Colonial violence.

Rocky and swampy terrain used by Gunditjmara in the Eumeralla wars.

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Colonial violence.

Extremely arid country NW of Coniston used to evade Murray's 1st massacre expedition, where it's not possible to survive without knowing the location of the few soaks. Murray also mentioned the difficulty of pursing people in the ranges to the north west, but there don't seem to be any ranges out here. Perhaps that was the ones west of Yuendumu? Though it seems pretty clear he was going up towards Tanami, where it was supposed that Aboriginal warriors were attacking from.

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Colonial violence.

Very rugged forested and rocky country with precipitous gullies used as a base from which to raid sheep stations on the western plains, and evade horseborne pursuit. Fire and steep rocky inclines were also used in tactical manouvres.

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Colonial violence.

Multiple forested and mountainous areas near Brisbane and Toowoomba used in resistance. See Kerkhove detailed maps and accounts.

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Colonial violence.

Used by Wailwan Aboriginal people during organised resistance a 'secure retreat' where they could be 'generally informed of the approach of any policeman'. Eg: a war party of 40 warriors assembled after a meeting of Aboriginal people from this region, Darling River and Lachlan River region. Large gatherings of 150 or 200 men plus women and children occurred.

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Colonial violence.

'Almost inaccessible stronghold...' see https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=907

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Colonial violence.

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/233729813

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1986249

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Colonial violence.

As well as using the mountain strongholds, Aboriginal people were given asylum and hospice at particular pastoral runs east of Expedition Range who wanted to collaborate with Aboriginal people and for them to work on runs and were opposed to the Native Police, and other colonists who favoured exile and extermination of Aboriginal people.

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Colonial violence.

'Following these engagements, the Aborigines withdrew to Fraser Island,
which, according to the whites, they seemed to be using as a convenient
natural fortress, for the avoidance of European reprisal raids. At a
meeting of the three Native Police officers with Magistrate Bidwell and
local squatter, Edward B. Uhr, in mid-February 1851, it was maintained that
on previous occasions the natives had retired to the island ’after committing
murders’ and that this place was tactically regarded by them ’as a stronghold
from which they can issue at any time to commit fresh crimes.’ The group
concluded that it must be demonstrated to the natives that ’they will not
be able to continue the above system’ and that the Force must "finally
put a stop to collisions between whites and blacks."75'

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