A summary of this war and resistance will be available in future.

Notes:

Sealers and whalers who kidnapped women established violent relations.
Explorers at the Coorong looking for the mouth of the Murray-Darling system and others passing through were killed, probably due to the hostile relations established by sealers and whalers.
With Adelaide established by free settlers rather than convicts, there was violence and resistance, but it's severity relative to other parts of Australia may have been ameliorated by the efforts of Mullawirraburka and Kadlitpinna, with Wyatt and other colonists to quell violence and retaliation.
When the 'Maria' was ship wrecked at the Coorong, many were killed in a rare massacre of colonists by Aboriginal people. This lead to Government ordered reprisals and killing of Aboriginal people.
Violence and resistance expanded from Adelaide into the Yorke Peninsula and to the north.
This was followed by conflicts at Port Lincoln (Eyre Peninsula) to the west; on overland routes between Adelaide and the Murray and Murrumbidgee Rivers and Port Phillip (Victoria), and further north in the Flinders Ranges. Also, the Northern Territory was governed from Adelaide when there was extensive violence there later.

Data has been generously provided by:

Robert Foster, Skye Krichauff and Amanda Nettelbeck, The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2024, http://ua.edu.au/south-australian-frontier

]]> 139.306,-35.782 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

In late July 1840, news reached Adelaide that 26 survivors of the wreck of the Maria, at a reef off the Coorong, had been slaughtered by the Milmenrura people (SA Register, August 1, 1840, p 2). Sir George Gawler, the governor of South Australia, declared martial law in the Coorong and dispatched a party of mounted police led by police commissioner Thomas O'Halloran to the Coroong and 'enforce summary justice' on the killers (SA Register, August 15, 1840, p 2). Two Milmenrura men, 'chosen on hearsay, were hung in the sight of the captive members of their clan' (Foster et al, 2001, p 15). However, in the aftermath of the hanging, it is alleged that the police killed a large group of Milmenrua (Hamann, 1973). Twenty-six colonists killed in one operation remains the largest massacre of colonists by Aboriginal people in Australia.

]]> 1840-07-01 1840-07-14 137.56034390592154,-35.72524358568086 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

"A bay called the Bay of Shoals, on the north coast next the main, is resorted to by the fishermen on account of a salt lagoon, or sea pool, which, when dried up after the rainy season, is filled with excellent salt to the depth of 5 or 6 inches. Near it is a lake of fresh water, both being situated about 2 miles from the beach, which distance the productions are curried on the back to the boats. This, as well as every other labour, is performed by the native women, whom these unprincipled men carry off from the main, and compel to hunt, work, and fish, and do every other menial service, while they themselves sit on the beach, smoke, drink, and sleep by turns, occasionally perhaps rousing to kill a young seal while basking on the sunny beach. This food, though far from palatable, is all that their indolence will in general allow them to procure, and they sometimes salt it down for future store. It is much to be lamented that so debased a specimen of the Christian race as these men, should be the first to give an impres-sion to the natives, who are there very numerous, and of a superior cast to those here and at Sydney. They live in regular villages, are all clothed with a cloak made of skins stitched together and orna-mented, and though like all other savages addicted to stealing, are nevertheless friendly and hospitable. The tide in this bay rises about 6 or 7 feet; it is not however safe for any large vessels, and about first quarter ebb, numerous shoals are visible. Ten miles to the east is a fine river called American River, with an excellent harbour. It is so named from an American who visited that neighbourhood about ten years ago, and built a very handsome schooner of the pine tree, peculiar to the island. This wood resembles the red Swedish timber, and contains turpentine. Mr. Smith sailed 13 miles up this river, and by culling one of these trees in halves, scooping it out with an adze, and afterwards uniting it with hoops, he constructed an admirable pump for his vessel. The trees common here also abound there, and the small species of kangaroo is very numerous. Among the animals which we have not seen here, is a kind of edible guana, a species of bear, about the size of a fox, and species of cockatoo, of a grey colour, with a red crest. The fish are superior, and well flavoured; among them a kind of whiting is described as being ex-cellent eating. When the fishing season for seals is over, these men, with the native women and their offspring, amounting in all to about 40, re-tire into a valley in the interior of the island, where they have a garden and huts. One man called Abyssinia, has led this life for 14 years. Are then these men, thus strangers to religion, strangers to principle, among whom rapine of every kind, and even murder is not unfrequent, are they to be suffered to debase human nature? They are at present supported and encouraged by the Colonial vessels that visit them for the purpose of bartering their skins for rum. Many of them are armed, and in a short time it will not be safe even for a large vessel to go among them." (Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 1 July 1826, page 3

"There are no natives on the island ; several Europeans assembled there; some who have run from ships that traded for salt; others from Sydney and Van Diemen's Land, who were pri-soners of the crown. These gangs joined after a lapse of time, and became the terror of ships going to the island for salt, &c. being little better than pirates. They are complete savages, living in bark huts like the natives, not cultivating any thing, but living entirely on kangaroos, emus, and small porcupines, and getting spirits and tobacco in barter for the skins which they lay up during th e sealing season. They dress in kangaroo skins without linen, and wear sandals made of sealskins. They smell like foxes. They have carried their daring acts to an extreme, venturing on the main land in their boats, and seizing on the natives, particularly the women, and keeping them in a state of slavery, cruelly beating them on every trifling occasion ; and when at last some of these marauders were taken off the island by an expedition from New South Wales, these women were landed on the main with their chil-dren and dogs, to procure a subsistence, not knowing how their own people might treat them after a long absence." (The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser 1836, July 2, p 2).

]]> 1812 1837 138.877885949099,-35.2363897578157 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

In searching an Aboriginal encampment for goods stolen from Mr Forbes, Corporal Rose and Police Constable Mulheran fought with two Aboriginal men. One man (whose name does not appear in the written records) died from his wounds. The other man, Mant-yi-ulde (alias Bob), was arrested and charged with robbing Mr Forbes’ hut and resisting police.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-05-09 1846-05-09 139.024870165281,-35.1571016390253 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

German settler, Mrs Taekelmann, whose husband who had left for the goldfields, told the police that twelve Aboriginal people forced entry into her hut and threatened her with sexual suggestions. She claimed to have fired a pistol to no effect, and been saved by a man who was riding past looking for stock when he heard her screams and the pistol shot. Protector Moorhouse and Sub-Protector Mason investigated and concluded that her claims were false.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-04-26 1852-04-26 138.558710363163,-35.0112250789041 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

A large group of Aboriginal people confronted Sarah Stutely and her younger sister Emma at her parents’ house on Mr Dyke’s station. On being refused flour, some pushed Sarah and entered the house, shaking their waddies and demanding flour. Emma sought help from Robert Adams. When the group refused to leave, Adams took down an empty gun and threatened to shoot. Caldecotte, a well-known and highly respected man from Encounter Bay, was tried at the Supreme Court on 5 July 1844 and sentenced to three months imprisonment.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-04-11 1844-04-11 138.660156927637,-34.9493863008993 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

One of Mr Gleeson’s Indian workers (a ‘Coolie’) was stabbed in the neck when he refused to give two Aboriginal men food or money. A doctor was called and the man’s life was saved.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-05-18 1841-05-18 138.651277511347,-34.9465532390265 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Mungokinkt and five Aboriginal people entered Elizabeth Willis’s house at Gleeville, examined items, demanded bread and took some items. Mungokinkt, who was known to Willis, prevented her from leaving the house. Mungokinkt was tried at the Supreme Court on 5 July 1844 and sentenced to two months imprisonment.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-05-19 1844-05-19 139.034938525206,-34.9285274417887 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

An Aboriginal man who supposedly attacked sheep and a shepherd was shot by the same shepherd at Mr Beevor’s station. Protector Moorhouse and the Commissioner of Police investigated and reported that the shepherd appeared to have acted in self-defence. A later account by John Wathrall Bull suggests the the death of this man was not intentional.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-06-10 1840-06-10 138.599953783945,-34.9282121467099 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Edward Gregory used swords to maim an Aboriginal woman at his house in the Adelaide district. The woman recovered and the case was prosecuted but the woman was unable to give evidence because she did not speak English.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-03-01 1842-03-01 138.586738600427,-34.9170073002116 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Yerricha (George), a man from the Lyndoch Valley area, was hanged for the murder of shepherd William Duffield. When the case went to trial, the defence argued it rested on circumstantial evidence. Yerricha was found guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-05-31 1839-05-31 138.584217368089,-34.917998349258 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Wang Nucha (Tommy Round Head) was charged and found guilty for the murder of Mr Hallett’s shepherd, James Thompson, at the Para River on 26 April 1839. His trial took place on 25 May 1839 and he was hanged at the Adelaide Gaol on 31 May 1839.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-05-31 1839-05-31 138.598565911984,-34.9173213861247 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Labourer Enoch Peglar was killed by a long sharp instrument (a kangaroo bone or wooden stick) that pierced his heart. Two men from the upper Gulf were briefly imprisoned for Peglar’s death.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1838-03-08 1838-03-08 138.632811110851,-34.9163391048568 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Muller complained to police that Aboriginal people from Moorundie had encamped on his section and were continuously driving away his horses and cattle, and destroying his grass and timber. He requested police assistance to remove ‘the nuisance’. According to police report, the encampment was burned.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-06-11 1846-06-11 138.581007000368,-34.9132699996589 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Two Aboriginal men lying in the grass were wounded by pellets shot by an Englishman hunting quail. As they expressed it, ‘Burkonna mayoo wokkareen’ – ‘the white man was stupid’. The two men recovered.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1837-12-06 1837-12-06 138.537085526552,-34.8822280111852 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Aboriginal man ‘Captain Mitchell’ speared Captain Burns (Master of the Giraffe), most likely in revenge for the unjust imprisonment of Captain Mitchell’s brother or near relative following Peglar’s murder in March 1839. Burns recovered and Captain Mitchell was imprisoned for four days.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1838-03-09 1838-03-09 138.665835802877,-34.8660318982551 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Shepherd William Duffield was attacked by three Aboriginal men. Before he died, Duffield deposed that the men were seemingly intent on stealing sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-04-21 1839-04-21 138.519503516555,-34.6650674199079 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

James Thompson, Hallett’s shepherd, was killed in the vicinity of the Milner Estate and the Para (Gawler) River, inland from Port Gawler. Picha-Cud-Nacha (Tam O’Shanter), Wang Nucha (Tommy Round Head) and Tippa Warricha (Bob) were charged with wilful assault and murder. Wang Nucha was found guilty and hanged.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-04-26 1839-04-26 138.517141000359,-34.6683210002249 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Tippa Warricha (Bob) was charged with throwing spears at Daniel Cox, with intent to murder. The case was tried at the Supreme Court. Tippa Warricha was found guilty and sentenced to 12 months imprisonment with hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-04-26 1839-04-26 138.494037820658,-34.6421735698789 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Several young colonists charged a group of Aboriginal people in the wake of Thompson and Duffield’s deaths, forcing them to flee.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-05-01 1839-05-01 138.321897500365,-35.4636481997026 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

George Meredith, a sealer living on Kangaroo Island, came ashore on the Fluerieu Peninsula in the early part of 1836, with his Aboriginal wife and two Aboriginal men. The men reportedly killed him with a tomahawk.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1836-01-01 1836-01-01 137.73785500038,-34.8999714298707 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 12 August, Morris and Jones rode up to Melaityappa and shot him in the arm, foot and back. On 22 August, Protector Moorhouse met with Melaityappa. Melaityappa was taken to Adelaide and operated on by the Colonial Surgeon. He died on 31 August 1849. Jones and Morris were tried at the Supreme Court and charged with wilful murder. Both men were acquitted by Judge Mann.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-08-12 1849-08-12 137.842090799675,-34.7979734401115 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Henry Thomas Morris beat Monarto with a whip and a yam stick, and Yurnarri with a yam stick. The case was heard at the Police Court and the Supreme Court, after which the Judge forwarded the depositions to the Attorney General for his consideration.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-08-12 1849-08-12 137.035785100104,-34.93952268976 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 19 July 1851, Binarambula was charged with stealing a lamb and ewe from William Rogers. He was brought before the Grand Jury at the Supreme Court Criminal Sessions but the Jury ignored the bill.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-07-19 1851-07-19 137.187294799616,-34.9294485501034 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Ngurkilli, Partko and Mantamornappa feloniously assaulted Henry James Brown and stole a gun from him, valued at fifteen shillings. In court, Brown stated that the men often pilfered from the hut when he was not there, and that they had taken his meat the previous day. Mantamornappa said that he could not use the gun, and that he took it for fear of the hutkeeper using it against them.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-06-15 1851-06-15 137.243004463358,-35.0117859054003 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Mantamornappa had previously worked for Struve’s employer, James Coutts. And all four men were known to Struve. They pleaded guilty to feloniously assaulting him, and taking flour and meat from his hut. They were sentenced to six months hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-06-03 1851-06-03 137.635702299905,-34.9380434103149 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 21 March, Thomas Rogers (shepherding for his father William) discovered a sheep that had been hidden in the bush since 14 March. In court, Kurkrunwilla and Muruss described how they had separated the sheep, carried it away and buried it under leaves in the bush. They were committed for trial at the Supreme Court.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-03-14 1851-03-14 137.59927960006,-34.7716109203254 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Five Aboriginal people rushed upon a flock of sheep at Anstey's station. Two shepherds drove the Aboriginal group away by using threats and presenting their firearms. No blood was reported to have been shed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-09-01 1849-09-01 137.632838099775,-35.0026179602753 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Protector Moorhouse and Corporal Hall visited all the recently established stations on Yorke’s Peninsula in early January 1848. They reported that Aboriginal people had taken some sheep from Mr Bowden. According to Moorhouse, of the thirty sheep taken, twenty were recovered alive, and the carcasses of ten were found before they had been eaten.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-09-01 1847-09-01 137.681483800195,-34.9272268899287 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

When Corporal Hall visited all the newly formed stations in the recently occupied district of Yorke Peninsula in late December 1847 and early January 1848, he was informed that two of Mr Weaver’s huts had been burned by ‘the Natives’ three months earlier.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-09-01 1847-09-01 137.213285700036,-34.9957272598227 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Aboriginal men held shepherd, Richard Monks, to the ground and took the flock of sheep he was shepherding. Monks reported back to his employer James Coutts, who sent his nephew, John Gall, and overseer, Charles Parrington, in pursuit. In recovering the sheep, Gall and Parrington allegedly encountered twenty Aboriginal men and fired in self-defence. They claimed that two men were wounded, but did not know if their injuries were fatal. The men were apparently from the Point Pearce district and were unknown to the Europeans.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-10-18 1852-10-18 137.490926699647,-34.9688777897424 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Police Constable Lewin accused Melapa and Melacha of stealing flour from the police station. Police Commissioner Tolmer was on a tour of inspection and soon deduced that Lewin and fellow Police Constable Charles Sinclair had not issued rations on the full moon (the 24 April). Tolmer dismissed Lewin on the spot, and liberated Melapa and Melacha.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-04-24 1853-04-24 137.457488600232,-34.8918864703242 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

A party of between five and eight Europeans carrying firearms assembled to surprise and confront a group of Aboriginal people encamped on the shores of Hardwicke Bay, and recover the sheep taken from Anstey’s shepherds (William Bruce Scott and John Brown) two days earlier. Nantariltarra (alias ‘Williamy’) was shot through the head and a girl drowned.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-07-03 1849-07-03 137.482660800356,-34.8676581303533 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Between fifteen and twenty men confronted shepherds, William Bruce Scott and James Brown. Three men attempted to communicate, first with Brown (at the head of the flock) and then with Scott (at the back). The shepherds attempted to frighten them away by firing a pistol, after which the Aboriginal men threw stones at the shepherds. Scott and Brown ran away, leaving the sheep. When the flock was recovered, two hundred sheep were missing.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-07-01 1849-07-01 137.565113699975,-34.7658371599458 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

After learning that a flock of sheep had been rushed and some sheep taken, Anstey’s overseer, George Penton, went in pursuit. Penton came to a group of about fifty people who were roasting eight sheep. On seeing Penton, the group ran away, with the exception of one man who stood his ground. While this man was reportedly either preparing to throw or in the act of throwing his spear, Penton shot him through the head.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-01-20 1849-01-20 137.49211789985,-34.9264773101603 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Thomas Granger, a hutkeeper employed by Anstey, alleged that Kawilla came to his hut, demanded flour and threatened him, and that Granger shot him in self-defence. Thomas Giles’s recollections suggest that Granger fabricated the story and shot Kawilla in the back.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-06-18 1853-06-18 137.490831199749,-34.8378571800766 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 2 August 1849, shepherd, William Bruce Scott, was brutally killed in the Hardwick Bay district while out with his flock. On 3 August, three Aboriginal people led Sergeant-Major McCulloch to the missing sheep. Through interpreter Native Constable Jim Crack, Wilcooramalap subsequently led McCulloch to Scott’s body. Wilcooramalap and, later, Tulta, were charged with Scott’s murder, but were released in March 1850 due to a lack of evidence.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-08-02 1849-08-02 137.808292100335,-34.80232282993 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On the morning of 11 July 1849, shepherd, Thomas Armstrong, was speared in his side by Tulta. He died of his wounds. Information provided by Aboriginal witnesses and Protector Moorhouse indicate that Tulta speared Armstrong for failing to compensate him for having sexual intercourse with Tulta’s wife.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-07-11 1849-07-11 137.421641209343,-35.0702639640192 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

When Koonko and Watpa attempted to round up some sheep, John Gall fired a pistol, and was consequently speared and attacked with sticks and stones. Although the flock was taken, all but one or two sheep were recovered. Koonko and Watpa were tried at the Supreme Court in March 1850. Koonko was sentenced to four months hard labour. The charge against Watpa was abandoned.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-10-09 1849-10-09 137.49078339141,-34.964880698126 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 26 November 1849, Aboriginal people attacked sheep on Rogers' station, driving some off. When they repeated the attack on 29 November, the police captured one of the alleged offenders. The police returned with the prisoner to Rogers’ station where they observed swelling and the development of large water-bladders on the prisoner's face. He died at the Yorke Peninsula Police Station on 2 December.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-12-02 1849-12-02 137.160709699569,-34.9930836496775 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Bagnall was waddied and speared fifty yards from his hut. Kankarra Widlo was later charged with grievous bodily harm. In court, Bagnall gave contradictory evidence regarding the assault and the reasons for the confrontation. Bagnall later developed a reputation for committing ‘criminal acts’ with Aboriginal women. He also had a ferocious dog that attacked Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-05-27 1850-05-27 137.783644299843,-34.9418329502738 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Wurti Pultana (aka Warriota), aged between six and eight years, was raped by one of Rogers’ shepherds, an older man named Thomas Simms. Although a true bill was found against Sims at the Supreme Court Criminal Sittings in November 1850, the Grand Jury found Simms not guilty in February 1851.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-08-03 1850-08-03 137.871778500153,-34.4872004500312 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

In the presence of shepherd, George Miles, and his assistant, Taityanna-Widlo, Padlarra took one of William Rogers’ sheep at Rogues’ Gully. Two days later, Padlarra was arrested by Police Constable Coyte, Native Constable Jim Crack and Taityanna-Widlo.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-06-10 1850-06-10 137.606492499565,-34.9455483101565 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 16 May 1851, police stationed on Yorke Peninsula went to the site where William Bagnall had reportedly been killed. His head was smashed in and his body was found ripped open from the throat to the lower ribs. One of Bagnall’s kidneys had been taken. Marippa stated in court that he had beaten Bagnall because he had taken Marippa’s wife. The accused were found guilty of manslaughter and given light sentences.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-05-01 1851-05-01 137.425367299869,-35.0673383096916 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Protector Moorhouse received information that on 18 July 1853, one of Mr Coutts’s shepherds was driving his sheep from the yard when a number of ‘natives’ appeared and prevented him from doing so. The shepherd reported this to Coutts. The two men returned to the yard and fired on the group. No injuries or deaths were reported.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1853-07-18 1853-07-18 137.784767900024,-34.8870053801826 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Edward Gibbon (aged around twenty years) was charged at the Police Court in Adelaide with raping ten-year-old, Purt Purrie. The case relied on Aboriginal evidence and was eventually dismissed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1854-10-28 1854-10-28 137.248123000067,-35.0145312898774 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

A physical confrontation occurred between John Gall (nephew and assistant overseer of James Coutts) and two Aboriginal men whom Gall alleged ‘snuck up’ on him while he was in his hut.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-01-01 1850-01-01 137.506039300217,-34.4241755196331 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

When two Aboriginal men were given dinner for helping Rogers’ employees erect a hut, Kurrawampa and others took it away from them. The overseer, Mr Elliot, took the dinner back, causing Kurrawampa and others to threaten him with spears. William Stephenson fetched a gun. Kurrawampa threw a spear at Elliot. Stephenson shot Kurrawampa in the legs. Kurrawampa was cared for by the men at the station and made a full recovery.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1855-01-04 1855-01-04 137.518923500367,-34.3296840701864 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Tittawitta, Tommy Gumflat and Jemmy Pointpiercer were charged with stealing 213 sheep from Mr Rogers, 22 August 1855. They admitted the charge and were sentenced to six months imprisonment with hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1856-08-22 1856-08-22 137.885651800228,-33.9907241402945 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Eyre Peninsula man, Maltalta, was speared by Tukkurm, Nyalta Wkkanin and Kanger Worli as he travelled through Yorke Peninsula on his way from Adelaide to his country. Aboriginal witnesses told the court that Maltalta was killed because he was a stranger, and that it was customary among them to kill strangers as they did not like strangers passing through their country.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-02-11 1851-02-11 137.59846149984,-34.766412589807 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

After fatally shooting an Aboriginal man, Anstey’s overseer, George Penton, removed all the weapons and utensils left behind by the group who fled on his appearance.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-01-20 1849-01-20 138.920712000189,-34.2361870001799 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

A flock of sheep ‘forcibly taken possession of by a party of natives’ were recovered ‘through the courage and persevering efforts’ of two shepherds who beat the Aboriginal men off with stout saplings. Frederick Dutton stated that ‘the blacks so severely injured one shepherd while alone in charge of his flock that his life was despaired of for some time’ but that he would recover.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-06-16 1841-06-16 138.900961473265,-34.2320824511282 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 2 August 1841, as Aboriginal man Worta cooked meat on a fire near his wurley, he was shot dead by Mr Peter’s stock-keeper, William Roach, in the presence of Worta’s daughter, Katta Murtanna, and Roach’s companions, William Wilson and Edward Cross. Missionary Christian Teichelmann learned of his murder and informed the authorities. The Europeans were arrested but Roach was ultimately acquitted.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-08-02 1841-08-02 138.96537985902,-34.189331798798 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

In December 1839, overlander Captain John Finnis arrived in the area of what is now known as Kapunda. The name given to ‘Mt Dispersion’ suggests a confrontation with Aboriginal people may have occurred in that location. The name seemingly changed after 1841, coinciding with FH Dutton’s purchase of Captain Finnis’s run (Anlaby). The nearby plains were named Waterloo Plains, and Mt Dispersion became Waterloo Hill.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1839-12-01 1839-12-01 138.417788669323,-34.1457130267075 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

James Hawker recorded in his diary on 15 December that ‘The natives have attacked Robinson’s station on the Wakefield and killed 16 sheep’ and that the Police were out ‘after them’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-12-15 1841-12-15 138.692321001282,-34.0690637440955 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

John Horrocks captured two women as a ‘lure’ for the Aboriginal men responsible for attacking his shepherd. No men came forward, and police escorted the women to Adelaide to speak with Captain Jack (Kadlitpinna), through whom (Horrocks thought) the Europeans could learn who was responsible. One of the women escaped before reaching Adelaide.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-02-01 1840-02-01 138.689058620208,-34.0265747969087 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

A group of nine Aboriginal men passing a hut of John Hope and Robertson speared the Europeans’ dog and adopted a menacing attitude towards three Europeans who confronted them.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-12-06 1841-12-06 138.685377776924,-34.0272122269721 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 9 December a group of about 50 Aboriginal men drove 150 sheep from one of Hope’s flocks. In attempting to recover the sheep, the Europeans were attacked with spears and waddies and forced to run ‘for their lives’. Later that day, 12 men with firearms and one unarmed man confronted between 20-30 Aboriginal men. In the ensuing fight, an Aboriginal man fell and was possibly killed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-12-09 1841-12-09 138.676908461324,-33.9301799806569 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 18 February, a party at Horrocks’ station consisting of Police Constable Cotterell, Mr Edwards, Corporal Deane and Thomas Flannery shot dead an Aboriginal man supposedly responsible for the attack on Horrocks’ shepherd John Thicket five days earlier.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-02-18 1840-02-18 138.655790900659,-33.9256838038116 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Shepherd John Thicket was confronted by 6 or 7 men while out with his sheep. He was struck on the head and face with waddies, speared in the back and wounded by a sharp instrument on the right side under his bottom rib, but recovered from his injuries.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-02-13 1840-02-13 138.89910630488,-33.8901521422729 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 21 July 1843, Keri Warritya (alias Henry) was found guilty for stealing 10 sheep belonging to Mr Edward Peter and others. He was sentence to 12 months imprisonment, the first and last weeks to be in solitary confinement.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-01-01 1843-01-01 138.612567017171,-33.8334831187241 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Two Aboriginal men attempted to separate 200-300 sheep from a flock belonging to EB Gleeson while other Aboriginal men speared sheep. Gleeson’s shepherd fired, killing one man, wounding another and shooting a dog belonging to the group, after which 200 Aboriginal people (with very few women) surrounded the station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-01-01 1840-01-01 138.585246921846,-33.8088434427904 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Mr Jacob’s hutkeeper, George Gregory, shot a woman known by the name of Maria whom he had seized for supposedly participating in taking some sheep belonging to Mr Hughes. Gregory was indicted on a charge of manslaughter but the jury found him not guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-01-25 1843-01-25 138.346557868288,-33.7792063868679 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Three Aboriginal men approached hutkeeper John Wood at his hut on Magpie Creek and asked him for flour. On refusal, the men ‘rushed’ Wood and one man, possibly Kertamera (alias Charley), took 30 pounds of flour. The following day the police found Kertamera and some other Aboriginal people with flour a short distance from Wood’s hut. Kertamera was arrested. He appeared at the Supreme Court Criminal Sittings on 5 July and was found not guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-03-05 1844-03-05 138.61980691105,-33.7464356684017 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Following the death of the Aboriginal man (shot by Mark Richards) at an outstation on Bungaree, Aboriginal people threatened Europeans at Campbell’s cattle station and set fire to the surrounding country.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-03 1842-02-03 138.617300764121,-33.7493381542853 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Aboriginal people spear several of Campbell’s calves and gather in large numbers in the vicinity of Campbell’s cattle station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-11 1842-02-11 138.619627917238,-33.7521909341554 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Katamia, alias Jemmy, was charged with wilfully and maliciously killing or assisting in killing a calf, the property of Charles Fox Campbell. Katamia had previously been at the Hawkers’ station where he had been employed as a native constable.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-09-25 1842-09-25 138.564543869905,-33.7084725951987 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

During the night some Aboriginal people attacked the Hawkers’ outstation and rushed the sheep. Shepherds fired shots and wounded some Aboriginal people, all of whom ran away.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-21 1842-02-21 138.56804453899,-33.6286075813172 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

A hutkeeper at one of the Hawker brothers’ outstations, Mark Richards, shot an Aboriginal man through the heart and smashed his skull after he entered the sheep fold during the night.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-02-02 1842-02-02 138.597470132627,-33.6131030862709 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

According to James Hawker, a group of Aboriginal people rushed a mob of sheep early on the morning of 3 December 1841. One of the Hawker brothers’ shepherds fired four shots and the group ran away.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-12-03 1841-12-03 138.603497229007,-33.5288897161703 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

While looking for an outstation, George and James Hawker suddenly encountered a large group of Aboriginal people whom they made give up all their spears. This is stated in a context in which James notes ‘we always went about well armed’.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-07-25 1842-07-25 138.993485143888,-33.4195253471587 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

At Wortappa, John Hallett’s sheep station near Mt Bryan, a group of five Europeans led by William Moore Carter made a dawn raid on a group of Aboriginal people who had taken some sheep. Two Aboriginal people were killed, and another two injured. On hearing of the confrontation Governor Grey ordered an investigation. Spratt, Smith and Pritt were committed on the charge of feloniously killing Ngunnirri Burka and Mary Ann. Despite the determined efforts of government officials, Carter escaped arrest, aided by Edward Leake, a pastoralist stationed at Mt Gambier.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-07-13 1844-07-13 138.133193999744,-33.3999519997694 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

An Aboriginal man known to the settlers as Peter was beaten so severely that he died. The body of Peter’s son (aged 12-14 years) was subsequently found nearby. Protector Moorhouse initially suspected poisoning but subsequently deduced Peter’s son died of starvation and cold. The Police Commissioner and Attorney General were also involved in the investigations and the case was tried at the Supreme Court in September 1845.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-08-18 1845-08-18 138.607101965223,-33.3500350950569 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

An Aboriginal man was shot by Skelton at Cotilleery, an outstation of John Bristow Hughes. It was dark and Skelton claimed he thought he was shooting at a wild dog. The man died on the night of 20 June and Skelton was tried for the crime.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-06-18 1843-06-18 138.971594149035,-33.142349856779 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

George Halliday, a shepherd of Mr JB Hughes, was assaulted by Tangko Malaitya (alias King Williamy) who speared and beat him when Halliday refused to give him a dead sheep he was carrying.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-05-09 1844-05-09 138.88886704137,-33.4322260043307 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Pootawamimka, a member of the Too-rong-doon group, was shot by Thomas Murray, a stockman employed by John Harris, on 3 January 1843, near Mt Bryan. Harris informed the police of the conflict on 8 January, and he and Murray gave depositions to the Resident Magistrate in Adelaide on 9 January. Edward Eyre, the Magistrate based at Moorundie, heard of Pootawamimka’s murder from some Aboriginal people from the Mt Bryan district. The account provided by Harris and Murray differed greatly from the account given by those who spoke with Eyre and Moorhouse was instructed to investigate.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-01-03 1843-01-03 138.572052874788,-33.1000611782186 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

An unnamed shepherd, working on a station near Mount Locke, saw some Aboriginal people tracking sheep from a flock. When he went to investigate, he received a blow on the head with a waddy. He fired at and injured the man who struck him. Moorhouse and Corporal Power visited the wounded Aborigine on Browne's station where he was receiving medical attention.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-02-04 1847-02-04 138.574025051434,-33.1017287310511 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

The brother of a man wounded on 4 February threatened the shepherd responsible. The shepherd stated that he retreated and asked the man to lay down his waddy, but when he continued to advance, the shepherd fired and wounded him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-02-15 1847-02-15 138.915654911839,-34.3405683811741 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Wortpu Pari (alias Jemmy Critchell) was shot by either Charles Jacques or Jeremiah Nicholls. The previous evening, a group of around 12 Aboriginal people asked to purchase alcohol from the publican of the North Kapunda Arms. On being refused, some of the group threw several stones, breaking windows, a clock and wounding a customer on the forehead. Several hours later, a group of up to six Europeans went to the wurlies, and Wortpu Pari was shot through the ribs. At the Coroner’s Court the Jury returned a verdict of wilful murder against Charles Jacques and Jeremiah Nicholls and committed them for trial.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-05-11 1851-05-11 138.250896544075,-33.020031950273 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Aboriginal people took ten sheep belonging to the White brothers and threw a spear at shepherd, William Richardson.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-11-05 1844-11-05 138.250926109428,-33.020812821509 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Thirty sheep were taken from the White brothers’ shepherd, John Keyan, who was held down by two men.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-11-05 1844-11-05 138.251923928401,-33.0202178725156 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

After learning that thirty sheep had been taken and shepherd, John Keyan, had been assaulted, Samuel and Edwin White, and their overseer, William Moore Carter, went in pursuit of those they presumed were responsible. Carter rode at full gallop at a group of Aboriginal people with a stockwhip in his hand and pistol in his belt. No deaths were reported. Carter was subsequently dismissed.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-11-05 1844-11-05 138.252123492735,-33.0209057822325 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Marawaritya (alias Coodmannin Warninna) broke into the hut of Police Constable Eastwood. Three weeks earlier, Eastwood missed a lamp and provisions, which were found in Marawaritya’s wurley. When the case went to court, Protector Moorhouse said Marwaritya had not come into much contact with Europeans. He was found not guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1845-08-19 1845-08-19 138.288216969909,-33.0164595763028 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Twenty-two sheep were reported as taken from Mr Robinson’s station (located two miles from the Whites’ station) during the night of 6 August 1846.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-08-06 1846-08-06 138.113726999989,-32.9237699997747 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Native Constable Charley, a man from the Broughton district, was killed by Manooka Bidea (alias Billy), either in revenge for the role he played in apprehending those involved in Whitney and Scott’s deaths, or for killing the sister of Manooka Bidea.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-11-08 1846-11-08 138.096017546901,-33.0529210071435 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 24 December 1846, Ferguson’s shepherd, Joseph Pilcher, realised 270 sheep were missing from one of the flocks in the vicinity of a new station being formed at Telowie. Shepherd, Joseph Coles, and hutkeeper, Henry Gray, subsequently found eighty sheep in a steep gully, where they were yarded in a brush fence. Pero, his wife and child were the only people there. They were skinning a sheep. The following day the Europeans took Pero and his wife and child ‘into custody’ and transported them to Ferguson’s head station. Pero was tried at the Supreme Court for stealing sheep, but was liberated due to a lack of an interpreter.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-12-24 1846-12-24 138.107391999757,-33.0370329999288 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Several Aboriginal people died as a result of a confrontation between Peter Ferguson, Joseph Pilcher and Joseph Coles, and an Aboriginal group. In court, the Europeans stated that whilst recovering some stolen sheep, they surprised the group in a steep gully in the early hours of the morning. They alleged that they were compelled, for their own safety, to fire. Aboriginal witnesses informed Protector Moorhouse that two men and one woman had died.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1846-12-26 1846-12-26 138.444334564197,-33.0371049237572 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Price Maurice’s overseer, FJ Hayward, reported to his employer in mid-December 1847 that the ‘Blacks were very troublesome’ at one of the stations, Appila. They took seven sheep, flour, tea, sugar and more. They were led by a man known as ‘Billy’ who had recently been tried for the murder of Native Constable Charley in November 1847.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1847-12-01 1847-12-01 138.556820832421,-32.771979557641 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

JF Hayward informed his employer, Price Maurice, that ‘the blacks’ were very troublesome in mid-December 1847, and that one hundred sheep had been taken by ‘Yellowman’ and ‘Charlie’ from the Pekina station.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-12-01 1848-12-01 138.801855251872,-32.6906374038939 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

After 200 sheep went missing in January 1848, Price Maurice’s overseer, JF Hayward, accompanied by the police stationed at Mount Remarkable, found a group of women and children and a quantity of mutton. They stated that the sheep, and the men who took them, were in the neighbourhood of Mount Brown. On arriving at that location, Hayward realised he had been deceived. After eventually taking Charley prisoner, Hayward took him to Burra, where the magistrate refused to sentence Charley due to the lack of evidence.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-01-01 1848-01-01 138.16034384456,-32.9543306256296 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 22 April 1848, Corporal Lang from the Mount Remarkable Police Station and Captain Watts’s overseer from White’s Creek arrived in Burra with four Aboriginal men suspected of having stolen over one hundred sheep. The Resident Magistrate thought the evidence was inconclusive, but was informed by the Attorney General that the men should be tried at the Supreme Court Criminal Sittings in June. The bill against Toby, Tommy, Frying Pan and Rosy Wine was dismissed due to unsatisfactory evidence.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-04-01 1848-04-01 138.333288823582,-32.9156003869637 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

14-year-old William Hart did not return with his flock of sheep on 23 June 1848. His body was found in a wombat hole in mid-July. A waddy with blood on it and a broken digging stick with blood and human hair were found near William’s body. The waddy and digging stick were thought to be the weapons used to kill him.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-06-01 1848-06-01 138.291449559256,-33.0973850176518 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Warria (alias Munberry Billy) was arrested for William Hart’s murder. While travelling to Adelaide in custody of Police Constables Whish and Batham, Warria was mounted on a horse due to his fatigued state. According to their depositions, the horse was startled, Warria fell, and the horse trampled and kicked him, causing immediate death. Governor Robe instructed that ‘very careful enquiry’ be made into the case, which potentially implicated the two constables. Dr Webb conducted a post-mortem examination.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-12-17 1849-12-17 138.238580927194,-33.3330662211641 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 28 January 1849, a Chinese shepherd employed by Mr Younghusband did not return with his flocks. Nothing was heard from him. Police searched for the body, but didn’t find it. The shepherd was presumed killed by Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-01-28 1849-01-28 138.076392855983,-32.6550050508894 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Kudnutya was found guilty of stealing eighty sheep belonging to Messrs Burnett and Fotheringham, and under the charge of Robert Lee (‘Bob’), in the vicinity of Beautiful Valley. At the Police Commissioner’s Court on 28 June, Kudnutya, through Protector Moorhouse, said he partook of mutton but did not take the sheep. He was sentenced to two months with hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1849-05-08 1849-05-08 138.360577598246,-32.9468143533694 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

In April 1850, a report that Mr Hodgson’s shepherd had lost some sheep, supposedly taken by Aboriginal people, reached the Mount Remarkable Police Station. Police spent several days visiting Aboriginal people’s camps, but were unable to detect traces of the sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-04-01 1850-04-01 138.191705913997,-32.8004759162545 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Sixty sheep were taken from the yards of Messrs Williamson and McIntosh in the neighbourhood of Mount Remarkable. The missing sheep were recovered before the police arrived.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1850-10-04 1850-10-04 138.033119744817,-32.8632215237977 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Yates reported thirty-nine sheep had been taken from his run near Mount Remarkable. He and two police constables went in search and found the remains of four sheep, supposedly killed by Aboriginal people. The remainder were not found. Yates was unable to prove they had been taken by Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1851-12-18 1851-12-18 138.861709592316,-34.199726855125 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

In his half yearly report for the second half of 1841, Protector Moorhouse stated that the sheep of Captain Bagot, the Peters brothers, Mr Hope and Mr Hughes had been attacked, with some sheep speared and taken away. The Messrs Peters experienced the greatest loss, having had at one time about 21 taken away. None of the guilty parties were captured in any instance.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1841-01-01 1841-01-01 138.9328547327,-33.7502339287044 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Mr Peter’s hutkeeper, George Littleworth, was severely beaten by Buccumoolu and Williamy at Mr Peter’s out-station on the Murray Plains. Buccomoolu (aka Karri/Turle Kurree) a high status man of the Mount Bryan group, and ‘Williamy’ were arrested but Williamy escaped. Buccomoolu was tried at the Supreme Court for the attempted murder of Littleworth.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-04-27 1842-04-27 138.569523999584,-33.2826227602894 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

A newspaper article published on 30 May 1843 stated that a ‘formidable attack’ had been made on HB Hughes’. The shepherds were supposedly ‘driven in’ and great losses sustained.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-05-01 1843-05-01 138.359870400437,-32.936232630186 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Four hundred sheep belonging to Mr Hodgson near White’s Creek were taken by Aboriginal people. Despite the exertions of police, under the leadership of Corporal Lamb, only one hundred and sixteen sheep were recovered. The police party frequently came upon the remains of sheep that had been slaughtered, but were unable to catch the people who had taken the sheep.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1848-04-01 1848-04-01 138.754717895577,-35.4511313251915 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Mr Mayfield’s shepherd was attacked by two ‘natives’ who waddied him, covered him with a bag and held him down while sheep were taken. Most of sheep and the remains of six carcasses were found several hours later. An Aboriginal man was observed paddling down the creek (Currency Creek) in a boat loaded with sheep. No arrests were made.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1843-07-13 1843-07-13 138.634869600324,-32.8496815602013 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

John Williams was physically threatened by three Aboriginal men in consequence of Williams shooting Berea’s dogs. Williams fired shot at Berea’s chest and back. Berea was tried for feloniously assaulting Williams, and received a sentence of three months hard labour.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-01-10 1852-01-10 138.997269700365,-34.2263047703523 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Aboriginal people were reported to have ‘attacked’ the stations of Captain Bagot and taken provisions and clothing during the last quarter of 1842.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-11-01 1842-11-01 138.997269700365,-34.2263047703523 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Aboriginal people were reported to have ‘attacked’ the stations of Captain Bagot and taken provisions and clothing during the last quarter of 1842.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-11-01 1842-11-01 138.82036145043,-34.2288759608311 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Mary Ann Rainbird was 8 months pregnant when she and her two children, aged 5 and 2, were killed. Their bodies were found on 12 March in a wombat hole. Due to the excessively hot weather, the bodies were in a state of decomposition when they were found. On examination, all were found to have received blows to the head. Six Aboriginal men were arrested and four were found guilty.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1861-03-11 1861-03-11 139.39866169993,-35.8666594001666 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

On 2 June 1842, George McGrath was killed by his Aboriginal guides at Bonney’s Well while travelling to Portland. Wira Mildara and Wek Weki were arrested for the crime in 1845 and tried before the Supreme Court. Both found guilty, but Wira Maldira was executed on the grounds that he ‘knew our habits and some of our laws’ ans was judged more culpable.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1842-06-02 1842-06-02 139.380319699931,-35.8568737003487 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

In late July and early August, Sgt Major Tolmer with a party of approximately 11 police travelled to the Coorong to search for ‘certain natives of the Lake Albert or Milmenrura Tribe who have been guilty of robbing the sheep stations in the neighbourhood’. They drove a party of about 70 Aboriginal people onto rocks in the Coorong about 180 yards from the shore, but as the suspects were not identified, no further actions was taken.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1844-08-01 1844-08-01 139.204651900333,-35.7306004003256 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Police Commissioner O’Halloran leads a Police Expedition to apprehend those responsible for the Maria killings. In rounding up Aboriginal people, they shot and wound two fleeing men. Two men, Moorcangua and Mongarawata, were found guilty by a Court Martial held on 24 August and hanged the next day over the graves of the victims.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-08-01 1840-08-01 139.206196799603,-35.7106708997109 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

The Brig Maria wrecked near Kingston in the South East. The 26 survivors of the wreck were initially guided toward Adelaide by Aboriginal people, but a dispute led the Aboriginal people to kill all of them
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-07-01 1840-07-01 139.117957800035,-35.6799897901507 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

During O'Halloran's expedition in which two Aboriginal people were hanged for their alleged involvement in the 'Maria Massacre', surveyor Edward Charles Frome burned a look out station and a village of the Milmenura tribe.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1840-10-01 1840-10-01 138.883555683981,-35.5581545693504 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

While exploring the mouth of the River Murray alone and on foot, Captain Collett Barker went missing, and is believed to have been killed by Aboriginal people.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1831-04-30 1831-04-30 138.916973583879,-35.5574708421721 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

While exploring the mouth of the River Murray, his party were approached by a group of Aboriginal people with spears raised. When Sturt raised his gun, they retreated.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1830-02-09 1830-02-09 138.707906999634,-35.5122319999317 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

The body of the whaler, John Driscoll was found ten kilometres from Encounter Bay. Aboriginal man, Reppindjeri was apprehended for the crime, but escaped before his case went to trial.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1837-07-01 1837-07-01 138.220042700103,-33.2852662600472 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

Seven Aboriginal men; Malia (alias Charley), Pedia (alias Jacky), Malia (alias Jemmy), Pedia (alias William), Coonia (alias Kangaroo), Coonia (alias Tunbo), and Wariol (alias Tommy), were charged at Clare Court with stealing sheep from Ferguson and Younghusband’s station, near Crystal Brook.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-06-21 1852-06-21 138.898295795423,-35.2596262696651 #TLCMapStyle

Colonial violence. Links to historical sources may contain racist attitudes and language.

An Aboriginal man broke into and entered Coleman’s mill during the night. The man escaped Coleman’s grip as he was ‘besmeared with grease’. Coleman fired his pistol, and the ball passed through the man’s body but did not kill him. The police and Protector Moorhouse and Sub-Protector Mason provided additional information. The man recovered from his wounds.
(See 'The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies' for more details.)

]]> 1852-05-11 1852-05-11