on 12 February 1838 onboard the Abercromby under Captain J B Butcher.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker 'crossed the island to Mahebourg, in company with John le Brun, to visit two more schools of the Mico Charity'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Sailing from Mauritius to Cape Town, Backhouse and Walker sighted the coast of Africa near the mouth of the Keiskamma River.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker 'accompanied Dr and Jane Philip, John Williams and some other persons in a visit to Simons Town' where they found 'little more than a single row of houses, well painted and whitewashed, between the sea and the foot of a steep mountain'. They were accomodated with Richard and Mary Jennings, and visted the Government School and the Wesleyan Chapel.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker travelled in covered carts yoked to oxen, reaching the village of Somerset at the end of September 1838. There they were hosted by John Edgar, minister of the Dutch Church.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Walker sketched the 'Missionary Station at Zuurbraak' where about 850 Khoikhoi people resided, half of whom were children. They were accompanied by 'two of the sons of Henry Helm, the Missionary of the London Missionary Society's station at Zuurbraak'. They toured the British and Foreign School Society where about 140 male and female students were taught by Daniel Helm and his wife.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[An inspection of the South African Missionary Society at Zoar found three to four hundred Khoikhoi people who were farming 'an extensive tract of land, chiefly rocky, karroo hills' with 200 acres of fertile land by the side of the river. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[On their arrival at Pacaltsdorp, Backhouse & Walker were greeted at the London Missionary Society by Missionary William Anderson, as well as Dr Philip and his wife Jane. School master Thomas Hood provided them with a tour of the Pacaltsdorp estate which was owned and cultivated by about 600 Khoikhoi people. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Daniel Lindley accompanied Backhouse and Walker to Port Elizabeth, where they 'met a cordial welcome from Adam and Elizabeth Robson of the London Missionary Society' and had their 'horses shod by a pious blacksmith formerly connected with the Madagascar Mission'. Port Elizabeth was described as 'a small, English sea-port town' of about 100 stone or brick, red-tiled English-style houses.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[After crossing Kat River, Backhouse and Walker were escorted to Philipton by 'Joseph Read, a son of James Read, the aged and worthy Missionary, and Richard Birt, a young Missionary'. Philipton was described as consisting of 'a large, plain building used as a chapel and schoolroom, and of humble cottages, occupied by the Missionaries, James Read senior and junior' and of 'humber' huts inhabited by Khoikhoi, Xhosa   and other people.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker 'met a kind reception' at Igquibigha Station from Robert Niven who resided there in a 'stone house consisting of a few plain rooms, one of which was used for a school'. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Robert Niven accompanied Backhouse and Walker to 'Burns Hill, another station of the Glasgow Missionary Society, which was under the direction of James Laing, who was assisted by Alexander McDarmid, a pious artizan'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[At Butterworth William Fynn interpreting the service into Dutch, and a man named Jabez Bunting translated out of Dutch into Bantu. Backhouse reported that 'William Fynn had lately visited the Fitkani Chiefs, N'capai and Faku, accompanied by one of the Wesleyan Missionaries' with the errand 'to obtain a promise of peace for the land; and in this object they succeeded'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker returned to Cape Town via Morley, Clarkbury, Butterworth, Grahams Town, Glen Avon, Jammerberg, Platberg. Philippolis, Beaufort, and Ebenezer.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[On 21 December 1840, Backhouse reported that the 'island called St. Helena was in view… steep and mountainous'. Here they 'transferred a few letters to a Dutch ship which was making for the port' before continuing on their journey back to England.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[When crossing the Equator, Backhouse reported that the weather was extremely hot. The deck was so dry that the 'pitch was softened in the seams between the planks, and the wood was too hot to allow of persona walking upon it without shoes'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[As the schooner Invoice 'passed between the islands of Fayal and Flores among the Azores' the islands were not visible 'in consequence of a fog'. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse 'went on board of a steamer and landed at London Bridge after an absence of nine years and five months from my native land'. He made his way to the house of his friends John and Isabel Kitching at Stamford Hill, where he was soon joined by one of his sisters. Six days later Backhouse was reunited with his children, whom he 'had left young' and found that they 'were so much grown and altered' that he 'could not have identified them'.]]></name>
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        <begin>1841-02-15</begin>
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      <name><![CDATA[On 3 March 1838 the ship Abercromby under Captain J B Butcher passed to the northward of the island of Rodrigue.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[On 7 March 1838 Ile Rond, or Round Island was 'descried at five or six eagues distance, and soon after the rugged mountains of the Mauritius, or Isle of France'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Arriving at the harbour at Port Louis, Backhouse and Walker found a considerable number of vessels, with boats manned by a wide variety of 'men of colour' which 'presented a very foreign appearance to an English eye'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse described Port Louis as 'beautifully situated on the west side of Mauritius, in a cove formed by a series of basaltic hills' with narrow streets laid out at right angles and basaltic curbstone footpaths. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker were introduced to the Colonial Secretary of Mauritius, Captain George F Dick, who arranged their visit to the Governor.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[George Clark, 'the master of the school of the Mico Charity in Port Louis' invited Backhouse and Walker to join him in a visit to Mapou.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker 'obtained leave to visit the prisons' in Port Louis, and after 'breakfasting with the Colonial Secretary' they left in company of 'L. Banks, one of the Episcopal Chaplains' to inspect the 'two principal prisons and the Military Hospital'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker accompanied their 'friends George and Jane Clark in a ride to Pamplemousses, and spent a little time in the Botanic Garden'. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Accompanied 'by a young man from one of the Seychelles islands', Backhouse and Walker 'took a walk, crossing the country' from Port Louis to the Grand Riviere.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[In preparing to leave Mauritius, Backhouse and Walker 'paid a parting visit to the Colonial Secretary and his family' from whom they had received much kind attention durig their stay. There they 'met with Lieutenant George Grey, who had been recently associated with an officer named Lushington in exploring the northwest coast of Australia... from whence they had lately returned after making some interesting discoveries'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Sailing from Mauritius, Backhouse and Walker 'had a fine view of the French Island of Bourbon, or Mascarenhas, which Backhouse described as very mountainous with an active volcano emitting smoke on the south-east part of the island.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Sailing from Mauritius to Cape Town, Backhouse and Walker passed the Cape L'Aguilhas, and Backhouse described the 'turning of the Cape of Good Hope and re-entering the Atlantic' to be 'something like turning the comer that opens out the street in which one's own dwelling is situated' which might bring them 'again quickly into an acquaintance with the state of dear connexions, from all tidings of whom had now been cut off for a long season'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[On arrival at Cape Town, Backhouse and Walker 'were greeted on the beach' by an 'old school-fellow, Thomas Laidman Hodgson' whom Backhouse 'had not seen for nearly thirty years' and was now the Superintendent of the Wesleyan Missions in that part of South Africa. The also received a kind welcome from Dr. Philip, of the London Missionary Society before preceding to the post office were they were greeded by fourteen letters. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[After dining with William Henry Harvey, the Colonial Treasurer, Backhouse and Walker 'walked with him through the Kloof, between Table Mountain and the Lion Hill' where the scenery was very grand.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[After Backhouse and Walker sought advice from Thomas L Hodgson and George Thompson  regarding their travel plans within South Africa, they 'spent some time in putting up some Reports of the Aborigines Protection Society, to send to persons of influence in various parts of Australia'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker 'accompanied T.L. Hodgson to a school beloning to the Wesleyans, situated in Sydney-street, a district of the town in which many poor Irish and Coloured people reside'. Hodgson recommended that the Friends 'employ Richard Jennings in a school of this sort in Cape Town' as Jennings intended to 'devote himself to the education of children in Africa'. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker interviewed convicts who were working on the raod at 'Houw Hoek, Cut Corner, contiguous to the village of Houw' and they reported that 'they were lodged in a poor hut, but said they had nothing to complain of in regard to victuals'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[At Zwellendam, which Backhouse described as 'a long straggling village of pretty apprearance with neat, white houses, some English, some Dutch in style', they were visited by Civil Commissioner Harry Rivers and Minister William Robertson. They inspected the school, town library and prison, which they found to be 'clean and tolerably commodious'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[While pursuing their 'journey in the Lange Kloof… and extensive valley between ranges of lofty hills with farms at distant intervals' Backhouse & Walker, in the company of a team of men from Pacaltsdorp, were approached by local Afrikaan farmers who fired shots in their direction when provided with religious tracts.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[As they approached the Missionary Station in Hankey Backhouse and Walker were 'cheered by hearing infant voices singing hymns in English'. They had arrived 'in time to join a considerable congregation' who were celebrating 'the memorable day on which slavery ceased in the Cape Colony'.  The toured the mission accompanied by Missionary Edward Williams.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[In Bethelsdorp Backhouse and Walker found 'a square of whitewashed, red-tiled, stone houses, and several other houses and cottages arranged as little streets' in an area which had 'long suffered severely from droughts'. They inspected a school which conducted lessons in Dutch for adults and in English for children and infants. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[At Uitenhage, Backhouse and Walker 'called on John George Messer, an aged servant of the London Misaionary Society, and on Alexander Smith, the minister of the Reformed Dutch Church'. Uitenhage was described as 'a pretty, English-looking town, containing about 315 houses, consisting of a few streets crossing at right angles... well watered from a very copious spring, situated on the karroo hills above the town.']]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[At Uitenhaga, the District Surgeon accompanied Backhouse and Walker on a tour of the jail and hospital. Backhouse reported that the jail 'was an inefficient place, badly ventilated' with 'small yards, unenclosed by any outer wall, and aome grated windows open to the road'. The witnessed one of the prisoners heavily ironed.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[On approaching Grahams Town, Backhouse and Walker were 'struck with the uninviting appearance of the site' which Backhouse described as 'a naked country at the foot of a low, rocky standstone ridge'. They were cordially welcomed by 'William Wright, a native of Ireland'. Grahams Town at that time had 4000 inhabitants, almost exclusively of English descent. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[At Grahams Town Backhouse and Walker inspected the jail which Backhouse described as 'a good looking building externally, but very insufficient, and badly arranged within' with 'several small yards with brick walls; some with day-rooms attached, and othen with cells'. Backhouse reported that the cells were 'all much crowded, except one, in which a man was confined solitarily'. From eight to sixteen persons were lodged in each of the eight cells of one yard. A considerable number of convicts worked in irons on the roads, were lodged in this prison.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker crossed Great Fish River to arrive at 'Hermanes Kraal or Fort Brown, a small solitary station' where they provided the stationed inhabitants with religious tracts, a Dutch New Testiment and a Dutch language copy of Pilgrim's Progress.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[The Assistant Commissary General, J. J. Smith, greeted Backhouse and Walker when they arrived at Fort Beaufort. Backhouse reported that Fort Beaufort consisted chiefly of 'military barracks, a few cottages occupied by officers, some soldiers' huts, and a few stores'. A Wesleyan chapel was in course of erection and a school house in the mean time accommodated the congregation.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[James Laing accompanied Backhouse and Walker to Pirie, 'another Station of the Glasgow Missionary Society'. Backhouse described Pirie as consisting of 'a plain house of unhewn basalt and a little mud-walled chapel'. They were welcomed at Pirie by 'John and Ellen Ross, who were worthy Scotch people with four children of their own, and performing the part of foster-parents to the motherless son of James Laing'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse reported that Bethal was a station of the Berlin Missionary Society, and was situated in the territory of the Caffer Chief, Gacela, who had ceded a considerable piece of land to it. Bethal consisted of a cottage 'built'of sods and plastered' by the 'Missionary's own hands', as well as 'several outbuildings, one of which served for a chapel'. Backhouse and Walker were accompanied by J.L. Doehne to 'Itemba, another station of the Berlin Society', ten miles away from Bethal, where Missionary Julius Schuldheis and his assistant were erecting a house. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[On their way to Butterworth, Backhouse and Walker apprehensively crossed the Great Kei River. At Butterworth they were very kindly received 'by William McDowell Fynn, a Diplomatic Agent of the Colonial Government, and Elizabeth Ann Weeks, a widow' who resided there with two of her children and was 'engaged by the Wesleyan Missionary Society as a nurse.' Butterworth was in the country of 'the Chief Rhili, a son of the late Hintza' and consisted of 'a commodious mission-house, a few cottages, and several huts'.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Jabez Bunting and Richard Watson escorted Backhouse and Walker to Clarkbury, passing through the 'territory of the Chief of the Amatembu' Tambookie, and were greeted at Clarkbury by 'Joseph Warner the catechist who was in charge of the Station'. Backhouse reported that Clarkbury had commenced about 1831 and 'consisted of a decent, brick Mission-house with a colonnade in front, a chapel, also of brick, but plastered with mud, and ... a paper-felt roof, two or three rude cottages, and huts'. ]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Tambookie from Clarkbury escorted Backhouse and Walker to the mission at Morley with a population of about 300 people. Backhouse described Morley as a 'flourishing Station' comprising of a brick mission house and chapel, two wattle-and-daub cottages, and numberous huts.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Thomas and Jemima Wakeford welcomed Backhouse and Walker to the Buntingville mission, with a population of about 500 people. The school at Buntingville 'had about eighty pupils, eighteen of whom were able to red the Scriptues in their own tongue.']]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[Backhouse and Walker returned to Cape Town via Morley, Clarkbury, Butterworth, Grahams Town, Glen Avon, Jammerberg, Platberg. Philippolis, Beaufort, and Ebenezer.]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[As Backhouse made preparations to leave Cape Town to return to England after nine years of travelling, Walker 'thought it might be the right time for him to look out for a vessel bound for Hobart Town, as he had a view of returning thither to settle'. Walker found that the Hamilton Ross was at the Cape preparing to sail for Hobart, and Walker 'engaged a passage on board this vessel'.]]></name>
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